Fermented soybeans are functional foods with both medicinal and nutritional value and contain major antioxidant-related constituents, including isoflavones and carboxyl-containing compounds (CCCs). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of isoflavones and CCCs were performed using HPLC-DAD and DIAAA-derivatization UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS, respectively, to characterize the dynamic changes in these compounds during fermentation. Isoflavones have traditionally been used as antioxidant-related markers for fermented soybeans. Three isoflavones (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) have been used as markers to enable partial optimization of fermentation conditions. Furthermore, six CCCs (Ala-Trp, asparagine, tryptophan, histidine, valeric acid, and isobutyric acid) were identified as additional markers based on their significant variation under different fermentation conditions, complementing isoflavones as the only antioxidant-related markers. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was validated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Several dual isoflavone and CCCs profiling models were proposed, and their specificity and sensitivity for antioxidant-related marker evaluation were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. Ultimately, a strategy that integrated isoflavones with CCCs was shown to be more effective for optimizing fermentation conditions. This study proposes a dual antioxidant-related marker strategy for optimizing the fermentation process, provides a new approach for assessing antioxidant-related marker attributes of fermented soybeans and supports further fermented foods' nutraceutical development.

Long pepper (LP), a traditional spice, has dried fruits rich in bioactive phytochemicals with nutritional and health benefits. However, the geographic heterogeneity and spatial distribution of key bioactive compounds remain poorly understood, limiting quality standardization and practical applications. This study integrated multidimensional identification, metabolomics, antioxidant evaluation, and spatial metabolomics to systematically examine the geographical variations and distribution patterns of potential quality markers. Initially, 177 compounds were tentatively identified by conventional GC-MS library matching, which was further refined using a multidimensional strategy, leading to the accurate characterization of 113 volatile constituents, with 53 newly reported compounds in LP fruits. Chemometric and correlation analyses revealed 12 significantly differentiated metabolites associated with environmental factors. Six alkaloids were screened as potential quality markers using antioxidant assays and molecular docking. Spatial metabolomics further illustrated their macro- and micro-distributions. This study provides a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and functional food development of LP fruits.

Genipin (GP) is the key metabolite of geniposide (GE), the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Gardeniae Fructus. Its hepatotoxicity poses a potential risk to safe clinical administration, while its core pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. This study systematically elucidated the molecular mechanisms of GP-induced hepatotoxicity through integrated multi-omics and functional validation. GP treatment induced significant liver damage and oxidative stress in rats, characterized by elevated serum transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased by approximately 63.5-fold; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 18.6-fold), an approximately 1.8-fold decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and an approximately 10-fold accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) (all P < 0.001). Metabolomic and proteomic analyses revealed that GP binds to carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), triggering urea cycle dysfunction marked by citrulline depletion and significant downregulation of its downstream product fumarate. In vitro experiments confirmed that disrupting CPS1 impairs the urea cycle and induces oxidative stress, while CPS1 overexpression or exogenous fumarate supplementation significantly reversed oxidative stress. Clinical sample analysis revealed similar urea cycle metabolic disturbances-characterized by citrulline depletion and reduced fumarate levels−in plasma from patients with liver injury due to inappropriate use of Gardeniae Fructus-containing formulas, confirming clinical relevance. This study reveals a novel hepatotoxic mechanism whereby GP targets CPS1 to disrupt the urea cycle, reducing fumarate production and impairing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant defense, thereby inducing oxidative stress. These findings provide a scientific basis for improving the safety evaluation and rational clinical use of Gardeniae Fructus-containing preparations.

Observational studies have linked uric acid (UA) levels and kidney disease to amino acid homeostasis, but the causal relationship is unclear. This study aims to determine if elevated UA affects amino acid levels and whether amino acids mediate this relationship, focusing on the causal links between UA, circulating amino acids, and kidney disease. Methods: This study utilized Uox-KO mice as a hyperuricemia model, assessed renal injury through blood biochemistry and pathology, analyzed serum amino acid changes via targeted amino acidomics, and employed Mendelian randomization to investigate the causal links between uric acid, amino acids, and renal disease. Results: Hyperuricemia Uox-KO mice have significantly higher serum UA and renal impairment markers, with histopathological analysis showing extensive renal tissue damage. Changes in amino acid balance were found in the mice's serum, with key metabolites like alanine, isoleucine, leucine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamate, and glycine potentially influencing UA pathophysiology. Genetically predicted UA was positively correlated with chronic renal failure (CRF) and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) levels and negatively with serum cystatin C (eGFRcys) and serum creatinine (eGFRcrea). Alanine (Ala) mediated the effect of UA on elevated CRF and BUN risk, accounting for 4.5% of the UA-CRF relationship and 14.4% of the UA-BUN association. Conclusion: In hyperuricemia mice, serum amino acids undergo metabolic changes. Genetically predicted UA levels are positively linked to CRF and BUN, but negatively linked to eGFRcys and eGFRcrea. Ala mediates UA's effect on CRF and BUN risk, indicating Ala could be a target for preventing renal diseases caused by hyperuricemia.

Objective:Zhi-zi-chi Decoction(ZZCD)is a classical antidepressant traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formula.However,the microbiological basis of its antidepressant effects remains unclear.The objective of this study was to investigate the microbial basis of ZZCD. Methods:The bacteria that exhibit enhanced growth in ZZCD extracts were identified through in vitro culture.A depressed rat model was subsequently established to assess the antidepressant effects of the bacteria.A GC-MS-based metabolomics approach and molecular docking simulation were employed to investigate the potential mechanism of the antidepressant effects of the bacteria from the perspective of changes in the metabolic profile of the gut microbiota.Finally,the antioxidant effects of gut microbial metabolites following Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatment were validated through cellular experimenta-tion. Results:ZZCD was able to promote the growth of L.rhamnosus.Furthermore,L.rhamnosus was demon-strated to increase the percentage of sucrose preference,reduce the immobility time in tail suspension and forced swimming tests,and alleviate depressive symptoms in rats.Additionally,L.rhamnosus was shown to alter the metabolic profile of gut microbiota.A total of six metabolites(ethanamin,butyric acid,2-methylbutanoic acid,behenic acid,3-methylvaleric acid and 1-hexadecanol)associated with depres-sive behavior in rats were identified.All six metabolites demonstrated the capacity to bind to kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap 1)in molecular docking simulations.Gut microbial metabolites after L.rhamnosus treatment increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)levels in HT22 cells. Conclusion:L.rhamnosus may be one of the microbial bases for the antidepressant effects of ZZCD.Its effects may be related to the regulation of gut microbiota metabolism and anti-oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND:Hyperuricemia has been identified as a causal factor in renal injury and metabolic disorders. P. cuspidatum, a traditional Chinese medicine, has demonstrated potential in reducing serum uric acids and providing renoprotective effects, although its mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to elucidate the systemic mechanism through which P. cuspidatum ameliorated hyperuricemia-induced renal injury, focusing on amino acid metabolism and associated inflammatory pathways. METHODS:Untargeted and targeted amino acid metabolomic analyses were conducted on serum samples from hyperuricemia patients and healthy controls. Alterations in amino acid profiles in hyperuricemia patients were validated using a hyperuricemia rat model. To investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of P. cuspidatum in ameliorating hyperuricemia-induced renal injury, targeted amino acid metabolomics, transcriptomics, and microbiomics were performed on hyperuricemia rats. RESULTS:Serum metabolomic analysis in patients demonstrated a significant correlation between hyperuricemia and increased concentrations of leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. In hyperuricemia rats, treatment with P. cuspidatum was found to reverse these amino acid dysbiosis, mitigate renal damage, and alter the composition of the gut microbiota. This alteration was associated with a decrease in gut-derived uremic toxins. Additionally, transcriptomics of rat kidneys suggested that the renoprotective effects of P. cuspidatum may be attributed to the modulation of leucine metabolism and glycolysis-related pathways, ultimately leading to the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of P. cuspidatum against hyperuricemia-induced renal injury is preliminarily associated with rectifying amino acid metabolism disorders through regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. These results position P. cuspidatum as a promising multi-target therapeutic candidate for hyperuricemia management, warranting further investigation to delineate the precise causal relationships and long-term effects.

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury is a life-threatening complication with limited therapeutic options. Although the gut-lung axis is crucial in sepsis pathogenesis, effective interventions targeting this pathway remain scarce. Here, we developed multi-enzymatic platinum-doped emodin carbon dots (Pt-ECDs) via a hydrothermal method. Pt-ECDs exhibited superior catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxidase-like activities, enabling potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. In a murine sepsis model, oral Pt-ECDs significantly improved survival, reduced systemic inflammation, and ameliorated lung injury. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Pt-ECDs suppressed oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis in lung tissues. Mechanistically, integrated metabolomic and microbiome analyses demonstrated that Pt-ECDs modulated the gut microbiota, specifically inhibiting g_Bacteroides-derived palmitic acid (PA) production. We further confirmed that PA exacerbates macrophage pyroptosis and pro-inflammatory polarization by directly binding to NOX2 and NLRP3. Crucially, fecal microbiota transplantation from Pt-ECDs-treated mice attenuated septic lung injury, whereas microbiota depletion abolished the therapeutic benefits. Collectively, our findings identify Pt-ECDs as a promising nanotherapeutic that alleviates septic lung injury by targeting the gut microbiota-palmitic acid-pyroptosis axis.

Embryonic-fetal developmental toxicity of compounded diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH) and caffeine formulation has been studied by intragastric administration to pregnant SD rats. Between days 6 and 15 of pregnancy, SD rats in different groups received a low-, medium-, and high-dose of binary formulation containing DH and caffeine (DHC), a single-medication formulation containing DH, or a single-medication formulation containing caffeine. No animal deaths or clinical toxicity manifestations related to these treatments were observed in any test group. Three test groups treated with DHC formulation, as well as the DH group, showed no apparent drug influence on the body weight of pregnant rats. However, the use of caffeine alone had an impact on the body weight gain of pregnant rats (P < 0.05), which indicated maternal toxicity. The single use of caffeine alone had an impact on the food intake during pregnancy, and the food intake was recovered after medication discontinuation (P < 0.05). Except for the caffeine group, the three compounded formulation dose groups and the DH group exhibited no apparent embryonic toxicity (P > 0.05). Besides, the administration of caffeine to pregnant rats (144 mg/kg) caused fetal toxicity and influenced fetal sternal development (P < 0.05). The low, medium, and high doses of compounded DHC formulation and the single-medication DH formulation caused neither adverse reactions in pregnant rats nor impeded embryonic and fetal development. However, a single-medication formulation containing caffeine at a dose of 144 mg/kg caused toxicity to pregnant rats as well as to embryonic and fetal development.

目的 调查海军某队官兵对有毒有害化学物的认知及个人防护措施的掌握情况,为海军开展预防有毒有害化学物、增强自身防护的健康教育提供依据.方法 对海军某队218名官兵进行有毒有害化学物认知及个人防护措施掌握情况的问卷调查,记录结果并进行统计分析.结果 海军某队官兵能够较好地掌握毒理学基本常识,但是对常见的影响身体吸收有毒有害物质的外在因素和内在因素知之甚少.海军官兵对基本的个人防护措施有所了解,但缺乏对专业性防护措施的认知.结论 提高官兵对有毒有害化学物的认知并提升个人防护能力,有助于保障其身体健康,提高战斗力.

This study was designed to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of the compound of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH) and caffeine in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and beagle dogs. A total of 180 SD rats (15/sex/group) were randomly divided into the compound low-, medium- and high-dose groups (51, 102, 204 mg/kg), DH group (60 mg/kg), caffeine group (144 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group. Sixty beagle dogs (5/sex/group) were randomly divided into the compound low-, medium- and high-dose groups (male: 14.20, 28.30, 56.60 mg/kg, female: 5.66, 14.20, 28.30 mg/kg), DH group (male: 16.60 mg/kg, female: 8.30 mg/kg), caffeine group (male: 40.00 mg/kg, female: 20.00 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group. Rats and dogs were given continuous oral administration for 28 days following a 28-day recovery period. The adverse effects of the compound on rats and beagle dogs mainly included anorexia and liver function impairment. Most adverse effects induced by administration were reversible. Under the experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the compound of DH and caffeine was 51 mg/kg/day for SD rats and 28.30 mg/kg/day (male) and 5.66 mg/kg/day (female) for beagle dogs.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Zhi-zi-chi decoction (ZZCD), from "Treatise on Febrile Diseases", is a typical traditional Chinese medicine herb pair, which consists of Gardeniae Fructus (GF) and Semen Sojae Praeparatu (SSP). In clinical research, ZZCD was widely used to fight depression, remove annoyance. Many studies have reported that gut microbiota is critical target for the influence of depress through gut-brain axis, and our previously studies have found that ZZCD exhibiting antidepressant effect was through the gut-brain axis. However, the specific mechanism by which gut microbiota mediates the pharmacokinetics parameters of active compounds from ZZCD during the process of depression treatment has not yet been studied.AIM OF THE STUDY:To explore the differences in pharmacokinetics characters of bioactive iridoids from ZZCD and study the changes of gut microbiota at different stages of depression with the personalized medicine of ZZCD.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A new strategy exploring the relationship among disease phenotypes (D), intestinal microbiota (I), enzymes (E) and traits of metabolism (T) named as "DIET" was established. Firstly, a fast, selective and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) was established and validated to quality the main bioactive compounds from ZZCD and compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of different iridoids prototypes and metabolites from ZZCD between normal and chronic unpredictable mild stress rats. Subsequently, the activity of corresponding metabolic enzymes of anti-depressive compounds, β-glucosidases and sulfotransferases, were analyzed by ρ-nitrophenyl-β -D-glucopyranoside and sulfotransferases ELISA kits, respectively. Finally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was adopt to analyze intestinal bacteria composition for the treatment of depression by ZZCD.RESULTS:The antidepressant effect of ZZCD was promoted due to the increased exposures and reduced eliminations of anti-depressive compounds, especially geniposide and genipin 1-gentiobioside, under the depression state. With the ZZCD treatment, the depression was improved, but the exposures of anti-depressive compounds from ZZCD gradually decreased. Meanwhile, there were the corresponding decreased trends on the activity of β-glucosidases and sulfotransferases. With the consumption of ZZDC and the improvement of depression, the exposures of anti-depressive iridoid glycosides decreased and the activity of metabolism enzymes restored. Meanwhile, the dysbiosis of pathogenic bacteria (Bacteroidota) induced by depression was ameliorated and the probiotics (Firmicutes) at the phylum and genus level raised, the two phyla are closely related to the production of β-glucosidase and sulfotransferases.CONCLUSIONS:It is the first proposed that ZZCD could personalized to treat depression at different stages targeting gut microbiota and gut microbiome could emerged as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in depression.

PBL教学模式的应用为课程教育带去了更多契机，有助于打破传统教育理念的束缚，促进学生发展。教师通过教学教 案的提前预设，将PBL教学模式和教学内容相结合，能够更好地提高学生应用、分析问题的能力，从而为学生今后进 入社会就业打好基础。本文对PBL教学模式进行了多角度的研究，旨在为教育工作者提供参考意见。

In this study, the toxicity of ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) administered through gavage to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats for 94 d, consecutively and the recovery after Fe2O3 NPs withdrawal for 30 d were evaluated. The vehicle control group, low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were administered with the vehicle (0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC-Na]), 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of Fe2O3 NPs, respectively, administered every morning for 94 d. There was no significant difference in the body weight, food intake, hematological, blood biochemical, and urine indices of SD rats in each administration group and the control group (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in organ weight, organ indices, and the coefficient of the visceral brain between the SD rats in the different dosage groups and the SD rats in the vehicle control group (P > 0.05). Histopathological observations showed that there was no correlation between the pathological lesions of the organs observed in this study and the dose of Fe2O3 NPs (P > 0.05). The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of Fe2O3 NPs was initially determined to be 500 mg/kg administered to SD rats through oral gavage for 94 d, consecutively, followed by recovery after Fe2O3 NPs withdrawal for 30 d.

目的 研究虎杖提取物中虎杖苷、白藜芦醇、大黄素3种主要化合物单体对痛风性关节炎模型大鼠的抗炎作用.方法 72只SD大鼠按体重随机分为12组(空白对照组,模型组,阳性对照组,虎杖苷低、中、高剂量组,白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组及大黄素低、中、高剂量组),每组6只.空白对照组、模型组大鼠予生理盐水,阳性对照组予吲哚美辛10 mL/kg,3种化合物单体低、中、高剂量组分别予对应药物125、250、500 mg/kg,各组大鼠均连续灌胃给药14 d.除空白对照组外,其余各组均于给药第12天时在大鼠右后足趾关节注射尿酸钠溶液建立痛风性关节炎大鼠模型.建模后第3天对大鼠右后足趾关节组织进行组织病理学检查,以评价关节的炎症反应和结晶体病变情况.采用ELISA检测大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10的水平.结果 造模后4～48 h各组大鼠的关节肿胀程度均高于空白对照组(P均<0.05),除空白对照组外,其余各组大鼠的关节肿胀程度均随时间推移先升高后降低.组织病理结果显示,虎杖苷低剂量组及白藜芦醇、大黄素3个剂量组大鼠关节部位仍可见以炎症反应为主的病理变化,但与模型组相比,上述各组发生炎症反应和结晶体沉积的大鼠只数减少、炎症反应和结晶体沉积的严重程度降低.此外,与模型组比较,虎杖中的虎杖苷、白藜芦醇和大黄素3种化合物单体对痛风性关节炎大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10的影响不同,但均具有一定的抗炎效果.结论 虎杖中的虎杖苷、白藜芦醇和大黄素3种单体均对痛风性关节炎模型大鼠具有预防及治疗炎症的作用.

Nanozymes have shown promising potential in disease treatment owing to the advantages of low-cost, facile fabrication, and high stability. However, the highly complex tumor microenvironment (TME) and inherent low catalytic activity severely restrict the clinical applications of nanozymes. Herein, a novel mild hyperthermia-enhanced nanocatalytic therapy platform based on Z-scheme heterojunction nanozymes by depositing N-doped carbon dots (CDs) onto Nb2 C nanosheets is constructed. CD@Nb2 C nanozymes not only display outstanding photothermal effects in the safe and efficient NIR-II window but also possess triple enzyme-mimic activities to obtain amplified ROS levels. The triple enzyme-mimic activities and NIR-II photothermal properties of CD nanozymes are enhanced by the construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions owing to the accelerated carrier transfer process. More importantly, the introduction of mild hyperthermia can further improve the peroxidase-mimic and catalase-mimic activities as well as the glGSH depletion abilities of CD@Nb2 C nanozymes, thereby producing more ROS to efficiently inhibit tumor growth. The combined therapy effect of CD@Nb2 C nanozymes through mild NIR-II photothermal-enhanced nanocatalytic therapy can achieve complete tumor eradication. This work highlights the efficient tumor therapy potential of heterojunction nanozymes.

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are currently widely used and are expected to be used as drug carriers and contrast agents in clinical practice. Previous studies mainly focused on their lung toxicity; therefore, their effects on the vascular endothelium are unclear. In this study, a human angiogenesis array was used to determine the effect of MWCNTs on the expression profile of angiogenic factors in endothelial cells and to clarify the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in MWCNT-induced endothelial cell injury at the cellular and animal levels. The results indicated that MWCNTs (20-30 nm and 30-50 nm) could enter endothelial cells and disrupt human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) activity in a concentration-dependent manner. MWCNTs disrupted the tube formation ability and cell migration function of HUVECs. The results from a Matrigel Plug experiment in mice showed that angiogenesis in the MWCNT experimental group was significantly reduced. The results of a protein chip analysis indicated that VEGF expression in the MWCNT treatment group was decreased, a finding that was validated by ELISA results. The protein expression levels of AKT and eNOS in the MWCNT treatment group were significantly decreased; the administration of recombinant VEGF significantly alleviated the migration ability and tube formation ability of endothelial cells injured by MWCNTs, upregulated the protein expression of AKT and eNOS, and increased the number of neovascularization in mice in the MWCNT treatment group. This study demonstrated that MWCNTs affect angiogenesis via the VEGF-Akt-eNOS axis which can be rescued by VEGF endothelial treatment.

This study tested the hypothesis that endothelium-specific GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I) overexpression (Tg-GCH) restores age-associated endothelial dysfunction in vivo. Aortic GTPCH I expression and serum nitric oxide (NO) release were measured in young and aged mice. Aortic rings from young and aged wild-type (WT) mice and aged Tg-GCH mice were suspended for isometric tension recording. A hind limb ischemia model was used to measure blood flow recovery. Aged mice showed reduced GTPCH I expression in the aorta and decreased NO levels in serum. Compared with aged WT mice, Tg-GCH significantly elevated NO levels in serum in aged Tg-GCH mice, restored the impaired aortic relaxation in response to acetylcholine, and significantly elevated aortic constriction in response to L-NAME. Importantly, aged Tg-GCH mice displayed a significant increase in blood flow recovery compared with aged WT mice. GTPCH I reduction contributes to aging-associated endothelial dysfunction, which can be retarded by Tg-GCH.

Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi in Chinese, ZZ in brief), a commonly used herbal medicine, has aroused wide concern for hepatotoxicity, but the mechanism remains to be investigated. This study was aimed at investigating the mechanism of ZZ-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro based on metabolomics and evaluating the hepatotoxicity prediction ability of the in vitro model. SD rats were administered with extracted ZZ and HepG2 cells were treated with genipin, the major hepatotoxic metabolite of ZZ. Liver, plasma, intracellular and extracellular samples were obtained for metabolomics analysis. As a result, ZZ caused plasma biochemical and liver histopathological alterations in rats, and induced purine and amino acid metabolism disorder in the liver and pyrimidine, primary bile acids, amino acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis disorder in the plasma. Pyrimidine, purine, amino acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis were also found to be disturbed in the genipin-treated HepG2 cells, which exhibited similarity with the result in vivo. This study comprehensively illustrates the underlying mechanism involved in ZZ-related hepatotoxicity from the aspect of metabolome, and provides evidence that identifying hepatotoxicity can be achieved in cells, representing a non-animal alternative for systemic toxicology.

Angelica dahurica is a famous functional food and herb. To guarantee quality of A. dahurica, a strategy "Q-markers targeted screening" was successfully developed by sufficient extraction of compounds and the targeted screening of qualitative and quantitative markers calculated through chemometric methods based fingerprints. Accelerated solvent extraction was selected due to its prominent advantages exhibiting the maximum extraction yields and varieties of compounds and especially excellent reproducibility (RSD < 1). After extraction, the fingerprints of A. dahuricae samples were established. For the preliminary herb authenticity, the targeted screening of 23 quantitative markers were performed by similarity analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the fingerprints, which were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Subsequently, for further quality control, the targeted screening of nine quantitative markers were done by similarity analysis & linear discriminant analysis, which were determined by LC. Lastly, the strategy was successfully applied to quality assessment of A. dahurica samples.

随着新媒体技术的飞速发展，多种新型教学模式应运而生，如微课、慕课以及翻转课堂等。微课是一种新兴教学方式，具有短小精准、重点突出的优势。在新药评价课程教学中应用微课，有助于优化传统教学、激发学生学习能动性，从而提高学习效率和提升授课效果。