Mycorrhizal fungi are a critical ecological determinant for the survival and population sustainability of orchids, playing a decisive role in the success of conservation efforts for endangered species. However, the symbiotic relationship during the early life stages of the rare terrestrial orchid Mengzia foliosa remains unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the mycorrhizal associations during the germination and seedling development of M. foliosa. Ten fungal strains, four isolated from the roots of Bletilla striata (MB-11, MB-13, MB-15 and MB-18) and six isolated from the protocorms of M. foliosa (MH1-A, MH1-B, MH1-E, MH3-2-A, MH4-2-A and MH4-B), were co-cultured with M. foliosa seeds in vitro for 16 weeks. Six fungal strains significantly promoted seed germination, while four strains (MH1-A, MB-15, MH4-B, and MB-13) markedly enhanced seedling development, with MH1-A showing the highest efficacy (76.50

Hollow stems have independently evolved multiple times across the plant kingdom, and play crucial roles in plant development and various environmental adaptations. However, the mechanisms underlying stem hollowness remain poorly understood. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) is one of the few hollow-stemmed plants in the Convolvulaceae family, and its hollow stems are essential for thriving in aquatic environments. Using histochemical staining and transcriptome analysis, we identified programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in cavity formation of water spinach shoot tips. Single-cell transcriptome analysis further revealed that ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) drive and regulate this process by activating transcription factors IaNAC074, IaNAC087, IaNAC029, IaNTL9, and IaTGA9, which initiate PCD, senescence, and autophagy, collectively controlling cell death. These findings were validated through treatments with ethylene and ROS reagents in water spinach and transient expression in tobacco. Additionally, transcriptomic data suggest that these mechanisms may also play a role in hollow stem formation in bamboo, highlighting the conservation of PCD regulatory mechanisms in plant development. This work not only fills a major knowledge gap in the adaptive mechanisms of hollow stem formation but also opens new avenues for agricultural and ecological applications, offering strategies to enhance crop tolerance to flooding and accelerate crop growth. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

西红花(Crocus sativus L.)是一种药食兼用的球根花卉,其干燥柱头作为药用部位含有西红花苷、西红花酸、藏红花醛和藏红花苦苷等活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗肿瘤等多种功效;在柱头、花被片、叶片和球茎中还可提取出黄酮类、酚酸类、多糖、生物碱等功能成分,表明西红花药用及非药用部位均具有较大的开发利用价值.对西红花主要功能成分进行了概述,列举了相关文献中对功能成分的提取方法,并揭示了西红花主要功能成分的生物活性,其中包括对中枢神经系统疾病、心血管疾病和癌症的抵抗作用等;从保健品、化妆品及药品 3个方面对西红花系列产品进行分类,总结了产品的研发进展,以期为西红花资源的进一步开发与利用提供理论依据和应用参考.

为探究不同林地类型对白及生长及其与内生真菌共生关系的影响,实现白及林下有效栽培和林地综合开发利用,选择红哺鸡竹(Phyllostachys iridescens)、落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)、毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)和水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)4种林地,分析不同林地白及生长指标、内生真菌多样性和群落组成的差异.结果表明,毛竹林地白及的株高、叶长、叶宽、分蘖芽数、根粗、根长、地上部和地下部鲜质量和根冠比均高于其他3种林地.其中,根长、地上部和地下部鲜质量、根冠比显著高于其他3种林地,具体表现为毛竹林地＞落羽杉林地＞水杉林地＞红哺鸡竹林地.不同林地白及内生真菌优势种群均为担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的梨形孢属(Serendipita),但优势真菌相对丰度在不同林地间存在较大差异.其中,毛竹林地白及梨形孢属相对丰度最高,水杉林地最低,分别为84.76％、43.11％.99.67％的内生真菌与白及生长指标具有相关性,同时白及内生真菌种类受土壤养分的影响,尤其是土壤pH值及全磷、碱解氮、有机质、总氮含量的影响.综上,林下种植白及时应综合考虑林地类型、土壤养分含量和微生物种类等因素对白及生长发育的影响.

如今城市特色已然成为城市发展的关键因素,城市文化特色缺失成为亟需解决的问题.通过对临汾市贡院街街道调研,对临汾文化的内涵和街道现存问题进行分析,针对贡院街街道的景观设计提出合理建议.阐明了街道景观结合文化特色的必要性,重新激活城市活力,为贡院街街道景观设计的更新提供参考.

AP2/ERF(APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor)是植物所特有的一类家族转录因子,在控制植物生长发育、参与次级代谢以及抵抗非生物胁迫等方面起重要作用.根据已报道的拟南芥AP2/ERF基因,利用生物信息学手段在最新发布的芝麻(Sesamum indicum L.)参考序列共鉴定出142个AP2/ERF基因,并对其理化性质、系统进化、结构域、保守基序、染色体定位、物种共线性、不同组织的表达特异性以及基因表达对胁迫响应等信息进行分析.根据理化性质分析,将芝麻AP2/ERF基因家族成员编码为121～697个氨基酸,其编码蛋白相对分子量介于13428.04～76020.09 kD之间,理论等电点介于4.50～10.24之间.根据结构域和系统进化分析,将芝麻AP2/ERF蛋白分为4个亚家族,其中AP2包含26个成员、ERF包含116个成员、Soloist包含2个成员以及RAV包含3个成员.其中136个成员不均匀分布于16条染色体上,且集中成簇分布于第1～4和6～12染色体同源群.根据共线性分析,在芝麻染色体上分别有32、49个与大麦、玉米具有共线性的AP2/ERF基因.在演化过程中,芝麻与玉米之间的保守性高于大麦,而与大麦之间的变异性高于玉米.Ⅶ亚组中LOC105157874基因在2个芝麻品种中均上调,可能参与了芝麻响应淹水胁迫调控.为进一步研究芝麻AP2/ERF转录因子家族生物学功能及芝麻抗逆改良提供科学依据.

多糖含量是衡量石斛品质优良的指标之一.为比较不同种及产地石斛植物多糖的差异,筛选出具有潜在保健价值的石斛植物,对收集到的25种石斛属鲜石斛(含一品种)和1种金石斛属鲜石斛为原料,使用匀浆机粉碎,热水浸提,苯酚-硫酸法结合紫外-可见分光光度法测定多糖含量.结果表明:石斛多糖含量介于0.044％～30.086％之间(以鲜品记).霍山米斛多糖含量最高,其次为铁皮石斛、报春石斛、密花石斛和矩唇石斛,反瓣石斛最低;直接使用鲜石斛提取多糖具有可行性;霍山米斛(30.086％)为高多糖优质石斛植物,与其余石斛植物有显著性差异;首次新增测定矩唇石斛(13.028％)、血喉石斛(10.976％)、晶帽石斛(4.993％)、龙石斛(3.106％)、红牙刷石斛(0.528％)和金石斛(0.531％)的多糖含量,其潜在保健药用价值有待进一步研究挖掘.

在公园城市的建设中,上海公园绿地数量和面积一直在逐年增加.选取6个上海城市公园作为研究对象,以问卷调查和照片拍摄为主要形式进行资料采集,采用美景度评价法和语义差异法对122名不同背景的普通居民和30名专业人士进行景观评价,运用SPSS26.0软件分析数据并采用逐步回归分析建立回归模型,得出结论:(1)普通公众与专业人士审美具有一定相似性,两者同时认为含有水体且景观要素和谐丰富的景观美景度较高;(2)根据建立的景观质量评价模型,吸引力(0.458)、景观和谐度(0.239)、景观丰富度(0.416)会对美景度产生显著的正向影响关系,其中吸引力是最重要的影响因子,层次感、色彩感、空间感、吸引力、特色感、植物多样性、植被显著度、景观和谐度、景观丰富度可以解释美景度94.4％的变化原因.研究可为推进上海公园城市建设提供参考.

Mycorrhizae are an important energy source for orchids that may replace or supplement photosynthesis. Most mature orchids rely on mycorrhizae throughout their life cycles. However, little is known about temporal variation in root endophytic fungal diversity and their trophic functions throughout whole growth periods of the orchids. In this study, the community composition of root endophytic fungi and trophic relationships between root endophytic fungi and orchids were investigated in Bletilla striata and B. ochracea at different phenological stages using stable isotope natural abundance analysis combined with molecular identification analysis. We identified 467 OTUs assigned to root-associated fungal endophytes, which belonged to 25 orders in 10 phyla. Most of these OTUs were assigned to saprotroph (143 OTUs), pathotroph-saprotroph (63 OTUs) and pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph (18 OTUs) using FunGuild database. Among these OTUs, about 54 OTUs could be considered as putative species of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). For both Bletilla species, significant temporal variation was observed in the diversity of root endophytic fungi. The florescence and emergence periods had higher fungal community richness of total species and endemic species than did other periods. Both Bletilla species were dominated by Agaricomycetes and Basidiomycota fungi throughout the whole year; however, their abundances varied between two Bletilla species and among phenological stages. Meanwhile, the ranges of 13C and 15N natural abundance were also highly dynamic across all growth stages of Bletilla species. Compared with the surrounding autotrophic plants, significant 13C enrichments (ε13C) were found across all phenological stages, while significant 15N enrichment in the florescence period and strong 15N depletion during the fruiting period were found for both Bletilla species. We can deduce that both Bletilla species obtained carbon from root endophytic fungi during the whole year. Additionally, the temporal varying tendency of root endophytic fungal diversity was consistent with 13C enrichments, which was also accord with the nutritional requirement of plant.

为推动耐热月季种质资源筛选和育种进程,总结了高温胁迫对月季形态、产量、品质、生理生化(细胞膜透性、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性)的影响,简述了月季对高温胁迫响应机理的研究现状,阐述了月季耐热性评价指标筛选、种质资源耐热性评价以及耐热月季选育工作进展.结果 表明:相较于其它花卉,月季研究目前集中于种质资源耐热性评价,而高温响应机理和耐热品种选育则相对滞后.随着全球气候变暖,高温胁迫已是现今月季面临的重要逆境胁迫.目前,亟需结合多组学深入研究其相应机理,以加快耐热月季种质筛选和育种进程,以满足华东地区对耐热月季品种的需求.

Global warming and worsening environmental problems have worsened the heat resistance of peony and difficult maintenance and management. The high temperature stress caused by the environment has become an important environmental factor for the growth and development of peony. The article summarizes the morphology, yield, physiological and biochemical indicators and research status of peony under high temperature stress; summarizes the research status of peony heat tolerance evaluation index screening, germplasm heat tolerance evaluation and heat-resistant peony breeding, in order to promote tolerance Selection and breeding process of hot peony germplasm resources. At present, related researches on peony mainly focus on pharmacological effects and germplasm resources. The physiological mechanism of high temperature and breeding of heat-resistant varieties of peony are relatively lagging behind. In-depth study of the physiological mechanism of high temperature in peony combined with multi-omics will help to adopt technical measures to improve the heat tolerance of high plants and reduce heat damage, so as to speed up the selection and breeding of heat-resistant peony germplasm, and meet the survival and medicine of peony in harsh environments. Use and other needs.

为了筛选易生根的优良微型月季品种,采用主成分分析、隶属函数和聚类分析方法,对7个微型月季品种扦插的7个根系形态指标进行综合评价.结果表明,微型月季品种之间的生根能力存在差异,7个根系形态指标用3个相互独立的综合指标代替,即第1主成分、第2主成分和第3主成分,7个微型月季品种扦插生根效果依次为:'淑女'、'红色恋人'、'绝恋'、'女儿红'、'维纳斯'、'春色'、'灵感',其中'淑女'在种苗生产上采用常规扦插方法即可保证较高的插穗成活率.

The Oligocene and Miocene are key periods in the formation of the modern topography and flora of East Asian and Indo-China. However, it is unclear how geological and climatic factors contributed to the high endemism and species richness of this region. The Quercus franchetii complex is widespread in the southeast Himalaya fringe and northern Indo-China with a long evolutionary history. It provides a unique proxy for studying the diversity pattern of evergreen woody lineages in this region since the Oligocene. In this study, we combined chloroplast ( cp DNA) sequences, nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSRs), and species distribution modeling (SDM) to investigate the impacts of geological events on genetic diversity of the Q. franchetii complex. The results showed that the initial cp DNA haplotype divergence was estimated to occur during the middle Oligocene (30.7 Ma), which might have been raised by the tectonic activity at this episode to the Miocene. The nSSR results revealed two major groups of populations, the central Yunnan-Guizhou plateau (YGP) group and the peripheral distribution group when K = 2, in responding to the rapid YGP uplift during the late Miocene, which restricted gene flow between the populations in core and marginal areas. SDM analysis indicated that the distribution ranges of the Q. franchetii complex expanded northwards after the last glacial maximum, but the core distribution range in YGP was stable. Our results showed that the divergence of Q. franchetii complex is rooted in the mid-Oligocene. The early geological events during the Oligocene, and the late Miocene may play key roles to restrict seed-mediated gene flow among regions, but the pollen-mediated gene flow was less impacted. The uplifts of the YGP and the climate since LGM subsequently boosted the divergence of the populations in core and marginal areas.

采用石蜡切片技术对白及Bletillastriata、黄花白及B.ochracea和小白及B.formosana的栽培种在生长期、花期、果期和休眠期的菌根解剖结构特征、菌根真菌入侵方式和菌丝特征等进行观察研究,以进一步了解菌根真菌与白及属植物的共生关系.结果表明,3种白及属植物的菌根真菌均是通过通道细胞侵入根皮层薄壁细胞,侵入后菌丝靠近皮层细胞的细胞核分布,最终在皮层细胞形成菌丝团;真菌侵染率和菌丝形态随着植物生长发育变化而变化,3种白及属植物均表现为花期和生长期的真菌侵染率较高,以丝状菌丝团为主,而果期和休眠期较低,以团块状菌丝团居多;同一时期不同植物类型的菌根特征无显著差异.

石斛作为我国传统中药材,有着悠久的应用历史.随着现代科技的发展,人们对于石斛的研究更加深入.论文在石斛种质资源、有效化学成分、栽培方式与化学成分等方面综述国内石斛属植物的研究现状,重点阐述国内对石斛属植物化学成分方面的研究概况,指出不同品种石斛属植物化学成分的差异分析和药理活性研究是当今研究重点,提出未来应在植物分子水平上对石斛属植物进行更多的研究,为国内石斛属植物资源的保护、利用和可持续发展提供科学依据.

壳斗科植物叶片富含色素、多糖及多酚类等物质,采用常规CTAB法、SDS法虽然总DNA产率较高,但多酚类和多糖污染严重;采用进口试剂盒提取,虽能有效降低总DNA中多糖多酚类物质的污染,但DNA产率低,常伴有明显降解,不能满足测序要求,性价比差.因此,现有的DNA提取方法难以满足二代测序酶切法建库对DNA纯度和产量的要求.通过对4种CTAB提取方法进行对比和改良,结合硅胶吸附法,对6种壳斗科植物叶片总DNA抽提进行测试和优化,对比不同方法所获DNA产率、纯度差异和对下游分子生物学实验的影响.结果 表明,常规CTAB法和Rezadoost改良法所获DNA产率高,但多糖污染严重.Sahu改良法所获DNA纯度最高,除糖除酚效果最好,但产率损失最高.而本实验室的改良CTAB法,在细胞核裂解之前,加入含有抗坏血酸、Triton X-100等的漂洗液,有效去除多糖多酚等杂质,所提取的DNA纯度高,产率大,相比核裂解之后进行除杂的效果更优,最适于后期分子实验的应用.进一步采用硅胶吸附可有效纯化并获得高纯度DNA,能满足下游PCR及酶切实验.该方法能有效克服传统CTAB法和试剂盒在壳斗科植物提取中的困难.

采用石蜡切片技术、DNA分子鉴定技术和稳定同位素技术相结合的手段,研究不同土壤碳氮含量对白芨菌根真菌多样性、菌根结构特征及碳氮稳定同位素特征和光合特性的影响.结果表明,不同土壤含水量条件下,白芨菌根真菌共鉴定出305个OTU,8门99属.菌根真菌总物种数和α多样性指数随着土壤含水量的减少而增加(土壤含水量为15%的真菌总数比土壤含水量为45%时多了18个OTU);同时随着土壤含水量的降低,优势菌根真菌逐渐转变为伞菌纲Agaricomycetes、Serendipita和肉座菌目Hypocreales真菌;基于门水平,子囊菌门Ascomycota真菌丰度随着土壤含水量减少而明显减少,而担子菌门Basidiomycota真菌丰度波动不大;菌根真菌侵入方式不受土壤含水量影响,均是通过通道细胞迸入皮层组织,但菌丝团数量和侵染率随着土壤含水量的减少而降低;此外,白芨叶片的碳氮同位素丰度随着土壤含水量的减少而逐渐增加,净光合速率却随之明显下降,土壤含水量为45%时是白芨与菌根共生的最佳水平.研究结果明确了白芨与菌根真菌共生关系对土壤含水量变化的响应以及对土壤含水量的耐受范围,为白芨属植物野生种群恢复提供参考.

采用石蜡切片技术和高通量测序技术,研究黄花白及在萌芽期、生长期、花期、果期和休眠期的菌根真菌多样性差异,旨在明确黄花白及不同生长发育期的菌根真菌多样性特征,为进一步研究黄花白及等兰科植物与菌根真菌的互作机制奠定理论基础和提供依据.结果表明:黄花白及不同生长发育期的菌根真菌共鉴定出452个操作分类单元(OTU),9门24纲61目111科151属.菌根真菌的总物种数和α多样性指数随着生长发育期的转变而存在显著差异,其中花期的总物种数(270个OTUs)明显高于萌芽期、休眠期、生长期和果期;同时优势菌根真菌种类和丰度存在一定差异;基于门水平,担子菌门Basidiomycota在休眠期、果期和萌芽期的相对丰度明显高于生长期和花期,而子囊菌门Ascomycota在生长期和花期的相对丰度高于萌芽期、果期和休眠期.此外,菌根真菌侵入方式不受生长发育期的影响,均是通过外皮层中的通道细胞进入皮层组织,但菌根真菌侵染率、菌丝团数量和菌丝形态因生长发育期不同而存在一定差异,其中花期的侵染率和菌丝团数量都是最高的.