Encrypted optical communication technology has broad application prospects in modern communication networks, as it addresses the risks of eavesdropping and interference during open-channel transmission. Among various physical-layer encryption methods, the multispectral combination approach exponentially increased the difficulty of decryption and extended the key dimension into multidimensional space. However, this often required the deployment of composite equipment, which contradicted the principles of miniaturization, integration, and intelligence. In this study, we reported a self-powered, room-temperature-processed perovskite/Si photodetector, in which the spectral response range was tuned by controlling the thicknesses of the perovskite layer and the SiO2 interfacial layer. Unlike conventional approaches, spectral modulation was realized through the SiO2 layer generated by ultraviolet ozone treatment without solvents, rather than through the perovskite top layer. This method enabled the fabrication of array devices in microregions using mature processes without affecting adjacent areas. Finally, we designed encrypted optical communication systems based on the differential response of signal-receiving array devices, where the intensity and wavelength of light were freely combined, thereby significantly increasing decryption difficulty.

Tin (Sn)-based perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs), featuring environmental friendliness and low toxicity, have attracted growing interest as light sources for high-definition displays, medical and health monitoring applications. However, the widespread existing defects arising from the rapid crystallization and the undesirable oxidation of Sn2+ markedly limit the efficiency and brightness of current Sn-based perovskite LEDs. Herein, we develop an zero-dimensional (0D)u2013two-dimensional (2D) heterophasic transition strategy to promote the performance of PEA2SnI4 perovskite films. The results demonstrate that the formation of heterophase extends the processing time window of perovskites, thereby enabling effective modulation and optimization of films crystallization process by regulating initial nucleation. Finally, the fabricated device based on the optimized PEA2SnI4 films achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9% and a luminance of 1253.3 cdu00B7mu22122, representing one of the highest performances reported to date for PEA2SnI4-based perovskite LEDs. Furthermore, the fabricated device was successfully employed as light sources for human cardiac pulse detection, achieving performances comparable to that of commercial detectors, representing the first demonstration of such functionality in lead-free perovskite systems.

The Medical Segment Anything Model (MedSAM) has demonstrated strong performance in medical image segmentation, attracting increasing attention in the medical imaging domain. However, as with many prompt-based segmentation models, its performance is highly sensitive to the type and location of input prompts. This sensitivity often leads to suboptimal segmentation outcomes and necessitates labor-intensive manual prompt tuning, which hampers both efficiency and robustness. To address this challenge, this paper proposes MedSAM-U, an uncertainty-guided framework designed to automatically refine prompt inputs and enhance segmentation reliability. Specifically, a Multi-Prompt Adapter is integrated into MedSAM, resulting in MPA-MedSAM, which enables the model to effectively accommodate diverse multi-prompt inputs. An uncertainty estimation module is then introduced to evaluate the reliability of the prompts and their initial segmentation results. Based on this, a novel uncertainty-guided prompt adaptation strategy is applied to automatically generate refined prompts and more accurate segmentation outputs. The proposed MedSAM-U framework is evaluated across multiple medical imaging modalities. Experimental results on five diverse datasets demonstrate that MedSAM-U achieves consistent performance improvements ranging from 1.7% to 20.5% over the baseline MedSAM, confirming its effectiveness and practicality for robust and efficient medical image segmentation.

Abstract Metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes offer a promising platform for low-cost full-color displays, yet achieving high-performance pure-red emission remains challenging. Here, we report a crystallization regulation strategy for mixed bromide/iodide quasi-two-dimensional perovskites using a multifunctional molecule, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide, which simultaneously coordinates with organic spacer cations, Pb 2+ ions and halide ions. Moreover, the combination of large steric hindrance and ordered molecular assembly in the precursor solution plays a decisive role in directing the formation of nanocrystals, thereby suppressing defect formation, inhibiting halide ions migration, and enhancing exciton binding energy. The resulting light-emitting diodes exhibited pure-red emission at ~635 nm, delivering a peak external quantum efficiency of 30.2%, a maximum luminance exceeding 25,000 cd m -2 , and a half-lifetime of 8426 min. Achieving perovskite light-emitting diodes with performance comparable to that of quantum-dot or organic light-emitting diodes would mark a major milestone toward commercialization. This work would expand opportunities beyond conventional light-emitting diode technologies.

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) has attracted considerable attention, which transfers knowledge from a label-rich source domain to a related but unlabeled target domain. Reducing inter-domain differences has always been a crucial factor to improve performance in UDA, especially for tasks where there is a large gap between source and target domains. To this end, we propose a novel style-aware feature fusion method (SAFF) to bridge the large domain gap and transfer knowledge while alleviating the loss of class-discriminative information. Inspired by the human transitive inference and learning ability, a novel style-aware self-intermediate domain (SSID) is investigated to link two seemingly unrelated concepts through a series of intermediate auxiliary synthesized concepts. Specifically, we propose a novel learning strategy of SSID, which selects samples from both source and target domains as anchors, and then randomly fuses the object and style features of these anchors to generate labeled and style-rich intermediate auxiliary features for knowledge transfer. Moreover, we design an external memory bank to store and update specified labeled features to obtain stable class features and class-wise style features. Based on the proposed memory bank, the intra- and inter-domain loss functions are designed to improve the class recognition ability and feature compatibility, respectively. Meanwhile, we simulate the rich latent feature space of SSID by infinite sampling and the convergence of the loss function by mathematical theory. Finally, we conduct comprehensive experiments on commonly used domain adaptive benchmarks to evaluate the proposed SAFF, and the experimental results show that the proposed SAFF can be easily combined with different backbone networks and obtain better performance as a plug-in-plug-out module.

Organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are promising candi-dates for on-skin applications due to their intrinsic stretchabil-ity[1-4].

Low-dimensional halide perovskites are promising candidates for solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors. However, simultaneously achieving high photoresponsivity and low dark current remains challenging, due to the restricted transport and collection of photogenerated carriers caused by strong electronic localization. Here, guided by theoretical calculations of electronic structures, we report a solar-blind family of CsCdCl3 perovskite single crystals, which features a 3D structural framework, delivering high carrier mobility of 7.54 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a long carrier diffusion length of 6.96 μm. These achievements stem from the 3D electronic structure, enabling balanced carrier effective mass isosurfaces and enhanced band dispersion. CsCdCl3-based solar-blind photodetectors yield a photoresponsivity of 35.4 A W−1 and dark current of 1.0 × 10−12 A. Moreover, the devices demonstrate a narrowband spectral response of only 20 nm with a spectral-rejection ratio of 1.96 × 103, which enables spectral-selectivity flame detection, distinguishing various types of flames and showcasing potential in offshore oil flame monitoring. Low-dimensional halide perovskites are promising for solar-blind ultraviolet detection, but carrier localization limits sensitivity. Zhang et al. developed three-dimensional cesium cadmium chloride crystals, enabling highly sensitive, low-noise, selective flame detection.

Flexible and stretchable photodetectors have broad application prospects in various fields because they can tightly adhere to complex surfaces and withstand significant deformation. However, the hydrophobicity and nonconductivity of stretchable substrates and incompatible preparation methods with stretchable substrates severely hinder their development. In this work, by controlling the sputtering time of ITO, the substrate hydrophilicity and the patterning of the conductive layer were simultaneously improved. By introducing the viscous water-absorbing polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG), solvent evaporation was delayed, and the growth of room temperature-processed MAPbI2 Br was modified. Thus, a room-temperature-prepared, flexible and stretchable photodetector was realized. The device can retain approximately 90 % of the initial performance after 12,0 0 0 bending cycles with a 90 degrees bending angle and 60 % after 1400 stretching cycles with 10 % stretching strength. Moreover, the structural design of vertically stacked homogeneous transport layers results in a wavelength-modulated bipolar response. On this basis, a dual-channel encrypted communication system is designed, in which the input wavelength and light intensity can be arbitrarily within a specified range and the interference signal can be added to any signal segment that is not cracked by traditional devices. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Integration and miniaturization of optoelectronic devices are pivotal for advancing their transition from specialized instruments to consumer electronics. Laterally graded thin films enable multiple device arrays to be realized on a single chip without stacking or assembling multiple discrete films, thereby reducing space occupation. Among them, gradient-thickness thin films replace chemical dimension control (composition) with physical dimension control (thickness), avoiding impurities or lattice mismatches associated with compositional variations. In this work, gradient-thickness perovskite thin films were realized by combining the rapid crystallization of room-temperature processed perovskites with gravity-driven deposition on inclined substrates, which provides a low-cost, room-temperature pathway to wide-range, high-resolution gradient-thickness perovskite thin films. Subsequently, p-i-n structured photodetector arrays were implemented into distinct thickness regions of a single film. The adopted configuration was utilized to construct a miniaturized spectrometer capable of detecting light in the visible wavelength range with a spectral error below 5 nm. Moreover, the proposed design emphasizes the ability to analyze the red, green, and blue components of multicolor light, highlighting its potential for composite light sensing and color imaging applications.

Inorganic metal halide perovskites have emerged as a prominent research focus in the field of visible-region optoelectronic devices. However, exploring the ultraviolet (UV)-emitting inorganic metal halide perovskites with both high efficiency and excellent thermal stability is still a large challenge. Herein, a robust anti-thermal quenching UV-emitting material, Ce3+ doped 0D Cs2ZnBr4 is reported, exhibiting doublet emission peaks at 342 and 367 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 97.0%. Specifically, the Ce3+ doping imparts abnormal anti-thermal quenching from 303 to 373 K with thermally enhanced 1.8 fold luminescence. Thermoluminescence spectra and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the behavior originated from the effective compensation of the thermally activated defect levels to the Ce3+ 5d-band. Furthermore, A bright UV light-emitting diode based on Cs2ZnBr4:Ce3+ is fabricated, achieving an external quantum efficiency of up to 0.81% and displaying exceptional stability with a long half-lifetime of 528 h. Thus, this work not only provides a design strategy for abnormal anti-thermal quenching UV-emitting phosphors with high efficiency but also paves a new way for cost-effective, high-power UV light-emitting diodes.

Color fundus photography (CFP) is widely used in clinical practice for its convenience and accessibility. However, it faces challenges such as low image quality, limited depth information, susceptibility to artifacts and low contrast, which reduce diagnostic accuracy and hinder the detection of small lesions. Fluorescein angiography (FA), on the other hand, effectively highlights features such as vascular leakage and non-perfusion. However, it also has drawbacks, including health risks and the lack of color information. To address these challenges, we propose a multi-stage retinal image fusion framework, RIFNet, to improve image quality and diagnostic efficacy by integrating multimodal information from CFP and FA. First, to address the problem of missing modalities due to the difficulty of accessing FA as an intrusive inspection, we design a bi-stream generative subnetwork to generate pseudo FA images by pre-training with real CFP images as the generating condition, which effectively supplements the modality information. Subsequently, the color representations of different modalities are unified by color coding, and fed into the multimodal discriminative fusion network to generate the fused color-coded images. Finally, a multiscale reconstruction method is used to generate a high-resolution and high-contrast enhanced image. Experiments demonstrate that this multimodal fusion framework supplements FA information, reduces medical costs, and reveals lesion details unobservable with a single modality, supporting accurate ocular disease diagnosis.

The energy band alignment at heterojunctions is a critical factor governing the photovoltaic performance of thin film solar cells. In Sb2S3 planar heterojunction solar cells, the commonly used CdS buffer layer exhibits a lower conduction band minimum than Sb2S3 absorber, leading to an undesirable "cliff-like" band offset at the CdS/ Sb2S3 interface, which limits device efficiency. In this work, we propose a surface treatment strategy to regulate the composition and energy level of CdS, achieving a ternary ZnxCd1-xS buffer layer with a gradient composition and band level. Comparative studies reveal that the ZnxCd1-xS buffer layer significantly reduces the conduction band offset with Sb2S3 compared to CdS, resulting in a higher-quality heterojunction. The gradient band level also facilitates accelerated charge transport within the buffer layer. Consequently, Sb2S3 thin film solar cells with the ternary ZnxCd1-xS buffer layer achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 6.03 % with VOC of 0.758 V, JSC of 14.57 mA & sdot;cm- 2, and FF of 54.6 %, markedly surpassing the performance of CdS-based counterparts.

Reading and summarizing insights from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images is a routine yet time-consuming task that requires expensive time from experienced ophthalmologists. This paper introduces the Multi-label OCT Report Generation (MORG) model, a deep learning approach to assist in the interpretation of OCT images. MORG employs dual image encoders to extract features from OCT image pairs, fusing them through a multi-scale module with an attention mechanism, followed by a sentence decoder to produce reports. Trained and tested on 57,308 retinal OCT image pairs, MORG achieved high classification accuracy for 16 pathologies with 37 descriptive types. It also excelled in a blind grading test against general large language models and other state-of-the-art image captioning models, scoring 4.55 compared to ophthalmologists’ 4.63 out of a maximum of 5. Furthermore, MORG has the potential to reduce the report drafting time for ophthalmologists by 58.9%, significantly alleviating their workload.

Tin (Sn)-lead (Pb) mixed halide perovskites have attracted widespread interest due to their wider response wavelength and lower toxicity than lead halide perovskites. Among the preparation methods, the two-step method more easily controls the crystallization rate and is suitable for preparing large-area perovskite devices. However, the residual low-conductivity iodide layer in the two-step method can affect carrier transport and device stability, and the different crystallization rates of Sn- and Pb-based perovskites may result in poor film quality. Therefore, Sn-Pb mixed perovskites are mainly prepared by a one-step method. Herein, a MAPb0.5 Sn0.5 I3 -based self-powered photodetector without a hole transport layer is fabricated by a two-step method. By adjusting the concentration of the ascorbic acid (AA) additive, the final perovskite film exhibited a pure phase without residues, and the optimal device exhibited a high responsivity (0.276 A W-1 ), large specific detectivity (2.38 x 1012 Jones), and enhanced stability. This enhancement is mainly attributed to the inhibition of Sn2 + oxidation, the control of crystal growth, and the sufficient reaction between organic ammonium salts and bottom halides due to the AA-induced pore structure. (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Ion doping is an effective strategy to regulate the optical performance in metal halide perovskites for desirable light emission manipulations. In this work, a Mn 2+ and Ag + co‐doping strategy is utilized to improve the luminescence in Cs 4 CdBi 2 Cl 12 quadruple perovskite. Mn 2+ and Ag + ions are proven to be incorporated into Cs 4 CdBi 2 Cl 12 lattice. Mn 2+ ions occupy Cd 2+ sites and Ag + ions occupy Cd 2+ sites or vacancies. The alloyed Mn 2+ ions bring efficient orange‐red luminescence attributed to the energy transfer process from the host to Mn 2+ ions. A small amount of Ag + doping can optimize the band structure and increase the exciton binding energy, thus promoting efficient radiative recombination from d–d transition of Mn 2+ ions and boosting the PLQY up to 94.6%. Furthermore, Cs 4 Cd 0.75 Mn 0.25 Bi 2 Cl 12 :1.5%Ag + show good phase and emission stability in ambient environment and is employed in white light‐emitting diodes with commercial blue and green phosphors on a near‐ultraviolet LED chip. This work provides insights for understanding the composition‐structure‐property relationship in vacancy‐ordered quadruple perovskites and designing highly efficient luminescent lead‐free metal halides for solid‐state light emitting applications.

The extension of optoelectronic devices from planar to non-developable structures has led to remarkable success in bionics, optical imaging and soft electronics. However, non-developable optoelectronic devices are achieved mainly via physical deformations and limited to a few geometries. Here we report a self-assembly perovskite strategy for integrating optoelectronic arrays with arbitrary non-developable structures. The perovskite films are grown from a rapid nucleation-dominated crystallization driven by the low energy fluctuation of lead iodide solution, where the fluid precursor can be evenly dispersed along non-developable substrates by surface tension and then self-assembles into compact films through gaseous manipulation. The strategy covers arbitrarily shaped substrates with three-dimensional length scales over 106 orders of magnitude and enables the unique structural manipulations of photodiode arrays with micrometre precision. As a proof of concept, the theoretical focal surface of a single-lens image system is realized into a non-developable sensor, effectively correcting the off-axis coma aberrations compared with its planar or hemispherical counterpart.

Foundation models (FMs) have shown great promise in medical image analysis by improving generalization across diverse downstream tasks. In ophthalmology, several FMs have recently emerged, but there is still no clear answer to fundamental questions: Which FM performs the best? Are they equally good across different tasks? What if we combine all FMs together? To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically evaluate both single and fused ophthalmic FMs. To address these questions, we propose FusionFM, a comprehensive evaluation suite, along with two fusion approaches to integrate different ophthalmic FMs. Our framework covers both ophthalmic disease detection (glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration) and systemic disease prediction (diabetes and hypertension) based on retinal imaging. We benchmarked four state-of-the-art FMs (RETFound, VisionFM, RetiZero, and DINORET) using standardized datasets from multiple countries and evaluated their performance using AUC and F1 metrics. Our results show that DINORET and RetiZero achieve superior performance in both ophthalmic and systemic disease tasks, with RetiZero exhibiting stronger generalization on external datasets. Regarding fusion strategies, the Gating-based approach provides modest improvements in predicting glaucoma, AMD, and hypertension. Despite these advances, predicting systemic diseases, especially hypertension in external cohort remains challenging. These findings provide an evidence-based evaluation of ophthalmic FMs, highlight the benefits of model fusion, and point to strategies for enhancing their clinical applicability.

Double halide perovskites have shown admirable potential in promising optoelectronic applications due to simple synthesis, good stability and high structural tolerance. However, the poor optical properties caused by the parity-forbidden transitions posts a stringent limitation on their potential applications. Herein, we dope the lanthanide (Ln(3+)) ions with abundant energy levels into the Cs2NaInCl6:Sb3+ single crystals, which not only achieve multicolor visible emissions spectra from blue to red light, but also expand to the near infrared region from 800 to 1900 nm. In addition, the phosphors enable the multimode emissions with the up-conversion and down-conversion photoluminescence. Intriguingly, the excitation source, and the excitation light intensity also endow the multicolor emissions. Thus, combining with the multicolor and multimode luminescent properties, Cs2NaInCl6:Sb3+/Ln(3+) could be applied to night vision imaging, substance detection, optical thermometry, white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) and anti-counterfeiting. The maximum value of relative temperature sensitivity reaches as high as 1.207 % K-1, which is relatively higher than those of most metal halide perovskites. Moreover, the single-source WLED displays Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage color coordinates (0.32, 0.31), a correlated color temperature of 6673 K, and color rendering index of 81.7. These results demonstrate the potential applications in the multifunctional photoelectric applications.

Early retinal vascular changes in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy often occur at a microscopic level. Accurate evaluation of retinal vascular networks at a micro-level could significantly improve our understanding of angiopathology and potentially aid ophthalmologists in disease assessment and management. Multiple angiogram-related retinal imaging modalities, including fundus, optical coherence tomography angiography, and fluorescence angiography, project continuous, inter-connected retinal microvascular networks into imaging domains. However, extracting the microvascular network, which includes arterioles, venules, and capillaries, is challenging due to the limited contrast and resolution. As a result, the vascular network often appears as fragmented segments. In this paper, we propose a backbone-agnostic Masked Vascular Structure Segmentation and Completion (MaskVSC) method to reconstruct the retinal vascular network. MaskVSC simulates missing sections of blood vessels and uses this simulation to train the model to predict the missing parts and their connections. This approach simulates highly heterogeneous forms of vessel breaks and mitigates the need for massive data labeling. Accordingly, we introduce a connectivity loss function that penalizes interruptions in the vascular network. Our findings show that masking 40% of the segments yields optimal performance in reconstructing the interconnected vascular network. We test our method on three different types of retinal images across five separate datasets. The results demonstrate that MaskVSC outperforms state-of-the-art methods in maintaining vascular network completeness and segmentation accuracy. Furthermore, MaskVSC has been introduced to different segmentation backbones and has successfully improved performance. The code and 2PFM data are available at: https://github.com/Zhouyi-Zura/MaskVSC.

Organic–inorganic antimony (Sb) halides are garnering increasing interest for lead-free perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs), but the non-radiative recombination and poor charge transport are hard-treat case to restrict their electroluminescent performance. Here we developed efficient Sb halide LEDs based on the tailor-made host-guest (Ph 4 P) 2 SbCl 5 (Ph 4 P = tetraphenylphosphonium) emitters that enable good luminescence and charge transport properties simultaneously. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the self-trapped excitons triggered by excited-state structural deformation were localized in spatial-confined [SbCl 5 ] 2− polyhedrons, generating a high photoluminescence quantum yield (96.8%). The host–guest (Ph 4 P) 2 SbCl 5 emitter with 35DCzPPy (3,5-bis(3-(carbazol-9-yl)phenyl) pyridine) host shows an enhanced radiative recombination, rooting in the type-I energy level configuration and efficient energy transfer between 35DCzPPy and (Ph 4 P) 2 SbCl 5 . The 35DCzPPy with delocalized molecular orbital enhances the electrical properties of emitters, which balances the charge transport/injection in devices. These benefits result in efficient Sb halide LEDs with a record-high luminance of 6689 cd m −2 and external quantum efficiency of 6.47%. Moreover, large-area LEDs with an emitting area up to 900 mm 2 were demonstrated with uniform emission. This work provides meaningful insights into reaching high-performance metal halide LEDs towards future practical applications.