In this study, araucarene diterpenes, characterized by a pimarene skeleton with a variably oxidized side chain at C-13, were investigated. A total of 16 araucarene diterpenoids and their derivatives were isolated from the woods of Agathis dammara, including 11 previously unreported compounds: dammaradione (1), dammarones D-G (2, 5, 14, 15), dammaric acids B-F (8-12), and dammarol (16). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS) and one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), while their absolute configurations were determined through the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) exciton chirality method and Snatzke's method. The hypoglycemic activity of all isolated compounds was evaluated using a transgenic zebrafish model, and a structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was conducted. Araucarone (3) and dammaric acid C (9), serving as representative compounds, demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effects on zebrafish. The primary mechanism involves the promotion of pancreatic beta cell regeneration and glucose uptake. Specifically, these compounds enhance the differentiation of pancreatic endocrine precursor cells (PEP cells) into beta cells in zebrafish.

In this study, two new kaurane diterpenes (1 6 , 17 ), together with 12 lignans ( 1–12 ), a triterpene ( 15 ), and two other compounds ( 13 , 14 ) were isolated from the woods of Agathis dammara . The structure of the new compound was determined by HR ESIMS and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, and its absolute configuration was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) exciton chirality method. Compounds 5 , 11 , 14 exhibit significant hypoglycaemic activity in zebrafish, and their mechanism of action is to enhance glucose uptake in zebrafish. Graphical Abstract

In this study, 14 abietene and pimarene diterpenoids were isolated from the woods of Agathis dammara. Among them, 4 new compounds, dammarone A-C and dammaric acid A (1–4), were firstly reported, respectively. The structure of the new compounds was determined by HR ESI–MS and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, and their absolute configuration was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) exciton chirality method. The hypoglycemic effect of all compounds was evaluated by transgenic zebrafish model, and the structure–activity relationship was discussed. Hinokione (7, HO) has low toxicity and significant hypoglycemic effects on zebrafish, the mechanism is mainly by promoting the differentiation of zebrafish pancreatic endocrine precursor cells (PEP cells) into β cells, thereby promoting the regeneration of pancreatic β cells.

Through the aseptic culture test of Sphaeropteris lepifera (J Sm. ex Hook.) R. M. Tryon, try to screen out the best conditions for each process of aseptic culture for spores of Sphaeropteris lepifera, in order to establish a systematic, efficient and complete aseptic culture technology system for spores of Sphaeropteris lepifera, and try to achieve factory production of Sphaeropteris lepifera seedlings. The mature dark brown spores off leaf from Sphaeropteris lepifera were used as explants, disinfected with 75% alcohol for 10 s and 0.1% Hg for 6 min. The induced germination medium is 1/5 MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L. The proliferation medium is 1/2 MS + 6-BA 0.3 mg/L+ IBA 0.05 mg/L. The differentiation medium is MS+6-BA 0.05 mg/L+ IBA 0.05 mg/L. And the rooting medium is MS + 6-BA 0.2 mg/L + IBA 0.2 mg/L. The culture temperature is (25±2)°C, the light source is fluorescent, the illumination time is 12 h/d, and the illumination intensity is 2000 lx.

为了解姜花属(Hedychium)植物的抗寒性并筛选抗寒种质,测定了3种姜花属植物和11个品种在自然越冬过程中的相对电导率、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量及SOD、POD活性的变化,采用主成分分析结合隶属函数法对姜花属植物抗寒性进行综合评价及聚类分析.结果表明,姜花属植物的5个生理指标随越冬时间的延长均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,多数于气温最低月(2月)达到最大值.同一时期,抗寒性强的种类或品种的相对电导率和MDA含量较低,而SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白含量则较高.SOD活性与MDA和可溶性蛋白含量分别呈显著负相关和极显著正相关;MDA含量与可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著负相关;相对电导率与MDA含量呈极显著正相关.主成分分析表明,5个指标可转化为2个主成分,累积贡献率达81.29％.综合评价结果表明,姜花属植物的抗寒性由强到弱为:'橙汁'姜花、'橙塔'姜花、'活宝'姜花、'黄白'姜花、白姜花、'西里岛'金姜花、'伊丽莎白'姜花、'粉红色'姜花、峨眉姜花、'塔拉'金姜花、'绝色'姜花、'美梦成真'姜花、'白星'姜花、'星爆'姜花.这为筛选姜花属优良的抗寒种类和品种资源的推广与应用提供了理论和实践依据.

通过对笔筒树为期1a的连续观测,揭示其年生长发育规律.结果 表明:在厦门地区的笔筒树植株生长发育全年无休眠,4—7月和9—10月为营养生长高峰期,11月至翌年3月新生叶片较少,营养生长的最适宜温度为25～28℃;1—2月和4—7月为生殖生长高峰期,8—12月的新生孢子叶较少,生殖生长的适宜温度为15～28℃.植株在树荫较多、 空气潮湿的地方营养生长较好,而阳光充足条件则有利于孢子生长.孢子囊群成熟期25 d左右.植株的年新增叶片数与其干高有显著正相关性.

运用在线二维液相色谱对野鸦椿(Euscaphis japonica)及其变种黄果野鸦椿(E.japonica var.wupingensis)的果皮化学成分进行对比分析.结果 表明,黄果野鸦椿及其原变种的RPLC×RPLC二维色谱分析图谱较为相似,但仍有部分成分存在差异,进一步采用中心切割二维色谱定位了黄果野鸦椿及其原种的3个差异成分,为二者的化学鉴别提供借鉴.

Euscaphis japonica var. wupingensis is a variety of E. japonica in the family Staphyleaceae. The biological characteristics of E. japonica var. wupingensis have been well described, but few studies have been conducted on its constituents. After repeated separation using column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ten compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of fruit of E. japonica var. wupingensis. The structure of the components was characterized on the basis of spectroscopic data, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectra (MS). These compounds included five chromone derivatives: isobiflorin (1), biflorin (2), 2-methyl-5,7-dihydroxy-chromone-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (5), 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one (6), and quercetin-3-O-D-arabinoside (7), and four tannins: eugeniin (3), ellagic acid (8), 3, 3′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-(5”-acetyl) -α-L-arabinofuranoside (9), 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid (10), and methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (4). The antioxidant activity of the isolated compounds were tested. Ellagic acid (8) exhibited potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity with an SC50 value of 4.05 M.

Core Ideas Our discussion highlights the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in organic decomposition processes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can stimulate fresh residue decomposition initially and then tend to suppress the decomposition of old or decomposed soil organic carbon. We offer implication that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi would benefit soil carbon gain in the long term even under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread in terrestrial ecosystems. In addition to their contributions to plant nutrient uptake, AMF also provide many ecological functions including regulation of soil C dynamics. However, both stimulating and retarding soil organic decomposition by AMF have been observed. Here we discuss the possible reasons for such a contradiction. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to soil aggregation mainly through hyphal enmeshment, saprotrophic suppression, and production of glomalin‐related soil proteins, while AMF can also stimulate organic decomposition through promoting degradative enzymes, modifying root production and activity, and/or through regulating the microbial community in the mycorrhizosphere and hyphosphere. The role of AMF in C decomposition is strongly dependent on the quality and quantity of different soil C pools. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can stimulate fresh residue decomposition initially through stimulating the decomposition of fresh residues (particularly those having high C/N ratio), whereas for older or decomposed soil organic C, AMF tend to suppress decomposition by promoting soil aggregation. Under elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ), AMF show additive effects on residue decomposition, priming effects, and changes in soil aggregation. Despite organic decomposition rates differing in the short term and long term following litter experiments, our discussion highlights the role of AMF in organic C dynamics. We hypothesize that AMF would benefit soil C gain in the long term and thereby predict that disturbances that impacts negatively on AMF, such as tillage, residue burning, fertilization, and fungicide application, would lead to soil C decline particularly under eCO 2 .

Euscaphis japonica (Thunberg) Kanitz var. wupingensis B. P. Cai et Z. R. Chen, a new variety is described and illustrated here. The new variety with yellow pericarp is apt to be distinguished from E. japonica var. japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz with red pericarp. The new taxa also can be distinguished from E. japonica var. japonica by their buds, twigs, inflorescences, fruits and seeds.

Effects of LED with different light qualities on the growth and physiological characteristics of the space mutation plantlets of Euscaphis japonica were studied in vitro.The results showed that different light qualities had no significant impacts on seedling growth in observation period.Chlorophyll a (2.693 mg · g-1),b(1.113 mg · g-1),a/b(3.806 mg · g 1),carotenoid content (0.503 mg· g-1) and POD activity (8 230.00 U · g-1 · min-1) were the highest in plantlets cultured under red plus blue light (7 ∶ 1).The highest soluble sugar content of the white light treatment was 46.24 mg · g-1.Soluble protein content (18.65 mg · g-1) and CAT activity (13.54 U · g-1 · min-1) were the highest in the plantlets cultured under red light.The highest SOD activity of red plus blue (3 ∶ 1) treatment were 456.35 U · g-1.However,different light qualities did no show significant effect on the seedling growth during the observation period.It was deduced that light quality of red plus blue with a proportion of 7 ∶ 1 was the most suitable treatment for the space mutation plantlets of Euscaphis japonica in vitro.

采用湿筛倾注-蔗糖离心法和显微观察法对自然分布于福建省6个样地的野鸦椿〔Euscaphis japonica(Thunb.)Kanitz〕根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)进行分离和鉴定,并基于重要值、孢子密度、种丰度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、S?rensen相似性系数以及Q型聚类分析对各样地AMF的多样性进行了分析和比较.结果显示:福建省的邵武市邵武将石自然保护区(SW)、建瓯市东游镇(JOD)、建瓯市建瓯万木林自然保护区(JOW)、尤溪县西城镇(YX)、清流县温郊乡(QL)和武平县万安乡(WP)6个样地的AMF分别有6属10种、6属15种、7属16种、9属14种、8属17种和7属15种,6个样地共鉴定出AMF 9属28种;JOD、YX、QL和WP样地的AMF优势属均为球囊霉属(Glomus Tul.et C.Tul.),其中,JOD、YX和QL样地的AMF优势种为大果球囊霉(Glomus macrocarpum Tul.et C.Tul.),WP样地的AMF优势种为地管孢囊霉(Funneliformis geosporum C.Walker et Schuessler);SW样地的AMF优势属为内养囊霉属(Entrophospora R.N.Ames et R.W.Schneid.),AMF优势种为稀有内养囊霉(Entrophospora infrequens R.N.Ames et R.W.Schneid.);JOW样地的AMF主要属(常见属)为管孢囊霉属(Funneliformis C.Walker et Schuessler),AMF主要种(常见种)为地表多孢囊霉〔Diversispora versiforme(Karsten)S.M.Berch et J.A.Fortin〕.YX样地的AMF平均孢子密度最大,在50 g风干土中平均有118.9个孢子;JOD样地的AMF平均种丰度最大(7.2).6个样地AMF的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.27～1.87,以JOW样地最大、QL样地最小.各样地间AMF的S?rensen相似性系数为0.48～0.76,其中,WP样地与YX样地间AMF的S?rensen相似性系数最大(0.76),表明这2个样地的共有AMF种类占76％;且WP样地与其余样地间AMF的S?rensen相似性系数均较大(大于或等于0.6),其AMF的属数、种数、种丰度、孢子密度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数也较高.通过聚类分析,供试的6个样地被划分为3组,其中,JOD、WP和JOW样地归为1组;YX样地单独成组;SW和QL样地归为1组.综合分析结果表明:福建省自然分布的野鸦椿根围土壤中AMF的种类组成和多样性差异较大,而福建南部样地(武平县万安乡)的AMF种类具有较高的代表性.

本项目研究与梅形成共生菌根的丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的多样性.通过采集主要野生分布区和栽培区的梅根系和根围土壤,根据孢子形态鉴定梅根系土壤中AMF99种,其中包括20个中国新记录种和2个新种,丰富我国AMF种质资源;通过对北京、武汉梅园和西藏野生梅林的根系土壤的研究,揭示丛枝菌根结构和种类组成的季节动态变化规律;研究阐明云南、重庆以及贵州喀斯特地貌梅AMF种群组成特征;调查研究环境因子与AMF的相关性;通过AFLP分子标记,分析土壤中AMF与梅品种根系内AMF的差异.该研究取得系列的创新性成果,填补我国梅丛枝菌根研究空白,对于梅的栽培、花果品质改良、生理与生态学研究都有着重要的理论意义与实践价值,对其他花卉、果树、经济作物等相关研究具有借鉴意义,拓展我国丛枝菌根研究领域.

以'银叶'野鸦椿带芽茎段为材料,研究其组培快繁技术.结果表明:75%酒精处理30 s结合0.1%升汞处理8 min,消毒效果最好;MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA为适宜的初代培养基;MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA为适宜的增殖培养基,增殖系数达4.07;'银叶'野鸦椿组培苗叶片的叶绿素a含量显著低于野鸦椿组培苗的叶绿素a含量.

重金属污染是我国目前面临的最严峻的环境问题之一,如何科学治理已成为科学研究的热点和难点.解磷微生物(phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms,PSMs)作为一类备受关注的农业有益菌,在长期重金属逆境环境中,不仅进化出一系列的耐性和抗性机制,而且作为可溶性磷酸盐的潜在供应体,产生的磷酸根离子在化学钝化修复或植物修复重金属污染土壤中都发挥着举足轻重的作用.除此之外,该类功能菌所产生的植物生长素、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶、铁载体、低分子量有机酸、生物表面活性剂等,可进一步强化植物修复重金属污染能力.主要综述了近年来解磷微生物联合化学钝化修复和强化植物修复技术两方面研究,以期更好地服务于原位修复重金属污染土壤.

To elucidate chloroplast genome evolution within neotropical-paleotropical bamboos, we fully characterized the chloroplast genome of the woody bamboo Guadua angustifolia. This genome is 135,331 bp long and comprises of an 82,839-bp large single-copy (LSC) region, a 12,898-bp small single-copy (SSC) region, and a pair of 19,797-bp inverted repeats (IRs). Comparative analyses revealed marked conservation of gene content and sequence evolutionary rates between neotropical and paleotropical woody bamboos. The neotropical herbaceous bamboo Cryptochloa strictiflora differs from woody bamboos in IR/SSC boundaries in that it exhibits slightly contracted IRs and a faster substitution rate. The G. angustifolia chloroplast genome is similar in size to that of neotropical herbaceous bamboos but is ~3 kb smaller than that of paleotropical woody bamboos. Dissimilarities in genome size are correlated with differences in the lengths of intergenic spacers, which are caused by large-fragment insertion and deletion. Phylogenomic analyses of 62 taxa yielded a tree topology identical to that found in preceding studies. Divergence time estimation suggested that most bamboo genera diverged after the Miocene and that speciation events of extant species occurred during or after the Pliocene.

应用巢式PCR并进行梅根系与根围土壤丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrihizal fungi, AMF) DNA扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)的差异比较,研究梅共生AMF的作用机理.结果表明,从18个梅品种的30个根围土壤样品中有28个样品获得纯化的DNA片段,占样品数93.3％,样品平均多态性位点数为6.5个,Nei's基因多样性为0.3559±0.1382,Shannon信息指数为0.5299±0.1676.与梅根系AMF DNA多态性比较,根围土壤的平均多态性位点数明显较多;且根系AMF的DNA多态性位点绝大多数存在于土壤AMF的DNA多态性位点中,表明根系内AMF是由土壤AMF发育而来;根系与根围土壤AMF DNA的聚类均与梅品种群、品种关联性不强,表明AMF对宿主梅品种或品种群没有特异的共生关系.

With the different stem section of Allamanda violacea for cutting,the cutting experiment was carried out,in different seasons and matrix. The results showed that the survival rate of the non-lignification young stem cutting was 0, which was not suitable for cutting propagation materials;the annual lignification stem section of cutting worked best in spring, and the survival rate of the cuttings was 50%in sand matrix, which had 32 roots and 15 cm of the root length in average. The comprehensive experiment data indicated that A. violacea cutting worked best with the annual lignification stem section cutting in the matrix of red clay in spring.

During a survey of wild resources of Palmae in China, Caryota maxima was first found in Longhai county, Zhangzhou city of Fujian province, and the investigation of distribution, habitat and growth situation of the wild C. maxima was carried out. The results show that, firstly, Longhai county in Zhangzhou city is the northernmost and easternmost known natural distribution of C. maxima in China; Secondly, C. maxima grows well in the natural distribution, flowering or fruiting plants and plantlets are found and indicates that the offspring could regenerate in the area; Thirdly, the area distribution of C. maxima is narrow and sporadic, and the wild resources are in endangered, so they should be protected.