Pepper is an important nutritional and economic crop in China, yet it is severely threatened by pepper Phytophthora blight (PPB), which causes yield loss and plant death. Although biochar-immobilized microorganisms can control many crop diseases, the potential of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms against PPB remains unclear. To explore the effects of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms on the growth and development of pepper, the composition of rhizosphere soil microorganisms, and the control of PPB, this study first screened the optimal hydrochar by comparing the basic physicochemical properties, specific surface area (SSA), total pore volume, average pore diameter, and immobilization efficiency of hydrochars produced from three raw materials (mushroom residue, pig manure, Zanthoxylum bungeanum branches) via hydrothermal carbonization at different temperatures. Subsequently, a pot experiment was conducted with four treatments: control (CK), hydrochar only (H), microorganisms only (M), and hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms (HM). Hydrochar with higher SSA and pore volume presented superior microbial immobilization ability. Mushroom residue hydrochar (220 °C)-immobilized microorganisms increased soil organic matter (SOM) by 63.1

Excessive nutrient inputs from manure and synthetic fertilizers have caused great challenges for sustainable vegetable production. There is limited information about the nutritional yields and leaching losses of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) under various organic–inorganic fertilization practices. We hypothesized that nutritional yields and cation leaching would be influenced by different fertilization practices. A two-year cucumber-cultivating experiment was conducted in North China with the following three treatments: Farmers’ Traditional Practice (FP), based on local farmers’ practices; Current Recommended Nutrient Management (CRNM), based on pieces of literature, bio-organic fertilizer, and kaolin replacing chicken manure in FP; Nutrient Balance Management (DBNM), based on target yields and plant-based amendments replacing bio-organic fertilizers. The nutritional yields of Ca and Mg under CRNM and DBNM were 26.4–39.6% and 20.3–32.5% higher than FP. The K, Ca, and Mg leaching under CRNM were significantly reduced by 41.1%, 18.9%, and 18.5%, compared with FP. Ca leaching under DBNM was further significantly reduced by 7.9%. A significant negative relationship was observed between the leaching losses of K, Ca, and Mg and the surface soil pH (0–20 cm). These findings suggest that DBNM could play an important role in obtaining higher nutritional yields, reducing leaching losses, and alleviating soil acidification in vegetable production.

Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered attention as a potential micronutrient nano-fertilizer. Most studies have focused on the effects of individual NP size on environmental risks and the uptake, translocation, and biological progress of NPs in plants. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of NPs of different sizes and their interactions with the nanoscale layers of plant leaves (hereafter, nanosheets), which may affect adhesion ability, anti-leaching properties, release rate, and fertilizer efficiency. In this study, various sizes (10, 20, 50, 100 nm, and 10 mu m) of Fe3O4-NPs (Fe3O4-NPs) were applied to peanut (Fe strategy I, dicotyledon) and maize (Fe strategy II, monocotyledon) leaves to quantitatively compare their fertilization efficiency and anti-leaching effects. The optimal size for different crop leaves differed due to the distinct microstructures of the nanosheets on the leaf surface. In peanut, the optimal size was 50 nm, resulting in superior dry weight (1.32 g per plant), leaf iron concentration (483 mu g g-1 DW), and adhesion amount (0.039 mg per plant). For maize, the optimal size was found to be 100 nm, leading to increased dry weight (1.98 g per plant), leaf iron concentration (258 mu g g-1 DW), and adhesion amount (0.061 mg per plant). A model was developed to simulate the force and work exerted by Fe3O4-NPs of different sizes on leaf nanosheets, resulting in the optimal size consistent with the experimental findings. These findings will guide the selection of the optimized NP size for different leaves, thereby enhancing the efficiency of nano-fertilizer utilization and facilitating the development of new types of nano-fertilizers.

"Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization Technology (STFFT)" and "Straw Returning (SR)" are two key agricultural practices currently being implemented in China. However, prior fragmented studies have failed to offer a comprehensive quantitative analysis of integrating these technologies into Chongqing's staple and oilseed cropping systems. This study addresses this gap by conducting 128 site-year field comparative experiments, covering more than 80

Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a significant threat to food safety and human health. Foliar spraying of nanomaterials has been widely used to mitigate Cd stress in agriculture. However, the effects and synergistic mechanisms of various nanomaterial combinations on Cd resistance remain unclear. This study compared the impacts of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs, and their combinations at different concentrations (50-400 mg/L) on the growth and physiology of peanuts under Cd-stress. Results showed that combined-NPs reduced Cd accumulation and enhanced plant growth more effectively than single-NPs. Specifically, the concentrations of Cd in roots and shoots were reduced by 52.13 % and 47.83 %, respectively, while biomass increased by 42.86 % for roots and 100.17 % for shoots. A concentration of 150 mg/L of combined NPs was optimal, reducing root Cd concentration from 0.619 mg/g to 0.245 mg/g and shoot from 0.187 mg/g to 0.148 mg/g. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that combined NPs upregulated oxidative stress-related genes (GST23, POD2) to strengthen antioxidant defenses. Simultaneously, they also downregulated metal transports (ABCC2, Nramp2, ABCG29, ABCG2), potentially limiting Cd uptake. These findings reveal the synergistic mechanism of enhancing antioxidant systems and regulating metal transport pathways, offering a new strategy to develop combined nano-fertilizers that combat Cd pollution in similar crops.

Drought stress (DS) severely threatens global food security, necessitating innovative solutions to enhance crop resilience. Nanoparticles (NPs) show potential for mitigating water scarcity and improving agricultural productivity; however, current research lacks systematic quantitative integration of NP-induced enhancement drought resilience mechanisms. We address this gap through a meta-analysis of 83 peer-reviewed investigations, employing effect size calculations (lnRR) to systematically quantify NP-induced improvements in crop drought resistance, while identifying critical determinants including NP types, application methods, and optimal concentrations. Our results demonstrate that NP applications under DS significantly enhanced crop growth and improved water use efficiency (WUE) by 28.3 % and 52.4 %, respectively, through osmotic regulation mediated by proline and soluble sugar accumulation. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme activities were enhanced by 14.2-25.6 %, while H2O2 and MDA levels reduced by 39.1 % and 29.4 %, respectively. Foliar delivery at 100-150 mg L-1 emerged as the optimal NP application strategy. ZnO NPs demonstrated the highest efficacy in enhancing drought resilience across crop types. We elucidated the physiological mechanisms through which NPs enhance drought tolerance and provide practical guidance for their agricultural application. Our findings support the development of more targeted and efficient crop management strategies in drought-prone regions.

INTRODUCTION:Nitrogen fertiliser is critical for increasing crop yields worldwide, but excessive use causes significant N losses in various forms and subsequent environmental issues, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Establishing regional universal nitrogen strategy (RUNs) is indispensable for technology adoption, resource conservation, and pollution mitigation in crop production. OBJECTIVES:This study aims to develop a regional universal nitrogen fertilizer strategy to address variations in N application effectiveness, balancing agricultural productivity with environmental and eco-economic benefits. METHODS:We conducted a total of 48 site-year field experiments including no nitrogen application (Control), farmers' practice (FP), and the implementation of the RUNs with optimized nitrogen recommended formulas and one-off application method. RESULTS:The RUNs significantly increased yields by 5.9%, 12%, and 11% for grain, sweet, and silage maize, respectively, compared with FP. Further, RUNs reduced life-cycle potentials of global warming, soil acidification, water eutrophication, and energy depletion by 22-45%, 63-76%, 51-73%, and 46-67%, respectively. The RUNs increased economic benefits by 11%-58.2%, and net ecosystem-economic benefits by 11.3-77.5%, particularly through the reduction of nitrogen fertiliser and labour-associated agricultural and ecological costs. CONCLUSION:We propose that the RUNs reconciled crop yield, resource efficiency, environmental impacts, and ecosystem economic benefits, demonstrating a regional sustainable N strategy for global food security and resource conservation.

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is increasingly recognized as a critical factor limiting crop production, especially in soils with high potassium (K) application. This study investigated the effects of different Mg fertilizers (MgSO4 and Mg(OH)2-based nanofertilizer) on K–Mg interactions in hydroponically grown tomato seedlings, with varying K (0.7, 7, and 21 mM) and Mg (0.1 and 1 mM) supply concentrations. The results observed with MgSO4 application showed that high K levels (21 mM) significantly antagonized Mg uptake, reducing total Mg content and negatively affecting plant growth and root-to-shoot ratios at both Mg supply levels. Specifically, the K3 (21 mM) treatment reduced total biomass by 45.35% compared to the K2 (7 mM) treatment. Moreover, a high K supply combined with low Mg intake exacerbated Mg deficiency. The optimal K:Mg ratio for growth was found to be 7:1. K–Mg antagonism occurred primarily during root uptake, with excessive K leading to increased Mg2+ efflux in the root elongation zone. Notably, the application of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles alleviated K-induced Mg deficiency, as indicated by the lack of a significant correlation between K supply and relative Mg concentrations in plants treated with nano-Mg across K:Mg ratios ranging from 7:0.1 to 21:0.1. However, Mg concentration decreased by 17.54% and 35.63% in shoots and by 27.72% and 37.08% in roots for K2 and K3, respectively, in plants treated with MgSO4. It is concluded that optimizing K:Mg ratios and using Mg-based nanofertilizers can improve K and Mg utilization in high-K soils.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and its mitigation is a pressing task in the coming decade. However, it remains unclear which specific process between concurrent nitrification and denitrification dominates worldwide N2O emission. We snagged an opportunity to ascertain whence the N2O came and which were the controlling factors on the basis of 1315 soil N2O observations from 74 peer-reviewed articles. The average N2O emission derived from nitrification (N2On) was higher than that from denitrification (N2Od) worldwide. The ratios of nitrification-derived N2O to denitrification-derived N2O, hereof N2On:N2Od, exhibited large variations across terrestrial ecosystems. Although soil carbon and nitrogen content, pH, moisture, and clay content accounted for a part of the geographical variations in the N2On:N2Od ratio, ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM):denitrifier ratio was the pivotal driver for the N2On:N2Od ratios, since the AOM:denitrfier ratio accounted for 53.7% of geographical variations in N2On:N2Od ratios. Compared with natural ecosystems, soil pH exerted a more remarkable role to dictate the N2On:N2Od ratio in croplands. This study emphasizes the vital role of functional soil microorganisms in geographical variations of N2On:N2Od ratio and lays the foundation for the incorporation of soil AOM:denitrfier ratio into models to better predict N2On:N2Od ratio. Identifying soil N2O derivation will provide a global potential benchmark for N2O mitigation by manipulating the nitrification or denitrification.

Eliminating both overt and hidden hunger is at the core of the global food and nutrition security agenda. Yet, the collective state of nutrition security at the population level is not known. Here we quantify food-based availability of 11 essential nutrients for 156 countries using a food production-consumption-nutrition model, followed by assessment of the nutrient availability status as a ratio of recommended intake. For the baseline year 2017, global per capita availability was adequate for calorie and protein but in severe deficit for vitamin A and calcium (intake ratios, <0.60, where 1.0 is adequate) and moderate deficit for vitamin B12 (intake ratio, 0.76). At the country level, more than half of the 156 countries were in various degrees of deficit for all nine micronutrients. Disparities across regions or countries were enormous. We explore intervention strategies from an agriculture-food system perspective and discuss the daunting challenges of addressing nutrition security broadly.

基于数据整合分析的方法,系统分析了有机农业对不同地区蔬菜生产产量和品质的影响,并揭示不同田间管理措施对其效果的影响.结果表明,与常规农业相比,有机农业能够降低蔬菜产量 14.5%,同时显著提高蔬菜维生素C含量 34.8%,提高可溶性糖含量 39.5%,显著降低硝酸盐含量 32.2%.露地栽培管理方式下有机农业提高可溶性糖含量 46.3%,提高幅度高于设施栽培.与其他类型蔬菜相比,有机农业降低叶菜类蔬菜产量和硝酸盐含量以及提高可溶性糖含量的幅度均最高,分别为 23.9%、34.3%、53.9%;在不同施氮量条件下,氮肥施用量?250 kg·hm-2时,有机农业提高蔬菜产量和维生素C含量幅度均最高,分别为 4.9%、33.2%.相比于其他区域,北美洲地区降低产量幅度最小,为 11.4%.主成分分析表明,土壤全氮含量和有机质含量是有机农业条件下促进蔬菜产量形成的主要因素,土壤速效钾含量和pH值是提升蔬菜品质的主要因素.综上所述,有机农业是提高蔬菜品质,实现蔬菜绿色可持续发展的重要生产模式.

[目的]通过Meta分析,定量分析滴灌施肥对我国蔬菜和果树产量、水肥利用效率和品质等的综合影响,探究了不同田间管理措施的效果差异,为优化果蔬系统综合管理措施提供参考.[方法]在知网、万方数据和Web of Science数据库中,以"滴灌"、"果树"、"蔬菜"、"产量"、"水分利用率"、"氮肥偏生产力"和"品质"等为主要关键词检索文献,筛选出符合条件的全国滴灌施肥相关的文献 77 篇,获得了 357 组有效样本数据.采用Meta分析方法进行数据处理.[结果]与常规施肥相比,滴灌施肥的蔬菜和果树产量分别增加了7.99%和 6.71%,氮肥偏生产力分别提高了 48.9%和 63.1%,水分利用效率分别提高了 50.6%和 119.0%.滴灌施肥显著改善果蔬品质,但效果不同.滴灌施肥的蔬菜Vc含量增幅较果树高 17.3%,但可溶性固形物增幅低7.05%.滴灌施肥对蔬菜和果树产量、水氮利用率和品质的影响因施氮水平、灌溉水平、作物类型和栽培类型不同而存在差异.在施氮量 200～400 kg/hm2、灌溉量 200～400 mm的设施栽培条件下,滴灌施肥对茄果类和瓜果类蔬菜产量、水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、品质的提升效果较好.在施氮量 150～300 kg/hm2、灌溉量250～500 mm条件下,滴灌施肥对落叶果树产量、水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和果实品质的提高效应更显著.[结论]茄果类和瓜果类蔬菜以及落叶果树适宜采用滴灌施肥技术,其他类型蔬菜和果树应慎用.

The high loss of foliar-applied fertilizers in the wet season and other extreme weather conditions reduces fertilizer use efficiency remarkably low. Emerging nano-iron materials, owing to their highly desirable properties such as exceptionally small size, particle surface and interface attributes, strong adhesion and high iron ratio, could overcome the limitations of traditional fertilizers. However, their anti-leaching property, leaching resistance mechanism, iron nutrition enrichment capacity and cost effectiveness remain unclear. In this study, four nano-iron materials (Fe nanoparticles (Fe-NPs), Fe3O4-NPs, α-Fe2O3-NPs and γ-Fe2O3-NPs) were compared with traditional iron fertilizers (FeSO4 and Fe-EDTA). The results showed that the efficiency of traditional iron fertilizers decreased greatly under simulated rainfall conditions due to their poor leaching resistance. In contrast, nano-iron fertilizers performed exceptionally well under simulated rainfall conditions with significant increase in leaf iron concentration, photosynthesis and growth of peanut. This was mainly attributed to their decreased contact angle, increased wetting capacity and increased adhesion on plant surface, which collectively decreased fertilizer leaching remarkably. The adhesion capacity of Fe3O4-NPs (53.5 mN/m), was nearly three times that of traditional iron fertilizer (18.3 mN/m). Therefore, only a small amount of Fe3O4-NPs (4 mg/plant) was needed relative to traditional iron fertilizers (FeSO4, 59 mg/plant) to achieve comparable high leaf Fe concentration (1076.96 μg/g) under rainfall conditions. Cost evaluation suggests that the cost-competitiveness of Fe3O4-NPs will become comparable to that of FeSO4 when its price comes down from the current cost of $139/kg to $36/kg, the cost of FeSO4, which is likely considering the pace of nano-material technology development. Together, these results demonstrate the remarkable potential of nano-iron fertilizers in mitigating the escalating fertilizer cost and improving the environmental outcomes of peanut, as well as potentially other crops grown in wet season.

为评价大白菜不同层次营养价值及其健康风险,本研究将白菜叶片按总叶片数均等分成外、中、内3个部分,通过测定大白菜3个层次的形态指标、矿物质含量、抗氧化性能和重金属含量,采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和营养质量指数(index of nutrition quality,INQ)综合评价了大白菜不同层次的营养价值,采用健康风险指数(health risk index,HRI)和目标危害系数(target hazard quotient,THQ)法综合评价了大白菜不同层次的人体健康风险.结果表明,大白菜外层的形态指标、矿物质含量和抗氧化性能综合表现较好,且大白菜外层叶具有较高的营养价值.针对成人和儿童两种人群食用大白菜不同层次部位的风险评价表明,除Hg外的其他重金属元素(Cr、Cd、Mn、Zn、Cu)没有明显的健康风险,食用大白菜外层的健康风险较内层更高,原因可能是外层的直接暴露;儿童对食用大白菜造成的重金属健康风险较成人更为敏感.

In this study, the electrochemical degradation of nitrobenzene (NB) was conducted on the Ti/SnO2-Sb/Ce-PbO2 anode with excellent functional performance. The effect of applied current density, electrode distance, pH value and initial concentration on the reaction kinetics of NB was systematically studied. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate reached 91.5% after 60 min of electrolysis under optimal conditions. Eight aromatic intermediate products of NB were identified by using a gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer, and two aliphatic carboxylic acids were qualitatively analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph. The electrochemical mineralization mechanism of NB was proposed based on the detected intermediates and the identified key active oxygen specie. It was supposed that the hydroxyl radical produced on an anode attacked NB to form hydroxylated NB derivatives, followed by the benzene ring opening reactions with the formation of aliphatic carboxylic acids, which mineralized to CO2 and H2O. In addition, NB was reduced to less stable aniline on the cathode surface, which resulted in actualized mineralization. The successful pilot-scale industrial application in combination with wastewater containing NB with the influent concentration of 80–120 mg L−1 indicated that electrochemical oxidation has great potential to abate NB in practical wastewater treatment.

Over-application of fertilizers could not improve crop yield and agronomic efficiency, but result in increasing nitrogen (N) surplus and adverse effects on the ecosystem sustainability. Although some previous studies have addressed one or a few environmental aspects in crop production, an integrated assessment for the effects of N fertilizer on multiple environmental impacts, and the optional steps of normalization and weighting is required. A consecutive 2-year plot-based field experiment was conducted with five N fertilizer levels (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha−1) in maize production at three sites in Southwest China, to evaluate the environmental performance and sustainability through joint use of life cycle assessment (LCA) and energy consumption analysis. Results demonstrated that the optimal N rate (180 kg N ha−1) showed greater potential for maintaining high yield (achieved 86% of the yield potential) and reducing the global warming (− 31%), acidification (− 47%), eutrophication (− 44%) compared to farmers’ practice, and energy depletion potentials, by reducing pollutants emission during the production and transportation of N fertilizer and Nr losses at farm stage. Optimal N treatment indirectly reduced the land use, life-cycle human toxicity, aquatic eco-toxicity, and terrestrial eco-toxicity potentials by improving grain yield and agronomic efficiency. In addition, the optimal N treatment reduced the energy consumption by enhancing the energy use efficiency (EUE) (+ 74%) and reducing non-renewable energy form (− 45%) than the farmer’s practice. This study will provide comprehensive information for both scientists and farmers involved in maize production and N management in subtropical region.

This review aims to discuss the management approaches of zinc (Zn) fertilization and breeding efforts for quality maize production in provisioning a healthy human diet. Biofortification of Zn to a high-yielding maize variety with increased Zn content in maize grain is of great importance to the health of those feeding on these staples. Literature review was performed on the Zn fertilization in the maize plant grown in Zn-deficient soils and the breeding maize varieties with improved attributes for increasing Zn content and availability to humans. Factors regulating the Zn availability and transport from soil to plant and food to humans were identified and discussed. The health issues induced by Zn deficiency affect a large global population, particularly those relying on a maize diet. The agronomic approach is a feasible method in combatting Zn deficiency in soil. Given the wide choices available for crop fertilization, the type of fertilizers and the timing of application to specific maizes are important for a maximum yield. Clinical studies have so far indicated that genetically biofortified maize increased Zn absorption in human bodies. Both agronomic and plant breeding approaches to biofortification in maize are promising in providing adequate Zn intake for optimum body functioning.

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral nutrient for human health and its deficiency associated with many diseases, including stroke, heart failure, and type 2 diabetes. Vegetables are an important source of dietary Mg for humans. In this study, we quantified vegetable Mg content by a global meat analysis, analyzed human health, and economic impact caused by Mg deficiency. Results revealed that vegetable Mg content showed a large variation with an average value of 19.3 mg 100 g−1 FW. Variation in per capita vegetable-Mg supply in different continents is largely ascribed to continental difference in the amount and the type of vegetables produced. The health and economic loss attributed to Mg deficiency are estimated to be 1.91 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 15.8 billion dollars (0.14% of GDP), respectively. A scenario analysis indicated that the increasing vegetable production (increased by 8.9% and 20.7% relative to 2017 in 2030 and 2050) and vegetable Mg content (increased by 22% through biofortification) could significantly reduce DALYs (1.24 million years) and economic burden (0.09% of GDP). This study could guide a major re-balance of production practices, species cultivated, and Mg biofortification to provide sufficient vegetable Mg for better human Mg nutrition.

Effective fertilizer nitrogen (N) management plays an important role in reducing the environmental problems caused by its overuse in maize production systems. The use of enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers is an effective approach to increase crop productivity and N use efficiency. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no associated comprehensive evaluations of the environmental impacts using a life cycle assessment (LCA) and ecosystem economic benefits (EEB). In this study, a consecutive 2-yr plot-based field experiment was conducted in Southwest China with two N fertilizer sources, blended urea (BU) containing controlled-release urea and conventional urea (CU) at a 1:1 ratio and CU only at five N rates (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha- 1) to determine the agronomic and environmental benefits as well as the EEB of BU in maize production. The results showed that among the five N rates tested, the N180 treatment (180 kg N ha- 1) showed greater potential for maintaining a high yield (8.8 Mg ha- 1) and reducing environmental impacts. The use of BU resulted in higher grain yield and agronomic efficiency compared to those with CU at 180 kg N ha- 1 in 2018 but not in the following year. In addition, BU significantly reduced reactive nitrogen losses through nitrous oxide emission (-27%), ammonia volatilization (-18%), and N leaching (-24%), reducing the crop environmental footprint by decreasing the global warming, acidification, and eutrophication potential by 8%-13%, 4%-9%, and 8%-22%, respectively. Furthermore, the use of BU increased economic benefits and EEB by reducing agricultural (N fertilizer; labour) and ecological costs. Compared to CU, BU improved the EEB by 68%, 39%, 29%, and 25% at N rates of 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha- 1, respectively. These results demonstrated that replacement of CU with BU at the N rate of 180 kg N ha- 1 is an effective strategy to improve sustainability of maize production in subtropical regions of China.

为明确三峡库区两种典型轮作系统的施肥管理现状及其环境代价,随机抽样选取三峡库区腹地涪陵区175个农户进行施肥管理现状调查,从生产力、肥料种类与用量、环境代价和经济效益四个方面进行对比分析榨菜-玉米和榨菜-水稻两种典型粮菜轮作模式,同时设计情景分析,评价优化施肥及新型肥料的施用在降低环境代价方面的作用.结果显示,两个粮菜轮作系统生产力差异不显著,但施肥总量榨菜-玉米轮作系统比榨菜-水稻轮作系统高68.4％,主要原因是玉米种植过程中的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥用量比水稻种植分别高出305kg/hm2、92.3kg/hm2和66.6kg/hm2.在施肥过程中,单位收益(每1000元)上榨菜-玉米轮作产生的活性氮损失、酸化效应和富营养化效应分别比榨菜-水稻轮作高147％、73.1％和146％,温室气体效应比榨菜-水稻轮作低38.9％;单位面积(每hm2)上榨菜-玉米轮作体系造成的活性氮损失、酸化效应和富营养化效应比榨菜-水稻轮作体系分别高出44.6％、27.1％和44.1％,而造成的温室气体效应比榨菜-水稻轮作体系低33.3％.运用情景分析方法模拟发现,优化施肥量可以显著的降低环境代价,在优化施肥基础上添加硝化抑制剂可以进一步降低整个轮作体系的活性氮损失、温室气体效应和富营养化效应.本研究为实现源头减量技术防控面源污染提供了理论支撑.