Background:The pathogenesis of thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis (TAMG) remains unclear, and one of the key problems is the lack of an appropriate animal model. The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of establishing an animal model of TAMG. Methods:Patient thymoma tissue specimens were transplanted into the left renal subcapsules of BALB/c nude mice under sterile conditions. The content of T lymphocytes and subsets, as well as total complement, in the mouse peripheral blood was detected using flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) prior to and following transplantation. Furthermore, the tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results:Transplanted thymoma tissues survived in the mice with a success rate of 61%. Flow cytometry results indicated that the percentage of cluster of differentiation CD3+ and CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood post-transplantation was significantly higher compared with pre-transplantation. By contrast, the percentage of CD8+ T cells and total complement cells was significantly reduced post-transplantation compared with pre-transplantation (P<0.05). Conclusions:This preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility of establishing an animal model for thymoma and myasthenia gravis (MG) pathogenesis research by transplanting human thymoma tissues into BALB/c nude mice. Nevertheless, several issues and challenges must be resolved and investigated in future research.

BackgroundEffective analgesia is crucial for patients with blunt thoracic trauma, yet the optimal analgesic approach remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of opioids combined with Sodium Aescinate in blunt thoracic trauma management.MethodsFifty patients with blunt thoracic trauma were randomly assigned to receive either opioids alone (morphine hydrochloride sustained-release tablets (MHST), Group A) or opioids combined with Sodium Aescinate (Group B). Pain scores, respiratory parameters, complications, and hospitalization metrics were assessed.ResultsWhen pain number rating scale (NRS) scores reached ≤4, Group B required significantly lower opioid doses throughout therapy. Group B demonstrated significantly higher FEV1, FVC, and arterial PO2, and lower PCO2 compared to Group A, while respiratory rates remained similar between groups. Opioid-related complications (nausea, constipation) were significantly reduced in Group B, which also experienced shorter hospital stays and lower costs.ConclusionThis study demonstrated synergism between opioids and Sodium Aescinate in providing effective analgesia. The combination therapy offers an efficient and economical approach for pain management in blunt thoracic trauma, with improved respiratory function and reduced opioid-related complications.

The E2F transcription factors family included E2F1-8 playing the crucial roles in the origination and progression of various kinds of human cancers. However, a comprehensive analysis regarding the gene mRNA expression pattern at bulk and single-cell resolution, the prognostic values and the association to immune cell infiltration of E2F family genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains to be performed. The bulk and single-cell mRNA expression levels of E2F family members in LUAD and LUSC were determined using the cBioPortal, Gepia, TISCH and Oncomine online databases. Based on the differentially expressed genes, GO enrichment and GSEA items were investigated. The Kaplan‑Meier plotter server was used to evaluate the prognostic significances of the E2F family genes in patients with LUAD and LUSC based on the related clinicopathological features. The correlation between E2F family gene expression and immune cell infiltration was explored using the Timer database. Our bulk and single-cell RNA analyses revealed that E2F1, E2F2 and E2F8 might promote the tumor growth and aggressiveness of LUAD and LUSC indicating the poor prognosis prediction. E2F4 and E2F6 might be considered as the potential outcome markers for the improved treatment of LUAD and LUSC, respectively. Upregulation of E2F1 and E2F8 indicated the poor prognosis of LUAD patients, whereas only E2F2 overexpression was associated with shorter overall survival of LUSC patients. There existed a positive relationship between E2F8 expression level and infiltration level of macrophages and DCs, and significantly positive correlation between infiltration level of CD8+ T, CD4+ T cells and E2F1/2/7 expression in LUAD and LUSC. In conclusion, our findings suggested that increased expression of E2F1/E2F8 or E2F2 may serve as promising prognostic biomarkers for patients with LUAD or LUSC, respectively.

Objective: To understand the characteristics of DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) in thymoma associated Myasthenia Gravis reveal its transcriptional regulator network as while as analyze the effect of DNMT3a on Rel/nuclear factor-kappaB family (RelA/RelB) and its downstream autoimmune regulatory factor (Aire). Methods: Tissues of 30 patients with thymoma, with or without myasthenia gravis (MG), were collected and the DNMT3a protein expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry. We performed mRNA expression profiling microarray detection and analysis, and integrated the analysis by constructing protein-protein interaction networks and the integration with other database. We identified molecular difference between low and high DNMT3a in the thymoma by heatmap. We also performed PCR validation in thymoma tissues. The DNMT3a-shRNA plasmid was transfected into TEC cells, and these cells were treated with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, a blocker of DNMT3a. After the down-regulation of DNMT3a in TEC cells, the transcript and protein levels of RelA, RelB, Aire, and CHRNA3 were evaluated by western blotting. In addition, changes in gene expression profiles were screened through microarray technology. We performed differential gene analysis in the thymoma cohort by heatmap with R (v.4.3.0) software. Results: In 30 matched tissue specimens, the expression of DNMT3a protein in thymoma with MG was lower than that in thymoma. Through mRNA expression profiling analysis, we constructed a co-expression network of DNMT3a and found direct interaction between IKZF1 and DNMT3a, and this co-expression relationship was overlappted with Cistrome DB database. We found up-regulation of 149 mRNAs and repression of 177 mRNAs in thymoma with MG compared with thymoma. Gene ontology and pathway analysis show the involvement of a multitude of genes in the mis-regulation of MG-related pathways. RNA interference significantly reduced the level of mRNA of DNMT3a, which proved that plasmid DNMT3a was effective. In comparison to the control group, the levels of DNMT3a, Aire, and CHRNA3 mRNA and protein in TEC cells transfected with DNMT3a-shRNA interference plasmid were significantly decreased, while the expression level of RelA and RelA/RelB was significantly increased. Conclusions: Our study reveals the DNMT3a-NF-kappa B pathway has a major effect on MG, and can be used as a marker for diagnosis as well as a target for MG treatment.

目的:探讨一线放化疗后局部进展非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)125I粒子植入术中靶区勾画方式对肿瘤治疗效果的影响.方法:选取2017年10月—2019年12月一线治疗后局部进展NSCLC患者70例,分为两组,每组35例,对照组沿胸部CT肺窗肿瘤边缘直接划定靶区,观察组以胸部CT肺窗肿瘤外边缘7 mm为靶区.比较两组植入前和植入后6个月的胸部CT表现,并在1年随访中比较两组术后不良反应发生率、客观缓解率、原位肿瘤复发率和无进展生存期.结果:两组患者均顺利完成植入,不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(20.0％vs.17.1％,P=0.759),客观缓解率比较差异无统计学意义(91.43％vs.85.71％,P=0.710),观察组原位复发率低于对照组(5.71％vs.25.71％,P=0.022).随访1年,中位无进展生存期高于对照组(12.58个月vs.11.36个月,P=0.037).结论:胸部CT肺窗肿瘤外缘7 mm勾画靶区,行125I粒子植入可减少肿瘤原位复发,延长生存期.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of 125I seed implantation combined with anlotinib hydrochloride in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods:61 cases of NSCLC patients were enrolled, of which 30 cases (observation group) received 125I seed implantation combined with anlotinib treatment, and 31 cases (control group) received 125I seed implantation only. To evaluate the curative effect and adverse reactions of all patients, the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1), neuroendocrine enolase (NSE), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) in the peripheral blood of the two groups was measured before the treatment and at 1 and 3 months after the treatment. Results:The effective rates in the observation group were 90.00% and 93.33%, the effective rates in the control group were 67.74% and 74.19% at 1 and 3 months after the treatment, respectively, and the difference in efficacy between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2=4.504, P=0.034 vs. χ2=4.075, P=0.044). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups of patients after treatment ( P=0.785). At 1 and 3 months after the treatment, the levels of CEA, CYFRA21-1, NSE and SCC in the peripheral blood of the two groups of patients were lower than those before the treatment (all P<0.05). Conclusions:125I seed implantation combined with anlotinib hydrochloride is safe for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer, and has promotion value.

Objective: The olfactomedin (OLF) and olfactomedin-like (OLFML) domain family consists of at least four members, including OLFML2B, which promotes the EMT, metastasis and invasion of cancer. However, the function of OLFML2B in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of OLFML2B in LUAD and LUSC. Methods: The genetic alteration and expression of OLFML family genes were analyzed in cBioPortal, Oncomine and TIMER database, respectively. In addition, GEPIA and UALCAN database were used to evaluate the mRNA expression of OLFML2B in LUAD and LUSC and the correlation with clinicopathological features. The protein expression of OLFML2B in STAD was explored in The Human Protein Atlas. Furthermore, the prognostic value of OLFML2B was estimated with overall survival (OS) and post-progression survival (PPS) in Kaplan-Meier plotter database. In order to evaluate the association between OLFML2B expression and cancer immune infiltrations, TIMER database was evacuated. GO enrichment and GSEA analysis were performed between OLFML2B and the associated genes associated from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA-seq) of OLFML family members were detected in TISCH database. Results: We found varying degrees of genetic variation among the four OLFML family members, among which OLFML2B displayed the highest incidence rate of genetic variations. The OLFML2B mRNA expression was found to be significantly higher in various cancerous tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, including LUAD. The protein level of OLFML2B suggested the upregulation in LUAD and LUSC compared with adjacent normal tissues. The further exploration of OLFML2B in clinical indicated it correlated to the smoking habit, later clinical stages, nodal metastasis and TP53 mutation in LUAD and LUSC patients. The Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that the increased OLFML2B level was significantly associated with the poor prognosis of LUAD patients. OLFML2B mRNA expression level had obviously negative correlations with infiltrating levels of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, whereas was significantly associated with Treg cells, tumor-associated macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. GSEA results revealed that inflammation response was significantly enriched in samples with higher expression of OLFML2B. Conclusions: These findings suggest that OLFML2B works as a prognostic biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration, which is considered as a predictor of the effectiveness of immunotherapy in LUAD and LUSC. The scRNA-seq analysis revealed that OLFML2B promoted the tumor growth and aggressiveness of LUAD and LUSC.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. Therapies targeting programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD1L1) have promising effects on NSCLC. However, resistance to targeted therapy has become the main problem and the underling molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, the expression of PD1L1 in NSCLC was determined and the association with clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. A combination therapy was also constructed, including pembrolizumab (Pem) and iodine-125 (125I), which represented an efficient strategy for the treatment of NSCLC. The expression of PD1L1 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and positively correlated with the Ki-67 index, pathological subtypes and risk stages. A higher level of PD1L1 expression was associated with poorer survival in patients with NSCLC, which could be used as a prognostic indicator. When NSCLC cells were cultured in the presence of Pem and 125I seeds, the combination treatment significantly abrogated the tumor proliferation and aggressiveness through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 secretion. Flow cytometry analysis revealed pembrolizumab combined with 125I contributed to a higher rate of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, indicating that the combination treatment improved the resistance to immunotherapy. Furthermore, the associated molecular mechanism was the dysregulation of ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17. The findings from the present study revealed that PD1L1 could be used as a predictive biomarker, and the application of combination treatment of pembrolizumab and 125I showed promising effects on NSCLC.

Surgery remains the first option for curing early stage lung cancer. However, many patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and thus miss the chance to undergo surgery. As such patients derive limited benefits from chemotherapy or radiotherapy, alternatives based on local control have emerged, including iodine-125 seed implantation. The Interstitial Brachytherapy Society, Committee of Minimally Invasive Therapy in Oncology, the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association organized a group of multidisciplinary experts to revise the guidelines for this treatment modality. It aims to standardize iodine-125 seed implantation procedures, inclusion criteria, and outcome assessment to prevent and manage procedure-related complications.

BACKGROUND:This study was conducted to investigate the gene expression profiles associated with thymoma to better understand the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of thymoma. METHODS:Eight patients with thymomas (type A, AB, B1, and B2) and four controls with thymic cysts were analyzed using microarray profiling to identify changes in gene expression. RESULTS:Across all of our samples, 2319 messenger RNAs were upregulated and 2776 were downregulated in thymomas relative to thymic cysts. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed that a large number of genes participate in cellular functions, among which MHC class II protein complex assembly, assembly with peptide antigen, calcium activated phosphatidylcholine scrambling, and release of cytoplasmic sequestered NF-κB were dysregulated, whereas intestinal immune network for immunoglobulin A production, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the calcium signaling pathway, and pathways related to autoimmune diseases were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS:Our results revealed gene expression differences between thymomas and thymic cysts, and identified key candidate genes/pathways that might be used as diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets to treat cancer metastasis.

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)是生物体内重要的活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)自由基清除剂.维持ROS在体内的动态平衡是机体维持正常生理功能的关键.GPX可通过调节ROS水平发挥重要的生物学作用.大量研究表明,ROS与肿瘤的发生和发展密切相关.近年来,随着对GPX研究的不断深入,发现GPX家族成员与多种肿瘤的发生和发展相关.本文着重阐述了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶类在肿瘤中的作用及其可能的作用机制.

AIM:This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the expression of A-kinase anchor protein95 (AKAP95), p-retinoblastoma (phosphorylated Rb, p-Rb), cyclin D2, cyclin D3 and cyclin E2 in esophageal cancer tissues and clinicopathological indexes.METHOD:The protein expression levels of AKAP95, p-Rb, cyclin D2/3 and cyclin E2 in 40 esophageal cancer tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between them was analyzed.RESULT:The percentage of p-Rb (Ser780)-, cyclin D2-, cyclin D3- and cyclin E2-positive samples was 62.50%, 70.00%, 67.50% and 60.00%, respectively. Also, the positive expression did not correlate with the histological type, histological differentiation or lymph node metastasis. The expression of AKAP95 and p-Rb (Ser780), p-Rb (Ser780) and cyclin D2 and p-Rb (Ser780) and cyclin D3 in esophageal cancer tissues was found to be correlated (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The expression of AKAP95 and p-Rb (Ser780), p-Rb(Ser780) and cyclin D2, and p-Rb (Ser780) and cyclin D3 in esophageal cancer tissue was correlated, suggesting that these proteins might play a synergistic role in cell-cycle progression. Cyclin D2/D3 and p-Rb (Ser780) were correlated whereas cyclin E2 and p-Rb (Ser780) were not, suggesting that p-Rb (Ser780) might be highly expressed and the Ser780 site of Rb protein might be phosphorylated in the early stage of the G1 phase. Ser780 was the site in the primary phosphorylation stage of several phosphorylation sites during stepwise phosphorylation (from primary to high phosphorylation).

Surgery remains the first choice of cure for early stage lung cancer. However, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stage, and thus miss the opportunity to undergo surgery. As such patients derive limited benefits from chemotherapy or radiotherapy, alternatives focusing on local control have emerged, including iodine‐125 seed implantation. The Interstitial Brachytherapy Society, Committee of Minimally Invasive Therapy in Oncology, Chinese Anti‐Cancer Association organized a group of multidisciplinary experts to develop guidelines for this treatment modality. These guidelines aim to standardize iodine‐125 seed implantation procedures, inclusion criteria, and outcome assessment to prevent and manage procedure‐related complications.

BackgroundTo investigate the gene expression profile of a set of candidate genes for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of thymoma with or without myasthenia gravis.MethodsThymoma patients and thymoma patients with myasthenia gravis were analyzed using microarray profiling to identify significant changes in gene expression of autoimmune regulator pathway genes including AIRE, IL‐7R, CHRNA3, SYMD1, THRA, and CAV3.ResultsAcross all of our samples, we found that 1484 mRNAs were upregulated and 770 were downregulated in thymoma patients compared with thymoma with myasthenia gravis patients. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that a large number of genes participated in cellular functions for humoral immune response, sequence‐specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, positive regulation of gene expression, regulation of neuron projection development, extracellular ligand‐gated ion channel activity, positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation, and regulation of nuclear factor‐kappaB import into the nucleus.ConclusionOur results revealed genetic differences between thymomas and myasthenia gravis, and identified the key candidate genes/pathways for molecular mechanism.

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗对胸外伤合并急性呼吸衰竭患者的应用效果.方法:回顾性分析2016年1月～2018年12月在本院治疗的96例胸外伤合并急性呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料,依据治疗方式的不同,分为对照组(常规治疗,48例)与观察组(常规治疗+纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗,48例),比较两组临床指标与呼吸功能指标.结果:观察组住院费用少于对照组,住院及呼吸机支持时间均短于对照组,PaO2与SpO2值均高于对照组,R值小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:胸外伤合并急性呼吸衰竭患者经纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗,可有效改善呼吸功能,利于缩减治疗时间,减少住院费用.

目的 研究重组人血管内皮抑素(恩度)联合表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)厄洛替尼对EGFR-TKIs耐药细胞系H1975(携带L858R和T790M)在体外及裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用.方法 对H1975细胞株进行细胞活性测定,确定厄洛替尼单药、恩度单药及厄洛替尼+恩度各组的吸光度值.建立H1975肺癌细胞系裸鼠移植瘤模型,将裸鼠随机分为4组(对照组、厄洛替尼组、恩度组及联合用药组),每组6只.从给药开始每3天测1次肿瘤直径,2周后处死所有实验鼠,取出肿瘤,测量、拍照.结果 体外细胞实验中,厄洛替尼单药对H1975细胞增殖抑制作用差异有统计学意义(P=0.043),恩度单药对H1975细胞增殖的抑制作用差异无统计学意义(P=0.261),厄洛替尼+恩度的效应与单用厄洛替尼重舍.体内动物实验中,恩度组不能抑制肿瘤细胞生长(P=0.112),厄洛替尼组可抑制肿瘤细胞生长(p=0.018),而联合用药组两药有协同作用(p=0.048).组间两两比较结果显示,联合用药与对照组和厄洛替尼组之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.046,p=0.023).结论 恩度联合厄洛替尼可增强厄洛替尼的抗肿瘤作用,逆转T790M相关耐药;恩度联合厄洛替尼针对EGFR-TKIs耐药患者应用前景广阔.

1病例资料 患者男,63岁,因右肺腺癌合并纵隔淋巴结转移,行纵隔淋巴结转移癌放射性125I粒子植入术入院.患者3年前行胃癌根治术,既往有冠心病、高血压及糖尿病病史.入院前10个月因声音嘶哑就诊,查胸部CT发现右肺上叶占位性病变,伴纵隔淋巴结肿大.行肿物穿刺活检回报"腺癌".临床诊断:右肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移、双侧锁骨上淋巴结转移癌,Ⅲb期.无法进行手术治疗,给予培美曲塞+顺铂规律化疗4个周期.入院前4个月复查胸部CT见肺部肿瘤较前稍有增大(图1A),向患者及家属交代病情后行CT引导下右肺癌125I粒子植入术,手术顺利.

目的:分析肺癌合并肺纤维化患者肺癌根治术的预后,并探讨此类患者手术风险的评估。方法:回顾性分析373例肺癌患者行肺切除术的病理组织,以是否有肺纤维化分为两组（I组和Ⅱ组）,对二者术后并发症、临床转归、生存率等相关指标进行比较,并按照不同手术切除方式进行亚组分析。结果:在所有373个标本中,有21例确诊为肺纤维化,两组在年龄[（65±12）岁vs（64±9）岁]、吸烟史（76%vs 63%）、1秒钟用力呼气容积[（2.41±1.25）L·min -1 vs（2.49±1.38）L·min -1 ]、用力肺活量[（3.08±1.53）Lvs（3.44±1.42）L]没有显著差异,但肺纤维化患者男性更多（71%vs 51%,P＜0.05）。肺纤维化患者的手术死亡率高于对照组（14%vs 4%,P＜0.01）,亚组分析显示肺纤维化患者全肺切除术（20%vs 9%,P＜0.01）和肺叶切除术（13%vs 4%,P＜0.01）死亡率较对照组高。肺纤维化患者术后肺损伤发生率较高（42%vs 5%,P＜0.01）,住院时间较长[（15.70±4.11）d vs（9.28±3.03）d,P＜0.05]。在肺纤维化患者中,5例患者出现术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征,其中3例死亡。术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发生与术前低DLCO[（4.01±1.40）mmol·min -1 ·k Pa -1 ·L -1 ,（4.5±1.65）mmol·min -1 ·k Pa -1 ·L -1 ,P＜0.05]和KCO[（0.92±0.33）mmol·min -1 ·k Pa -1 ·L -1 ,（1.01±0.46）mmol·min -1 ·k Pa -1 ·L -1 ,P＜0.05]以及高术前CPI（45.68±7.41,32.22±17.21,P＜0.01）有关。结论:肺纤维化患者行肺癌根治术术后发病率和死亡率增加,与术前低气体弥散指标和高CPI有关。术前仔细评估其肺功能受损程度以选择合适的病人,对其行肺癌切除术的生存获益是十分必要的。

Background Recombined humanized endostatin (Rh‐endostatin) exhibits a potent anti‐cancer effect involving multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways. HMGB1 is a highly conserved DNA‐binding protein involved in cancer development. The therapeutic effect of Rh‐endostatin on HMGB1 has not been reported, thus we investigate the effect in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Methods Quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the messenger RNA and protein expression of HMGB1 in A549 cancer cells, while enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the release of HMGB1. Western blot was performed to evaluate HMGB1 expression in SK‐MES‐1 and H661 NSCLC cells. Results Rh‐endostatin inhibited the proliferation of A549 cancer cells and distinctly downregulated the expression and release of HMGB1 in dose and time dependent manners. Rh‐endostatin‐induced HMGB1 downregulation was confirmed in different types of NSCLC cells. Conclusion These results demonstrate the general phenomenon that Rh‐endostatin can induce HMGB1 suppression in a variety of NSCLC cells. Rh‐endostatin may suppress HMGB1 expression and release in A549 cancer cells, thus inhibiting cell proliferation.

BackgroundComputed tomography (CT)‐guided percutaneous implantation of 125Iodine radioactive seeds requires the precise arrangement of seeds by tumor shape. We tested whether selecting target areas, including subclinical areas around tumors, can influence locoregional recurrence in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodWe divided 82 patients with NSCLC into two groups. Target areas in group 1 (n = 40) were defined along tumor margins based on lung‐window CT. Target areas in group 2 (n = 42) were extended by 0.5 cm in all dimensions outside tumor margins. Preoperative plans for both groups were based on a treatment plan system, which guided 125 I seed implantation. Six months later, patients underwent chest CT to evaluate treatment efficacy (per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1). We compared locoregional recurrences between the groups after a year of follow‐up. We then used the treatment plan system to extend target areas for group 1 patients by 0.5 cm (defined as group 3 data) and compared these hypothetical group 3 planned seeds with the actual seed numbers used in group 1 patients.ResultsAll patients successfully underwent implantation; none died during the follow‐up period. Recurrence was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1 ( P < 0.05). Group 1 patients and group 3 data significantly differed in seed numbers ( P < 0.01).ConclusionOur results imply that extending the implantation area for 125 I seeds can decrease recurrence risk by eradicating cancerous lymph‐duct blockades within the extended areas.