China has long suffered from a critical shortage of qualified social workers. To compensate for the inadequacy of formally educated social workers, a number of workers employed in the community neighbourhood committee were granted a social work licence and became registered social workers when they passed licence examinations regardless of whether they had a social work degree. Nevertheless, they are often criticised for a lack of professional competence—they are just registered social workers rather than professional social workers. This study identifies whether licenced community workers have a higher level of professional competence than non-licenced community workers in urban China. Based on a sample of 4,013 participants and the extended regression model, the findings show that the licence promotes the professional competence of community workers, but such promotion is achieved through professional knowledge acquisition rather than professional skills acquisition. Licenced community workers probably perceive stronger professional competence through professional knowledge acquisition, but their professional skills might be inadequate. The findings suggest several implications for the social work licence system.

"后脱贫时代"背景下,相对贫困目标对象的精准识别更为复杂,社工介入已成为一种必然趋势.基于H市X区政府购买社工介入相对贫困精准识别服务的个案,研究发现:作为第三方专业评估者,社工介入相对贫困识别具有客观性、专业性与持续性的优势,但在具体识别服务中还存在识别指标不明确、第三方行政合法性缺失、目标对象不信任,以及识别主体数量与质量均不足等困境.究其原因,主要是现阶段相对贫困治理的理论研究与政策实践不充分、政社合作关系尚未捋顺、社工机构发展困难等.最后提出社工介入相对贫困精准识别的优化建议.

养老护理员对机构老年人的生活质量有着重要影响,但其在工作中面临着严峻的职业污名.采用深度访谈法和参与观察方法,以B市K养老机构为例,探析养老护理员遭遇的职业污名类型及其应对策略,并从文化视角对其职业污名化进行阐释.研究发现:养老护理员面临着肮脏污名、个人素养污名、职业道德污名、社会地位污名等职业污名;面对职业污名,养老护理员采取消极和积极两种应对策略,消极应对策略主要包括信息控制、无视与隐忍、离职,而积极应对策略则主要包括重构照料的意义、满足社会道德感以构建高尚的职业荣誉感.从文化视角来看,养老护理员面对职业污名采取不同应对策略的根源在于:基于老年照料劳动中的肮脏文化、死亡文化、劳动分工等形成的职业污名文化与基于孝文化、平等文化、利他文化等形成的职业荣誉感文化并存.

[目的]了解养老机构护理员对老年人性表达的认知与应对.[方法]采用质性研究方法,对J养老机构5名护理员进行参与式观察与半结构式访谈.[结果]机构养老老年人的性表达存在多种形式,既有语言上的,也有行为上的,既有浪漫意味的性表达,也有暧昧意味的性表达;护理员对老年人性表达的认知较为积极,或认为这是一种正常反应,或认为是疾病导致的无意识行为,或认为是心理诉求表达的工具或手段,他们极力避免老年人性表达的暧昧意味;护理员对老年人性表达的应对多是消极的,其应对方式主要有刻意忽视、直接制止、报告家属或院长,以及隐藏自身女性特质等.[结论]养老机构护理员对老年人性表达的认知较为多样和积极,但其应对方式却较为消极与被动.养老护理员对老年人性表达的认知与应对策略,对老年人的性健康与生活质量有重要影响,应在这方面对其加强教育与培训.

Low pay and the absence of professional identity (PI) are often blamed as major antecedents related to the turnover of social workers in China, yet no study has provided any consideration of the two antecedents together in predicting the turnover intention (TI) of social workers and comparing them, which acts as a more powerful predictor. Based on a sample of 819 participants and by using structural equation models, the current study indicated whether pay satisfaction (PS) or PI could predict TI; the results show that PS plays a stronger role. The findings identified the mediating role of PI in the relationship between PS and TI, but the moderating role of the type of sector (TS) was not supported. The findings suggest that it is necessary to advocate for adequate pay for social workers all over the world. Additionally, PI should be a top priority in social work education, training, exams and practice. Meanwhile, the government should strengthen the purchase of social work services, and a greater proportion of purchase money should be used to pay social workers. Furthermore, the government could offer subsidies for social workers employed in the private sector, similar to those employed in the public sector.

运用尼尔·吉尔伯特(Neil Gilbert)的社会福利政策分析框架,以B市四家社区老年日间照料中心为例,探讨我国社区老年日间照料中心发展过程中的困境与发展.与政策规定的单一综合性不同,我国社区老年日间照料中心多类型并存.发展困境主要包括:在服务对象方面,未完全实现在地老化、服务对象偏差、覆盖范围狭窄;在服务内容方面,非专业化的娱乐休闲同质性较强、整合型服务不完整;在服务递送方面,大多数日照中心还达不到国家建设标准,且部分设计不合理;在资金来源方面,过度依赖政府补贴、规模效益差.最后从社区老年日间照料中心的功能再定位、分类管理与补贴、品牌化与连锁化经营、制度建设与完善四个方面提出政策建议.

作为养老机构和医院的替代品,国外社区日间照料的发展并未经过严格的规范化设计、技术参考或者专门管理,以致社区日间照料中心呈现多样化特征.学者们在传统的社会型、医疗型两分法基础上,又提出了三分法、四分法、五分法和八分法,对社区老年日间照料类型的划分越来越专业化、精细化.在分类的基础上,学者们对社区老年日间照料进行了概念界定,在社区为依托、类型多样化、政府主导等方面达成了共识,在入住老年人类型、非正式照顾者、服务时间等方面还存在分歧.国外日间照料发展在服务对象、服务内容、资金来源等方面为我国提供了一定借鉴.

乡土文化振兴蕴涵“孝治”、“德治”和“法治”相结合的家风家德建设、社区保障的完善以及乡村养老文化的重塑.乡村留守老人的生活记忆既是家风家德建设的纽带,也是乡土文明的根系;根植在乡村留守老人生活记忆中的不仅是乡村社会的变迁,也是对乡风乡俗的深刻体悟与活态传承.孝文化家庭传承的断裂、社会养老文化变迁和家庭照料机制的变化是留守老人生活困境的深层成因.家庭结构、乡村共同体的生活模式和文化共性是留守老人生活记忆的抽象载体和构建老年社会关怀制度的重要切入点.基于“记忆—教育—传承”的框架梳理老年人生活记忆、养老文化变迁和敬老环境优化的内在关联机制,明晰留守老人社会关怀的内容包括基于代际合作的家庭亲情关怀、社区邻里互助网络和公共生活空间营造、敬老助老的社会道德关怀、以及老年人自我关怀能力的构建.建议通过家庭教育的传承、学校教育的引导、社会教育的倡导和熏陶绵续乡土社会的孝治关怀和文化振兴.

中国的传统慈善行为具有由家庭互助推衍至社会互助的特征,家国同构是慈善生态的社会基础,家庭伦理是国人慈善精神萌发的源泉.现代公益慈善生态的形成以社会互助意识为基础,是法律与情理共治下多元主体参与的互动体系,它实现了慈善资源整合机制从机械团结到有机团结的转变,还原与维系慈善事业自愿互助的本质属性.应立体地审视我国慈善史中的家族式慈善、宗教慈善、政府驱动型慈善和新善法时代公益慈善的运行模式、发展逻辑和文化共性,培育具有中国特色的现代慈善精神,营造"家"与"国"和谐互益的慈善生态.

体育文化记忆是全人类共同的精神财富,奥林匹克精神所倡导的“相互理解、友谊、团结和公平竞争”与中国的“和”文化以及构建人类命运共同体思想相辅相成,体育运动提升人类生命质量,体育精神促进民族和合与社会的健康.通过回顾我国体育文化记忆的过程、阶段和特征,基于健康中国战略视角,梳理体育文化建设相关指标体系,阐述体育文化和国民体育素养发展的困境及原因,从形塑“家庭-学校-社区(社会组织)-市场”协同互动的体育文化发展模式,促进体育社会组织发展,重视体育文化精神教育和引导,缩小竞技体育和群众体育发展差距,加大体育福利供给力度,促进体育文化与公益元素交融发展等方面为促进健康中国建设和国民体育素养提供参考策略.

村落非物质文化遗产贴近其原生社区的生活常识,承载村落记忆和文化共识,内含民族文化基因.本文基于“乡土记忆—社区营造”的研究框架,以湖北巴东堂戏保护为例,采用口述史的方法探索非物质文化传承困境和保护机制的创新,认为应通过乡土社区营造,实现地方经济发展与文化繁荣的并进,保护非物质文化遗产生长的地域空间,构建政府、学界、企业、新闻媒体和村落居民五位一体的非物质文化遗产保护和乡村文化建设网络,变“碎片化的补救保护”为“区域整体保护”和“融入人们日常生活的传承”.

城市化进程中农村青壮年劳动力长期外出务工,亲子关系呈现断链或缺位状态,隔代抚养使乡村家庭遭遇育儿和养老双重压力.本文以H省D村家庭育儿观念变迁和代际合作实践为例,根据祖辈参与儿童抚育的程度和方式,把隔代抚养模式分为祖辈“较少参与型”、“适当参与型”、“较多参与型”和“完全托付型”.在祖辈“较多参与型”和“完全托付型”模式中,祖辈的生活质量受到较大影响,不利于儿童发展.政府和社会应及时提供社会保护和支持,形塑“断链后的再链接”机制,破解隔代抚养儿童社会化障碍,增强乡村家庭自我保障和抵御风险能力,为儿童成长营造健康的心理和社会环境.

雄安新区设立标志着国家区域社会治理和经济文化发展模式的创新.本文基于我国特区建设经验回顾、国外城市群发展规律借鉴,以及雄安战略下保定城乡一体化进程典型案例思考,阐述古城保定在雄安新区建设过程中的机遇与挑战,试图从优化顶层设计、完善环境治理机制、增进市场化和国际化程度、持续创新扶贫开发路径、保护古城记忆等方面探索古城保定的创新发展路径.保定作为京津冀协同发展的关键支撑,应考虑以经济建设为基础,着力于化解人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分发展之间的矛盾,从整体区域视角探索古城创新发展模式,提升京津冀城市群活力.

虽有大量实证研究表明,性与亲密关系对于提升老年人生活质量有重要影响,但养老机构中老年人的性需求和性表达很多时候还是被忽视了.其中最主要的原因在于养老机构内的护理人员和健康专家等工作人员对老年人性的消极态度与反应.在养老机构中,阿尔茨海默病老年人由于认知功能受损,更容易成为性侵害的施害者与受害者,对其干预效果目前也缺乏权威评估.对养老机构中老年人性的保护,应当从加强社会宣传、建立规章制度、制定个性化照护方案以及加大对机构工作人员的教育培训力度等方面着手.

医养结合政策涉及多个政府部门,在府际合作治理视域下,部门间的过度分立已成为医养结合政策推进的首要障碍,主要表现在:部门间有效的协同机制尚未建构;部门间推进政策实施的动力不一致;部门间政策衔接不畅;基层多学科跨专业服务团队尚未建立.部门间的过度分立导致了医养结合政策的碎片化,即政策割裂、资源分散与服务片段等问题.职是之故,医养结合政策推进的当务之急是促进部门间的有效协同:建构部门间有效的协同机制;促进部门协同的动力;强化部门间政策衔接;建立基层多学科跨专业服务团队.

The aging population brings unprecedented attention to the care for the elderly in rural and urban China. Based on the data from the 2012 North China Electric Power University Social Survey Center, this paper adapts 4 indicators to measure the quality of life for the elderly: health status, living environment, economic situation and happiness. The results show that: (1) the quantity of children is significantly negatively related to the health status and happiness of the elderly; (2) the quantity of children is not significantly related to the living environment and the economic situation of the elderly. In order to make the elderly enjoy a higher quality of life, the government should integrate social resources, promote the reform of the social pension institutions and improve the social security system.

随着老龄化速度加快,老年歧视问题受到越来越多的关注.老年歧视可分为老年歧视态度与老年歧视行为两个方面.通过对国内外相关文献的梳理发现:大学生对老年人的态度属于复合型的,积极态度、中立态度和歧视态度并存,其原因在于,大学生针对老年人的态度存在多个维度;与消极行为歧视相比,青年大学生普遍乐于承认其积极歧视行为;影响大学生老年歧视的因素包括其自身特征、学校教育、社会环境三个层面.青年大学生老年歧视对老龄服务产生了一系列消极影响,其干预策略应强调家庭、社区、学校、政府、社会等多元主体的共同合作.

With the rapid development of aging , it becomes increasingly important to gain an insight and un-derstanding into ageism among undergraduates in China from the two aspects of attitudes and behaviors . Based on the questionnaires of ageism among 834 undergraduate students in HD University in Baoding in 2015 , the results show that the attitude of undergraduate students toward ageism is complicated : they have different attitudes at different dimensions , but the positive attitude is predominant , with only negative atti-tude of discrimination in the aspect of physical functions of the elderly .What’ s more, they have different at-titudes toward male and female older adults at different dimensions .They tend to admit the positive discrimi-nation towards the elderly and influenced by the traditional culture , they also strongly identify with some neg-ative discrimination at some dimensions , and male and high-grade undergraduate students admit more nega-tive discrimination .

Under the background of active aging, social participation of the elderly has been widely concerned. Based on the large-scale questionnaire survey data of North China Electric Power University in 2012 on "China's urban and rural elderly life and pension service demand", analyze the difference between different genders of the urban elderly with "Logistic regression model" in social participation. It is found that there is signiifcant difference for the elderly in the participation of housework and economic activities between different genders, but not signiifcant difference in leisure activities and charitable activities. The main activity of female elderly group is still in the private ifeld which is mainly housework. On the other hand, male elderly are more involved in the ifeld of public activity. It is also provided some suggestions to improve the femaleelderly social participation, to enhance the economic activities participation of the elderly and to establish the mutual aid organization of the elderly.

社会工作本科生与从业者在专业价值观方面是否保持了一致性？调查分析结果显示：总体而言，社工从业者职业价值观的认同感要高于社工本科生，两者在具体价值观内容方面既有相同点，又存在差异；在与案主的价值观冲突方面，社工从业者个人价值观与案主价值观冲突更为激烈，社工本科生与从业者在与案主价值观冲突方面既有相同点，也存在差异。基于研究结果，提出社会工作学校教育的必要性、理想的务实主义者的培养、社会工作价值伦理认知与行为的一致性以及专业价值观本土化等政策建议。