Statement of problem Addition of veneering porcelain to zirconia printed by vat photopolymerization (VPP) is a practical solution to its esthetic issue. Research on the mechanical and fatigue properties of veneered VPP zirconia is lacking. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the mechanical and fatigue properties of VPP-manufactured zirconia veneered with porcelain. Material and methods Zirconia Ø14×0.5-mm disks were fabricated using stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and computer numerical control (CNC) milling technologies. Veneering ceramic (Ø14×1.0 mm) was applied to the zirconia (n=15). The biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of bilayered specimens was obtained using the biaxial flexure test. Step-stress fatigue test was conducted with 25%-30% of the mean static load as the initial load and a step size of 50 N every 5000 cycles. Scanning electron microscopy was used for fractography. Weibull distribution parameters of BFS and fatigue strength (FS) were analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the BFS, FS, and cycles to failure (α=.05). Results No significant difference was found in BFS and FS among groups (P>.05). The BFS was 405.9 ±58.7 MPa for SLA, 382.2 ±38.9 MPa for DLP, and 420.1 ±60.7 MPa for CNC. The FS was 290.9 ±57.8 MPa for SLA, 299.6 ±70.1 MPa for DLP, and 297.0 ±52.2 MPa for CNC. Fractography revealed the fracture origin in the zirconia layer and Hertzian cone cracks in the veneer layer. Interlayer delamination of zirconia was observed in the SLA and DLP groups. SLA and DLP zirconia showed larger twist hackles than CNC in fatigue fracture. Conclusions Veneered VPP zirconia had comparable BFS and FS to those of veneered CNC zirconia.

Zirconia (ZrO2) implants have shown promising outcomes in the restoration of tooth loss. However, the discrepancy between the elastic modulus of ZrO2 implants and alveolar bone can cause a stress shielding effect at the bone-implant interface, leading to progressive damage and possibly resulting in the clinical failure of the implant treatment. Functionally graded porous implants present a promising solution to this issue. Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) have attracted growing interest for their ability to create 3D interconnected and continuous pore structures. Dental implants, especially around the neck region, experience both compressive and tensile stresses in bone. ZrO2, being a brittle material, is more susceptible to tensile stress than compressive stress, making flexural strength a critical property for evaluating its performance. The objective of this research is to assess the flexural properties, biological performance, and permeability of gradient sheet-network TPMS zirconia specimens printed by vat photopolymerization (VPP). In vitro evaluations of the biological properties revealed that the Schwarz-P structure had the most significant effects in promoting the proliferation of rat bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs) and enhancing the expression of osteogenic-related genes. However, it also exhibited the lowest flexural strength and permeability. In contrast, Diamond structure displayed good flexural strength, structural stability, and effectively promoted osteogenic-related gene expression, presenting a well-balanced combination of mechanical and biological properties. This suggests its potential for further development into 3D-printed functional gradient ZrO2 implants.

PURPOSE:This in vitro study aims to compare the effects of electrolytic polishing (EP), plasma electrolytic polishing (PP), dry electropolishing (DP), and their combination on the surface characteristics, corrosion resistance, and material reduction of selective laser melting (SLM) printed dental cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Standard samples and removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks were SLM-printed and then polished using the following methods: mechanical polishing (MP), EP, PP, DP, PDP (PP + DP), DPP (DP + PP), and PDPP (PP + DP + PP). Surface characteristics were analyzed using optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Corrosion resistance was assessed through electrochemical testing and ion release experiments. The metal reduction was evaluated by measuring weight loss, major connector and clasp thickness loss, and framework adaptation. The post-processing time for the technician's fine polishing of these frameworks was recorded to further evaluate the polishing quality of the frameworks. All measurements were presented as mean ±standard deviation. Statistical data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and nonparametric one-way analysis. RESULTS:The MP group exhibited the lowest roughness (0.04 ± 0.01 µm), followed by the PDPP group (0.49 ± 0.12 µm). All groups had a passivation film composition predominantly composed of Cr2O3, with a small amount of CrO3 observed in the PDP group. PDPP exhibited minimal ion release (0.12 µg/cm2) and stable Nyquist plots. PDPP can significantly reduce the technician's post-processing time (45.75 s, p < 0.05) without compromising the adaptation of the frameworks. CONCLUSIONS:PDPP forms a stable passivation film with extremely low ion release and a highly smooth, uniform surface. This significantly reduces the time required for manual post-processing while maintaining the accuracy of RPD frameworks, making it highly suitable for large-scale clinical framework polishing.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:Stereolithography has been used to print zirconia ceramic crowns with acceptable dimensional accuracy and fracture force. However, studies that compared the fatigue resistance of zirconia crowns fabricated by stereolithography are lacking. PURPOSE:The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture and fatigue resistance of monolithic zirconia crowns printed by stereolithography apparatus (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) with those of zirconia crowns milled by computer numerical control (CNC). MATERIAL AND METHODS:A total of 120 crowns were fabricated (n=40/material) and underwent 0, 104, 105, or 106 dynamic loading cycles of 30 to 300 N in artificial saliva, followed by a static fracture loading test (n=10). After fracture, 1 crown from each group was selected for fractography analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed through 2-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis for multiple comparisons (α=.05). RESULTS:The 2-way ANOVA results showed that the mean ±standard deviation force at fracture was the highest for CNC (before fatigue loading: 5154 ±568 N, 104: 5735 ±1231 N, 105: 5523 ±797 N, and 106: 6007 ±1258 N), followed by DLP (before fatigue loading: 3381 ±612 N, 104: 4046 ±1146 N, 105: 2929 ±559 N, and 106: 3223 ±739 N), and the lowest for SLA (before fatigue loading: 2956 ±598 N, 104: 2757 ±421 N, 105: 3326 ±391 N, and 106: 3103 ±246 N) (P<.01). The fracture force of the crowns was not significantly affected by the number of fatigue cycles (P>.05). Fractography analysis showed that the number of arrest lines increased for crowns of all 3 materials. SEM images also showed the steps of SLA and DLP from their layer-by-layer printing and small cracks between layers of SLA after 106 loading cycles. CONCLUSIONS:The fracture force of monolithic zirconia crowns milled by CNC was significantly higher than that of zirconia crowns printed by stereolithography. Zirconia crowns printed by SLA and DLP could withstand typical clinical conditions, and their fracture and fatigue resistance exceeded the clinically estimated average occlusal forces.

PURPOSE:To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) manufactured, and computer numerical control (CNC) milled zirconia to veneering ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Rectangular shaped zirconia substrates (10 × 5 × 5 mm3) were manufactured through SLA, DLP, and CNC technology separately. Their surface roughness was measured and the surface topography was analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM). Then the veneering ceramic (5 × 5 × 5 mm3) was applied to carry out the SBS test. Failure modes were examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data of SBS and roughness were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by S-N-K post hoc comparisons (a = 0.05). RESULTS:The surface roughness of the SLA group (0.38 ± 0.03 µm) and the DLP group (0.37 ± 0.04 µm) were both significantly higher than the CNC group (0.16 ± 0.00 µm) (p < 0.001). AFM results revealed irregular surface of SLA and DLP zirconia. No significant difference was found in SBS value of the three groups (p = 0.253). SEM image showed different failure modes including cohesive, adhesive, and mixed failure. CONCLUSION:The bonding ability of SLA and DLP zirconia to veneering ceramic were comparable with that of CNC zirconia.

Aim or purpose: To evaluate bonding effectiveness of the zirconia manufactured by stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) manufactured, and computer numerical control (CNC) with resin. Materials and methods: Rectangular shaped zirconia substrates (10 × 5 × 5 mm3) were manufactured through SLA, DLP, and CNC technology separately. The surface roughness was measured by atomic force microscope (AFM). The bond strength of each specimen with resin was calculated by dividing the failure load by the bonding area. The failure pattern images were obtained with the application of the stereomicroscope. The adhesive failure between the resin cement and the ceramic material and cohesive failure within the ceramic material and mixed failure were analyzed. The data of bond strength were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by S-N-K post hoc comparisons (a = 0.05). Results: The AFM results revealed that the surface roughness of the SLA group, the DLP group and the CNC group were with no difference. The shared bond strength and fracture mode count of the SLA group with resin(23.37±4.66 MPa), the DLP group with resin(23.24±3.7 MPa) and the CNC group with resin(21.13±3.48 MPa) had no significant difference. Conclusions: The shear bond strength and fracture mode count of the SLA, DLP and CNC groups were compared with no significant difference.

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the optical properties of additively manufactured zirconia monoliths and substrates for porcelain veneering and make a comparison with computer numerical control (CNC) milled zirconia. METHODS:Stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and CNC milling technology were used to fabricate monolithic zirconia specimens with different thickness (Φ14.0 ×0.5/1.0 mm, n = 5). A2 feldspathic veneering ceramic (1.0 mm) was sintered to zirconia substrates (Φ14.0 ×0.5 mm) to prepare bilayered specimens (Φ14.0 ×1.5 mm, n = 5). Monolithic specimens underwent thermocycling between 5 ℃ and 55 ℃ up to 50000 cycles. A spectrophotometer was used to conduct color measurements before thermocycling and at every 10000 cycles. Translucency parameter (TP) of all specimens and color difference (ΔE) between bilayered specimens and A2 veneering ceramic were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (α=0.05). RESULTS:The ANOVA revealed that material, thickness and thermocycles had significant influence on translucency(P＜0.001). Before and at each cycling interval, the TP of monolithic zirconia with different thickness ranking from highest to least were: CNC＞DLP＞SLA (P＜0.05). TP changed significantly at 30000 cycles for 0.5 mm-thickness SLA zirconia (P = 0.035), at 50000 cycles for 0.5 mm-thickness DLP zirconia (P = 0.036), 1.0mm-thickness SLA zirconia (P = 0.036) and 1.0 mm-thickness DLP zirconia (P = 0.017). ΔE between A2 veneer and SLA or DLP bilayered zirconia exceeded acceptability threshold (AT＞1.8). SIGNIFICANCE:SLA and DLP monolithic zirconia had inferior translucency and color stability compared to CNC zirconia. A2 veneered bilayered SLA and DLP zirconia had a clinically unacceptable color difference with A2 shade.

PURPOSE:The mechanical and fatigue properties of zirconia specimens printed by vat photopolymerization (VPP) were evaluated and compared with those of zirconia specimens milled by computer numerical control (CNC). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Bar-shaped specimens were printed by stereolithography (SL) and digital light processing (DLP). CNC-milled specimens were used as control samples. The fracture toughness, hardness, and flexural strength properties of the zirconia specimens were evaluated via single edge V-notch beam tests, Vickers hardness tests, and 3-point bending tests. Dynamic fatigue tests were carried out in distilled water using a step-stress test. After static bending and dynamic step-stress testing, fractography analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare the fracture toughness, hardness, flexural strength, and fatigue cycle results of each group (α = 0.05). RESULTS:The fracture toughness values did not significantly differ among the groups (p > 0.05). The flexural strength was 894.10 MPa for SL, 831.46 MPa for DLP, and 1140.39 MPa for CNC. The flexural strength of CNC was greater than that of SL and DLP (p < 0.01). The mean fatigue cycles were 23498.07 for SL, 19858.60 for DLP, and 31566.80 for CNC. The mean fatigue failure strength was 643.13 MPa for SL, 530.63 MPa for DLP, and 903.75 MPa for CNC. The fatigue failure strength of CNC was greater than that of SL and DLP (p < 0.05). Fractography analysis revealed material defects at the fracture origin for each group. A partially fused structure of the incompletely debonded resin could be observed in SL, and a porous region of incompletely sintered zirconia grains could be observed in CNC. CONCLUSIONS:The fracture toughness and hardness of zirconia printed by VPP are comparable to those of zirconia milled by CNC. However, zirconia milled by CNC has superior static flexural strength and dynamic fatigue resistance. Further studies are needed to explore the clinical applications of VPP-printed zirconia.

The object of the study was to evaluate the suitability and trueness of the removable partial denture (RPD) framework fabricated by polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with the CAD-CAM technology in vitro. Four different types of dentition defects were selected. In each type, five PEEK RPD frameworks were fabricated by the CAD-CAM technology, while five Co-Cr RPD frameworks were made by traditional casting. The suitability of the framework was evaluated by silicone rubber film slice measurement and the three-dimensional image overlay method. The trueness of the PEEK framework was detected by the three-dimensional image overlay method. Data were statistically analyzed with the use of an independent samples t-test (α = 0.05). The suitability values by silicone rubber film slice measurement of the PEEK group were lower than those of the Co-Cr group in four types, with the differences indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05) in type one, type two, and type four. The suitability values using the three-dimensional image overlay method showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups in four types. The trueness values of the PEEK group were within the allowable range of clinical error. The suitability and trueness of the PEEK RPD framework fabricated by CAD-CAM technology met the requirements of the clinical prosthesis.

The treatment of infective or potentially infectious bone defects is a critical problem in the orthopedic clinic. Since bacterial activity and cytocompatibility are always contrary factors, it is hard to have them both in one material. The development of bioactive materials with a good bacterial character and without sacrificing biocompatibility and osteogenic activity, is an interesting and valuable research topic. In the present work, the antimicrobial characteristic of germanium, GeO2 was used to enhance the antibacterial properties of silicocarnotite (Ca5(PO4)2SiO4, CPS). In addition, its cytocompatibility was also investigated. The results demonstrated that Ge–CPS can effectively inhibit the proliferation of both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and it showed no cytotoxicity to rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). In addition, as the bioceramic degraded, a sustainable release of germanium could be achieved, ensuring long-term antibacterial activity. The results indicated that Ge–CPS has excellent antibacterial activity compared with pure CPS, while no obvious cytotoxicity was observed, which could make it a promising candidate for the bone repair of infected bone defects.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fit and retention of clasps made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr) at different tooth positions in experimental simulations of in vitro wear and removal for 5 years.Methods: Standard crowns of the right mandibular first premolar (44) and first molar (46) were selected, and a circular three-arm clasp was designed, scanned and fabricated. Ten PEEK clasps were used as the experimental group, and 10 Co-Cr clasps were used as the control group. The seating channel was parallel to the side of the abutment base in both groups. The oral environment was simulated, and each clasp was tested in artificial saliva for 7200 cycles while the change in clasp retention force was recorded. The fit before and after the fatigue cycles was measured by the silicone rubber film copying method. Data were statistically analyzed using the independent samples t-test (alpha = 0.05).Results: Before circulation, the retention forces of the clasps at position 44 were 4.61 +/- 0.91 N (PEEK) and 47.50 +/- 10.59 N (Co-Cr), and the forces at position 46 were 3.38 +/- 0.49 N (PEEK) and 28.79 +/- 10.99 N (Co-Cr). After circulation, the retention forces of the clasps at position 44 were 4.15 +/- 0.91 N (PEEK) and 13.90 +/- 6.59 N (Co-Cr), and the forces at position 46 were 2.93 +/- 0.25 N (PEEK) and 11.56 +/- 3.93 N (Co-Cr). Before circulation, the fit of each clasp at the reference points (clasp tip, clasp arm, and occlusal rest) was between 41.70 mu m and 170.29 mu m, and after circulation, they were between 64.05 mu m and 182.59 mu m. The retention force and fit of the PEEK clasps did not undergo statistically significant changes from before to after circulation (P > 0.05). However, there were statistically significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the retention force of the Co-Cr clasps and the fit of the clasp tip during circulation. In addition, there was a sudden and large change in the retention force of the Co-Cr clasps after approximately 360 cycles.Conclusions: The retention force and suitability of the PEEK clasps met the requirements for clinical use during testing that simulated the in vitro wear and removal procedure for 5 years.Compared with the Co-Cr clasp, the PEEK clasp underwent less fatigue deformation, which makes it feasible for clinical applications.

PURPOSE:To compare the accuracy of occlusal stabilization appliances fabricated by digital workflows to those fabricated by conventional workflows.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In total, 10 volunteers were recruited in this single-blinded crossover study. All volunteers received two types of occlusal stabilization appliances: a digital additively manufactured stabilization splint (DS) and a conventionally fabricated splint (CS). The accuracy was assessed using a 4-point rating scale addressing two aspects of the occlusal appliances: occlusal contact and basic performance. In addition, silicone impression materials were used to assess the gap between the appliance and the maxillary arch to ensure an accurate fit. Differences were quantitatively assessed with Mann-Whitney U test and independent-sample t test.RESULTS:The occlusal contact rating of DS (15.90 ± 1.73) was significantly higher than that of CS (14.10 ± 1.10, P < .05). The basic performance rating of DS (8.70 ± 0.48) was also significantly higher than that of CS (7.20 ± 0.92. P < .05). Quantitative evaluation of fit accuracy revealed a statistically significant difference (P < .05), with DS (636.29 ± 268.51 μm) being superior to CS (704.2 ± 306.05 μm).CONCLUSION:The stabilization splints fabricated with a digital workflow showed better accuracy than the conventionally fabricated splints in terms of occlusal contact, basic performance, and fit accuracy. Because this is a pilot study, formal trials with a completely digital fabrication workflow will be conducted in the future.

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate endothelialization of left atrial appendage closure(LAAC) device (Watchman, Boston Scientific Corporation, USA)by cardiac computed tomography(CCT).Methods:This was a single center retrospective study. Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who underwent Watchman left atrial appendage closure were consecutively enrolled. Cardiac CT was used to evaluate the endothelialization degree of Watchman device at 6-month follow-up post procedure.Results:A total of 64 patients were included. The age was (74.8±8.4) years old, and 22(34.4%, 22/64) of them were female. Watchman device was successfully implanted in each patient. At 6-month follow-up, complete endothelialization were detected in 40 patients (62.5%, 40/64), while incomplete endothelialization were detected in 24 patients (37.5%, 24/64). The levels of cholesterol [(3.91±1.00) mmol/L vs. (3.40±0.73) mmol/L,P=0.036], triglyceride [(1.44±0.74) mmol/L vs. (1.02±0.45) mmol/L,P=0.009] and low density lipoprotein [(2.19±0.86) mmol/L vs. (1.68±0.51) mmol/L,P=0.005] was higher in complete endothelialized group, than that of in incomplete endothelialized groups.Conclusion:It is feasible to evaluate the degree of endothelialization of Watchman device post LAAC by CCT.

目的 研究不同浓度细菌脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)对选择性激光熔化技术(Selective laser melting,SLM)制作的钴铬钼合金腐蚀行为的影响.方法 分别以SLM法及铸造法各制作12个钴铬钼合金试件,根据在腐蚀电解液中LPS浓度(0、0.15、15、150μg/mL)不同分为4组,每组3个试件.采用电化学阻抗谱、动电位极化测试法分析2组合金试件在不同浓度脂多糖(LPS)中的腐蚀行为.结果 在单纯人工唾液中,SLM合金和铸造合金的腐蚀参数无统计学上的差异(P>0.05).当LPS浓度为150μg/mL时,SLM合金和铸造合金的电阻(Rp)均显著下降且自腐蚀电流密度(Icor)显著增大,但SLM合金的Rp值大于铸造合金且Icor值较小(P<0.05).结论 LPS对SLM法和铸造法制作的钴铬钼合金的腐蚀行为均有不利影响,但对SLM法制作的合金的腐蚀影响小于铸造法制得的合金.

目的 采用口内扫描结合选择性激光熔融(selective laser melting,SLM)技术,制作肯氏Ⅲ类数字化可摘局部义齿(removable partial denture,RPD),并评价其适合性及疗效.方法 招募肯氏Ⅲ类牙列缺损患者11例,使用口内扫描仪制取数字化印模,结合计算机辅助设计以及SLM技术完成RPD制作.初戴完成后对就位情况、支托密合情况等10个项目进行检查和评分,并采用硅橡胶加衬法对义齿组织面与口内软组织间存在的间隙(即适合性)进行评估.结果 肯氏Ⅲ类数字化RPD大连接体、缺牙区基托部分的适合性分别为(366.3±152.4)μm以及(241.0±132.4)μm;义齿就位情况、稳定性及各部位密合程度良好,无压痛发生,但其中5副义齿固位力稍小,8副义齿需要调(牙合).结论 口内扫描结合SLM技术制作的RPD疗效基本满足肯氏Ⅲ类缺损的临床需求.

目的:探讨起源于三尖瓣环的室性心律失常的电生理特征和射频消融方法.方法:对33例经激动标测和起搏标测诊断为三尖瓣环起源的室性心律失常患者行射频消融治疗,分析和总结其消融方法和心电图特征.结果:在33例患者中,21例起源于三尖瓣环间隔部,消融成功率80.9％(17/21);12例起源于三尖瓣环游离壁,消融成功率91.7％(11/12).消融间隔部室性心律失常有导致房室传导阻滞的风险,有时需要至瓣膜下消融才能成功.三尖瓣环游离壁室性心律失常的QRS波时限明显长于三尖瓣环间隔部室性心律失常[(159±17)ms对(122±4)ms,P<0.01)].三尖瓣环游离壁室性心律失常的V1导联多呈rS型,而三尖瓣环间隔部室性心律失常的V1导联则多呈QS型.三尖瓣环游离壁室性心律失常胸前导联QRS波的移行≥V4导联,而三尖瓣环间隔部室性心律失常的QRS波的移行大多≤V3导联.结论:射频消融能够有效治疗起源于三尖瓣环的室性心律失常.三尖瓣环游离壁和间隔部起源的室性心律失常具有完全不同的心电图特征,可有效指导消融导管的定位.

房间隔缺损为临床上常见的先天性心脏畸形,是原始房间隔在胚胎发育过程中出现异常,致左右心房之间遗留孔隙的疾病.房间隔缺损可单独发生,也可与其他类型的心血管畸形并存,女性多见,男女比例约1:3.由于心房水平存在分流,可引起相应的血流动力学异常.

OBJECTIVE:A novel composite resin (CR) with fluorine-doped nano-zirconia (F-ZrO2) fillers was developed as an antibacterial restorative material. This article described the synthesis and investigated the fluoride release, antibacterial property and cytotoxicity of the novel CR.METHODS:F-ZrO2 powders with different fluorine contents (0% F-ZrO2, 5% F-ZrO2, 10% F-ZrO2 or 20% F-ZrO2) were synthesized by chemical precipitation method and characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM-EDS. The content and release of fluoride were also determined. 20% F-ZrO2 powers were selected to develop the novel CRs (FZ-25, FZ-50, and FZ-75). The fluoride release from the novel CRs during 28 days was recorded. The antibacterial property of the novel CRs was investigated with direct contact test (DCT) and metabolic activity test (CCK8). The cytotoxicity of the CRs was also evaluated here.RESULTS:F-ZrO2 powders with different fluorine contents were obtained. The fluoride release increased with increasing of the fluoride content. Through the antibacterial performance evaluation, 20% F-ZrO2 powders, which exhibiting the best antibacterial property, were selected as the fillers for preparing the novel CR. The novel CR with F-ZrO2 fillers exhibited an effective antibacterial effect. Compared with the control group, the antibacterial rates of FZ-25, FZ-50 and FZ-75 were 51.65%, 54.14% and 66.80% (p<0.05), respectively. No obvious cytotoxicity of the novel CR was detected in this study.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:The novel CR with continuous fluoride release and proper antibacterial property is expected to be used as an antibacterial material to reduce secondary caries.

文章对国内外不同地区的口腔执业医师资格考试进行比较归纳,从考核形式、考试报名条件、考核内容等方面进行对比,进一步发展和完善我国的口腔执业医师资格考试以及口腔医学教育.

目的 采用计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造技术制作一体化数控切削全口义齿,初步探讨数字化全口义齿制作流程并比较其与传统方法制作全口义齿在整体制作步骤、医师与技师操作时间、患者就诊时间等方面的差异.方法 选取无牙颌患者一例,采用3D打印个别托盘制取印模,利用传统方式确认垂直与水平颌位关系,转移至Zirkohnzan系统虚拟(牙合)架上,并结合面部三维扫描仪获取的面部信息,设计和制作一体化数控切削全口义齿,评价修复效果.结果 利用数字化软件及加工设备,制作完成一体化数控切削全口义齿1例,达到了一定的美学、咀嚼、发音需求,修复效果满意.结论 数字化技术制作的全口义齿减少了医师和技师的操作时间及患者的就诊时间.而面部扫描、数字化排牙等技术的应用,极大程度上提高了义齿制作的可预测性.