Plant raw materials are a key source of nutrients for humans and animals. However, their nutritional value is limited by the presence of anti-nutritional substances (antinutrients). This review systematizes the research on the chemical nature, functions, and reduction methods available for anti-nutritional compounds in food systems of plant origin. The review covered Russian and foreign scientific articles in the public domain (Google Scholar) registered in PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, and CyberLeninka in 2021–2026. Anti-nutritional substances include enzyme inhibitors (proteases and α-amylase), phytic acid (phytates), lectins, tannins, and saponins. The publications under review feature such aspects as their chemical nature, sources, and dual physiological roles, including the negative impact on the bioavailability and digestibility of macro- and micronutrients. Some studies focus on their potential benefits, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic properties in controlled concentrations. The review includes a comparative analysis of traditional methods (soaking, germination, fermentation, heat treatment) and innovative technologies (extrusion, ultrasound treatment, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field). Combined processing technologies prove to be the most effective approach to reducing anti-nutritional factors in plant-based food systems while preserving their beneficial components.

Currently, it is very important to find solutions aimed at improving the quality of fish feed, especially for sturgeon. There is an active search for alternative sources of feed protein and ways to increase the digestibility and digestibility of the traditional feed ingredients used. One of these alternative protein sources is the use of larvae of the black lion fly (Hermetia illucens). The use of dry biomass of black lion fly larvae was evaluated according to the blood of sterlet individuals - the amount of total whey protein, the ratio of protein fractions and the protein coefficient. Yearling sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) kept in aquaculture conditions were used as research objects: 40 fish with an average weight of 145 ± 15.7 g were individually weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g and placed for cultivation in fiberglass pools measuring 1.1 × 1.1 m in 2 groups (control and experiment). The fish were fed according to their ability to eat during the day with an interval of 4 hours. During the entire study period (30 days), water quality parameters were checked, including daytime temperature values with a minimum of 24 °C and a maximum of 27 °C (the average temperature was 26 ± 0.97 °C). Other measurements varied as follows: oxygen concentration of 7.9-9.4 mg/l and saturation of 81-99%. As a result of the research, a positive experience was gained. The level of total whey protein and its fractional composition in sterlet from the experimental group were close to the norm typical for sturgeon, while in fish from the control group there was an increased level of γ-globulins and a decrease in protein coefficient, which may indicate a strain on the body's protective and adaptive forces, unlike in fish from the control group from fish from the experimental group, where the proportion of this fraction was within the normal range.

The conducted experiments showed that fish grown using feed containing probiotics with different mechanisms of action — enzymatic and antioxidant — showed gains and fatness coefficient exceeding the control values by more than 7 % and 5–13 %, respectively, with a decrease in feed costs of 6.7 %. Analysis of weight distribution among the studied fish groups revealed that in the experiments the percentage of individuals with higher body weight was higher by 9.65 and 14.75 %, amounting to 58.16 and 63.26 %, respectively. In the open field test, the juvenile sterlet from the 2nd experimental group recorded orientation activity, which was lower than in the 1st experimental and control groups by 3.79 % and 1.61 %, respectively, amounting to 34.8 units/min. However, the background motor activity in this group was the highest — 36.78 units/min. In the 1st experimental and control groups, on the contrary, a decrease in this indicator was observed. It was found that in individuals of the experimental groups, an increase in the reaction to the primary stimulus (vibroacoustic stimulus) was observed, followed by a sharp decrease in activity when exposed to the second stimulus. This indicates the manifestation of a defensive reaction (freezing), characteristic of sturgeon fish. In the control group, the reaction to the primary stimulus also increases, but to a lesser extent, and then remains almost unchanged. After exposure to the third stimulus, the activity of individuals of the control group does not return to the original level, exceeding it by 13.35%. At the same time, in individuals of the experimental groups, the activity approaches the background level. The ratio of orienting activity to background activity (activation level) in fish of the second experimental group was 13.9% lower than in the first experimental and control groups. This indicates that fish from the first experimental and control groups exhibit higher activity when entering a new environment. At the same time, individuals from the second experimental group demonstrate more restrained motor behavior. The reactivity indices in the experimental groups under the influence of low-frequency sound are 1,46–10,54 % higher, under short-term light stimulus and constant light exposure they are lower by 12.09–27.47 % and by 9.72–14.88 % in the 2nd and 1st groups, respectively, compared to the control group. Fish fed with feeds with experimental probiotic additives demonstrated increased resistance to high temperature and salinity. The highest heat resistance and salt tolerance were shown by fish from the first experimental group. Probiotic preparations with targeted action stimulate growth and stabilize the physiological state of fish in extreme conditions.

The aim of the research was to study antioxidant activity and protective potential of new phenol-containing thioacetyl derivatives of D- and L-prolines as potential agents on beluga sperm and survival in the early stages of ontogeny of bester (Huso x Acipenser ruthenus) development. The study indicated that both enantiomers demonstrated the equal scavenging activity towards DPPH•, ABTS•+, O2•–, H2O2 and NO, and that the activity towards all of these radicals, with the exception of nitric oxide, exceeded the activity of BHT. No significant differences were registered between the enantiomers in the inhibition of long-term lipid peroxidation of beluga sperm in vitro. The enantiomers revealed the opposite effect on the motility duration time of beluga spermatozoa, the rate of their fertilization, and survival at the early stages of bester ontogeny. Application of the L-proline derivative for the beluga sperm treatment resulted in the increase of the total period of movement of beluga sperm cells, the raise of the fertility of sterlet eggs and the survival of bester offspring at the prelarval stage, which led to an increase in the number of produced larvae. The introduction of the D-proline derivative or BHT decreased the motility duration time of beluga sperm, the fertility of sterlet eggs and the survival of offspring at the prolarval stage, which led to a decrease in the number of obtained larvae.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of adding hydroxy derivatives of chalcones to the basic cryomedium on the ability of sterlet sperm to utilize superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, the intensity of lipid peroxidation of male fish germ cells, and their viability both before cryopreservation and after 3 days of freezing at liquid nitrogen temperature. The ability of phenolic derivatives of chalcones to increase the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of sterlet sperm and to reduce the intensity of lipid peroxidation has been established. The antioxidant activity of the derivatives exceeds the effect of Trolox, which inhibits the functioning of the enzyme component of the antioxidant protection of fish sperm and promotes lipid peroxidation of fish sperm before cryopreservation. A beneficial effect of hydroxy derivatives of chalcones on the motility parameters of thawed sperm has been shown, indicating their ability to increase the cryoresistance of sperm in such a promising aquaculture species as sterlet.

The article examines the domestic trends in the use of aquatic biological resources for more than a century. Until the early 1950s, inland waters, primarily the Caspian and Azov Seas, played a key role. Total catch volumes did not exceed 2 million tons. Anthropogenic impact has led to global negative changes in the ecosystems of the south seas of our country. The fishery importance of inland reservoirs has significantly decreased. The active development of oceanic fishing in the 1960s and 1980s made it possible to increase the volume of extraction of aquatic biological resources to 10−11 million tons. Starting in 2018 Access to the use of aquatic biological resources largely depends on the involvement of domestic industrial companies in the construction of new ships at Russian shipyards. The proven reserves of even traditionally mined hydrobionts make it possible to fully ensure the fishing capacities of all vessels currently under construction and under design. The contribution of commercial fish farming to the total production of domestic fish products in the foreseeable future, apparently, will not exceed 10%.

The studies of the antioxidant and cryoprotective activities of bicyclic pyrrolidine derivatives containing a 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol fragment in the in vitro experiments showed the greater activity of these compounds compared to ionol. The analysis of the kinetic profile of the reactions of these compounds with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH test) and radical cation of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) showed that the first step consisted in the rapid single electron transfer (SET), which was followed by the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The high activity in the reaction of Fe3+ reduction (FRAP test) was characteristic of methyl (1S*,3R*,3aS*,6aR*)-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-5-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,6-dioxooctahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]-pyrrole-1-carboxylate. The compounds under study were found to be able to terminate chain reactions due to the chelation of metals involved in the Fenton reaction. The compounds also exhibited prolonged antioxidant activity under autoxidation conditions and conditions of oxidative stress promoted by FeCl2. An increase in the viability of reproductive cells of sturgeon breeds in the presence of the pyrrolidine derivatives indicated the possibility of their use as promising antioxidant protectors during hypothermic storage and under conditions of deep freezing of germ cells of economically valuable fish species.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a new Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 probiotic as a feed additive for farmed trout. Final weight, absolute and average daily gain of fish, and average daily growth rate were higher in the group that received the probiotic than in the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the probiotic-fed trout had more intense growth rates than the control group (higher by 15.7

In Russia, in order to transition to highly productive and environmentally friendly agro- and aquatic farming, to create safe and high-quality, including functional, food products, it is necessary to focus on the introduction of new facilities available to consumers into aquaculture. The relevance of the chosen direction lies in the intro-duction of the Don fish into aquaculture in the Southern Federal District and the southern regions of the Russian Federation. Global aquaculture is actively developing. The volume of industrial fishing products in 2023 amounted to 89.6 million tons. At the same time, in recent years, fish catches ranged from 110 to 590 tons, and the average annual production in the Azov-Don region reached 270 tons. Catches are decreasing annually, which leads to the need to increase the production of aquaculture facilities. The main objectives of the research are to develop the design of a plant for growing Don fish (Vimba vimba) and conduct research on the content of producers. Experiments have been carried out on the cultivation of young Don fish on granular feed in an upgraded installation. The experiments were carried out in two versions: on water from an open source of water supply prepared using a water treatment unit, and on tap water. Conducting weekly hydrochemical analyses of water and biological material in experimental installations for the maintenance of producers and the rearing of juveniles made it possible to determine the optimal indicators for the maintenance of producers, spawning, holding and rearing of larvae.

In the process of growing in a recycling plant in artificially created conditions, it is necessary to control and regulate the production of vital substances by fish. It is important to take into account the age and type of fish being studied. This paper presents the results of administration of vitamin B12, vitamin E and selenium preparations in the form of injections in order to achieve physiological preparation of sturgeon producers for spawning. The study of fish-biological characteristics of fish revealed an increase in growth indicators in the control variant (by 1.66 % in comparison with the experiment), as the fish of the experimental group showed acceleration of generative metabolism and the number of individuals with gonads at the 4th stage of maturity was higher by 4.6 % in comparison with the control variant.

Currently, one of the state policy priority tasks in the field of healthy nutrition is related to functional products development, including bioactivated wheat grain bread. One of the most important technological operations in the technology of its preparation is grinding, accompanied by the production of various dispersion degrees of grain mass. In addition, the process of bioactivated grain grinding is accompanied by an increase in its temperature, being also important to take into account in bread making technology with its use. Therefore, the optimal parameters for bioactivated wheat grinding to obtain the best quality bread were determined in the work. As the main factors, the grain mass temperature and the holes diameter of the chopper matrix were chosen. The output parameters were the bread crumb porosity and compressibility degree. Optimization was carried out by applying mathematical methods of experiment planning (central compositional rotatable planning). The regression equations adequately describing the obtained dependences of the crumb porosity and compressibility on the grain mass temperature and the cells diameter of the grinder matrix, through which the bioactivated wheat had been passed, were obtained as a result of the experiment. It was found out that the bread crumb highest porosity (58.0%) and compressibility (8.1%) were observed at the following optimal values of input factors: grain mass temperature of 28.0 °C and diameter of the chopper matrix holes of 2.0 mm. The values obtained are the basis for the development of technological instructions for “Zlakovik” bread.

An increasingly significant deficit of fish meal necessary for the production of quality fish feed requires the use of new components characterised by high levels of protein and fat. This article presents the results of a feed supplements study with a protein component based on soldier fly and probiotics. The study of fish-biological parameters of fish revealed that the absolute and average daily gain in the variant with feed KV54 + soldier fly is higher by 40.9 %, the mass accumulation ratio by 33.3 %, compared with the control variant, with survival rate of 100 %. Feeding coefficient in the experiment variant KV54+soldier fly is lower compared to the control by 1.3 units, i.e. by 34 %. The physiological and biochemical parameters of fish blood were within the normal range for fish from a natural reservoir.

This article is devoted to the further development of a viable technology for low-temperature cryopreservation of reproductive cells of sturgeon fish using acoustic–mechanical fields and intelligent control of the freezing process. Before vitrification begins, the piezoactuator acts on a mixture of cryoprotectant and reproductive cells. This promotes intensive mixing of the cryoprotector and its diffusion through the cell membrane. When vitrification is carried out directly, a phase transition phenomenon is observed, accompanied by crystal formation. This article presents a new mathematical model describing this process as developed by the authors. The corresponding boundary conditions are formulated. Numerical experiments were carried out using the finite element method. It has been established that during vitrification without the use of a cryoprotectant, a sharp temperature jump is observed at the front of the crystalline formation boundary. The use of a cryoprotectant leads to a slowdown in the process of crystal formation, that is, to a weakening of the effect of one of the most important cryoprotective factors. The comparison with full-scale experiments showed qualitative agreement with the experimental results, which indicates the adequacy of the proposed model. The results obtained can be used in the future during the vitrification process and the evaluation of the quality of cryofreezing. The application of a new methodological approach to methods of long-term preservation at low temperatures of the genetic and reproductive material of hydrobionts using acoustic and mechanical effects and an intelligent control module opens up great opportunities for the creation of new cost-effective biotechnologies that make it possible to make the transition to a new type of aquatic farms, increase the stability of aquaculture, in general, to make environmental protection measures to save rare and endangered species more effective.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the vitamin‐mineral complex E‐selenium and the probiotic preparation Bacell when added to industrial feed on the fish‐breeding‐biological and physiological‐ biochemical parameters of juvenile sterlet‐beluga hybrids when reared in cages.The duration of the experiment was 45 days. In experimental option 1, the fish were fed with basic compound feed with the addition of E‐selenium (300 μg selenium/kg of feed), in experimental option 2, the fish were fed with basic compound feed with the addition of E‐selenium (300 μg selenium/kg of feed) and the Bacell preparation (0.2 % by weight of dry food). The control variant was fed with basic feed.The absolute increase in the experimental variants was 13.0–25.0 % higher than in the control. Hematological parameters varied – in some cases with a high degree of significance. In particular, hemoglobin increased by 5.6–13 %, blood serum protein by 0.42–12.6 %, cholesterol by 9.8–16.3 % in the experimental variants and by 70.5 % in the control, due to the presence of a high degree of stress in control fish. At the same time, in fish experiments the effects of stress factors were suppressed by antioxidants. Preventive doses of microelements, vitamins and probiotics reduce and stabilise peroxide processes and contribute to the maintenance of good physiological condition of fish kept in artificial conditions.

Экспериментально изучено влияние пробиотических препаратов в составе корма на рост, развитие и поведенческие реакции молоди рыб разных видов: стерляди, гибрида белуги и стерляди, чешуйчатого карпа - в условиях установок с замкнутым водообеспечением. Корма, содержащие пробиотические добавки, способствовали интенсивному росту и высокой выживаемости рыб (до 100 %). В ходе эксперимента в группах «опыт» отмечен наибольший прирост массы по показателям абсолютного и среднесуточного прироста, что говорит об эффективности использования кормов. Кормовой коэффициент в варианте «опыт» для карпа оказался ниже по сравнению с контролем на 1.25 единицы, или на 21 %. Исследование двигательной активности молоди рыб после кормления экспериментальными кормами выявило положительные изменения в их поведении. Молодь из группы «опыт» лучше адаптировалась к новым условиям среды и проявляла более высокую устойчивость к стрессовым раздражителям. Таким образом, полученные результаты подчеркивают потенциальные преимущества использования пробиотиков в составе кормов для улучшения роста и здоровья молоди рыб.

Numerous studies aimed at expanding the production of domestic healthy food products meet the objectives of national programs and projects implemented at the state level. Flour confectionery products are known to be an integral part of the food basket of our country's inhabitants. Therefore, the use of non-traditional vegetable raw materials with a high content of fiber, vitamins, and minerals in their manufacture is an important research field. In addition, these technologies are resource-saving and allow expanding the range of products for specialized and therapeutic purposes, including those for people with gluten intolerance. However, it should be mentioned that the introduction of additional raw materials is an interference with the traditional cooking technology and may affect the finished product quality, which requires additional research. Therefore, the effect of biologically active components on the bioavailability and nutritional value of a cupcake enriched with non-traditional types of raw materials was studied in the work. The ciliates P. caudatum were used as a test object for assessing the studied samples bioavailability. In addition, indicators of nutritional and energy value were determined in finished products. The studies carried out proved that the use of whole wheat flour, grape seed flour, sesame oil and sesame seeds in the production of cupcakes helps to increase its biotic potential, biological and nutritional value.

Preservation of biodiversity of rare and endangered fish species by deep freezing methods is relevant for modern science. For the first time defrosted reproductive cells of male Acipenser ruthenus frozen by a method of accoustic-mechanical impact with the use of piezoactuators were used for fertilisation of eggs of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus, which is included in the IUCN Red list The quality of defrosted semen was assessed to determine its fertilisation capacity, which was high, the activity of live active cells up to 79%, and the yield of free embryos up to 62%. The offspring obtained using cryopreserved semen had normal embryonic and postembryonic development, no significant differences from the offspring in the control batch were observed. In terms of reactivity of the central nervous system and receptor complex, the cryopreserved offspring sometimes surpassed the control batch in some parameters such as orienting and background activity, response to stimuli. Larvae after transfer to mixed feeding (10th day) did not significantly differ from the control in the character of the central nervous system reaction, except for the reaction to light stimulus. Thus, the use of frozen sperm using a new method allows us to obtain viable early juveniles adapted to life in natural water bodies for biodiversity conservation.

The paper considers the classification of computational intelligence methods and their further development with the use of hybrid technologies for managing the Internet of things. The new paradigm of the Internet of Things allows the use of various objects in a wider range of tasks. In healthcare, devices are being developed for many purposes, such as monitoring patients to help them cope with chronic illnesses, recover from injuries, or prevent strokes. Thus, in order to realize a dynamic new generation technology, corresponding to the new paradigm of the "Internet of Things", it is proposed to use machine-learning algorithms in hybrid technology, which will make it possible not only to protect confidential patient data, but also to analyze them and make assumptions.

Two series of experiments on the effect of E-selenium on the reproductive function of sturgeons were conducted with different ways of introducing the drug into the body: through feed and injection. The effectiveness of the action of E-selenium was shown in two experiments. First, its ability to accelerate the process of maturation of oocytes was revealed due to the stimulation of generative metabolism and bringing it into line with the stages of the sexual cycle based on the biochemical parameters of the blood. An increase in the concentration in the blood by 1.4 times by the end of the 50-day experiment of total protein and beta-lipoproteins, which include ovovitelin (vitellogenin) during the period of vitellogenesis, as well as a moderate increase in haemoglobin concentration, indicates an increase in generative metabolism. It was noted that the metabolism of control fish was directed to somatic growth to a greater extent than that of experimental fish, as a result of which the average weight of females in control was 1.5 times higher than in the first series of experiments and weight of experimental fish was the same and increased by 6% in power in the second series. The role of the drug as a stabilizer of the physiological state of females, due to its high antioxidant properties, has been noted. When used, the existing signs of a stress state disappear, in contrast to the control fish in which they are detected: an increased cholesterol level, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and a decrease in haemoglobin concentration. The most significant effect from the use of the drug was obtained when the feed was irrigated with E-selenium, in which the number of mature fish after 50 days of the experiment was 2.7 times greater than in control, with a simultaneous halving of immature fish. In the case of the injection of females with this preparation, the number of fish at the IV stage of gonadal maturity in the experimental group after 50 days increased by 1.7 times. In the control group, on the contrary, it decreased by 1.2 times, with a constant proportion of females by the III stage of gonadal maturity.

The paper presents the result of analyses of the Azov Sea fishery resources state for the last 15 years of the last century up to the present time. The information on quantitative and qualitative composition of commercial catches is obtained from the data of fishery statistics. Changes in temperature and salinity and their anomalies relative to mean annual values are highlighted. The first four commercial species with maximum catches have been identified: anchovy, kilka, gobies and Redlip mullet. The dynamics of their ratio, at different periods of the current century, may indicate the influence of external conditions (temperature, salinity, etc.). The forecast on increase of catches of the listed species and recommendation on development of the Azov sea fishery development programme, including all directions of fishery, introduction of the newest achievements of science and technology in development of aquaculture and other branches connected with rational use of aquatic biological resources of the sea are given.