A two-stage insect-assisted system using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) followed by Protaetia brevitarsis larvae (PBL) was developed to enhance humification of chicken manure. BSFL treatment reduced electrical conductivity and labile organic matter, indicating efficient hydrolysis and detoxification. A dry-weight-normalized mass balance revealed that humic acid (HA) decreased during the BSFL stage but increased significantly after PBL processing, confirming true humification enhancement rather than a concentration effect. Fluorescence analysis further indicated increased structural complexity of humic substances in the PBL stage, while seed germination assays demonstrated reduced phytotoxicity and improved agronomic quality. Multi-omics analyses showed a functional shift from GH-dominated depolymerization to AA-associated oxidative metabolism , accompanied by microbial succession toward Actinobacteriota and enrichment of aromatic-related pathways. Correlation analyses suggested that BSFL-derived intermediates may shape subsequent microbial assembly, although causality remains to be validated. Overall, the BSFL-PBL relay system promotes humus stabilization through coordinated hydrolytic and oxidative processes, providing a mechanistic basis for sustainable organic waste valorization.

This study investigated the anaerobic digestion of cow manure for medium-chain carboxylic acids production, emphasizing the role of high-curvature nanobubbles in enhancing fermentation. Cow manure naturally generated lactic acid through lactic acid bacteria fermentation, while its anaerobic bacteria produced volatile fatty acids as electron acceptors. These were subsequently converted into medium-chain carboxylic acids via chain elongation. Results demonstrated that high-curvature nanobubbles increased caproic acid production by 35.01 %, achieving a peak concentration of 27.57 g chemical oxygen demand/L compared to the control. Metagenomic analysis revealed that nanobubbles enhanced electron transfer efficiency and facilitated electron dispersion within anaerobic systems, accelerating substrate degradation-particularly for recalcitrant compounds like lignin. By expanding the microenvironment surface area, nanobubbles improved interactions between electron donors and acceptor, promoting the enrichment of Caproiciproducens bacteria during chain elongation. Metagenomic data confirmed enhanced activation of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways under nanobubble conditions, particularly through the upregulated expression of FAB pathway genes (e.g., cdhD and acsD), which drove medium-chain carboxylic acids synthesis. The research highlights nanobubbles' multifunctional benefits in optimizing electron transfer, substrate utilization, and microbial metabolism for medium-chain carboxylic acids production. These findings offer a cost-effective strategy for valorizing cow manure into biochemicals while advancing sustainable Waste Manag practices. The improved process efficiency and mechanistic insights provide a foundation for scaling up bioresource recovery from agricultural waste.

With the completion of genome sequencing of the black soldier fly (BSF), an increasing number of researchers are focusing on elucidating its robust digestive and absorptive capabilities through genetic and molecular biology methods to enhance its growth performance. However, most genetic and molecular biology studies require gene expression analysis, and the stability of reference genes may change under different experimental conditions. To identify optimal reference genes, we evaluated 11 candidate reference genes ( GAPDH , β‐actin , GST , Tubulin α‐1A , Tubulin α‐4A, Tubulin β , RP49 , RPL13 , EF1‐α , 18S RNA , and 28S RNA ) across various developmental stages, tissues, sexes, and 3 distinct genotypes of Hermetia illucens using RefFinder software, which integrates the statistical algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt. The results recommend that β‐Actin , 18S RNA , and RPL13 are suitable for analyzing different developmental stages; RPL13 , GST , and RP49 are optimal for different tissues; EF1 , RPL13 , and GST work best for different sexes; and RPL13 , GAPDH , and 18S RNA are ideal for different genotypes. Notably, this study is the first to evaluate the stability of reference genes across 3 BSF genotypes originating from different regions. The findings offer valuable references and fresh insights for molecular biology research on H. illucens .

Microbial electrolytic cell combined with anaerobic digestion faces challenges such as unstable clean energy supply and inefficient cathode performance. The integration of low-cost, durable electrodes with renewable energy can enhance the microbial electrolytic cell sustainability. In this study, a metal-organic framework- modified electrode and intermittent renewable energy sources were used in the microbial electrolytic cell to treat swine wastewater. Additionally, hydrothermal carbon composite metal-organic framework were tested to reduce cathode costs and improve biocompatibility. Results showed that with 18 h of daily power from a hybrid wind- solar system, the metal-organic framework-modified cathode achieved the highest cumulative methane production of 305.11 mL/g-chemical oxygen demand and the highest net energy recovery. Increased microbial activity during the power-on period enhanced methane output and energy efficiency, making this energy supply method ideal for microbial electrolytic cells. This approach ensures efficient use of renewable energy, improving the economic feasibility of microbial electrolytic cells for wastewater treatment. The metal-organic framework- modified cathode also promoted biofilm growth, with an average thickness of 37.6 mu m and enhanced microbial activity, likely due to its lower resistance and rapid current response.

Microorganisms are a "double-edged sword" for humus (HS) formation in compost. Their degradation activity provides precursors for HS formation, but also leads to HS degradation in nutrient-limited environments. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of chitosan (CTS) on HS stabilization in compost by inhibiting microbial degradation, taking advantage of CTS's high adsorption efficiency and antibacterial properties. Compared to the control group (CK), the HS contents in the CTSQ group (0 d) and CTSH group (8 d) increased by 9.26 mg/g and 12.91 mg/g, respectively, with the CTSH group showing a significantly better effect on HS content (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CTS significantly reduced the abundance of 18 microbial species capable of degrading aromatic compounds, including Ulvibacter and Brevibacterium, suggesting a possible mechanism by which CTS protects HS from microbial decomposition. These findings provide valuable insights for the practical application of HS stabilization technologies in composting, highlighting the potential of CTS as an effective agent for improving HS preservation.

Tremendous amounts of organic waste are produced annually worldwide, and how to utilize this organic waste with low energy consumption and high efficiency without generating secondary pollution is a valuable research direction. Black soldier fly (BSF) has saprophytic characteristics in its larvae, and can effectively convert organic waste such as crop straw, feces and kitchen waste into insect nutrition (e.g., fat and protein). Therefore, the use of BSF as an alternative animal feed source is gaining attention. The ingestion of various organic wastes by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) reduces the discharge and accumulation of organic waste and provides various usable substances for human life. For instance, fatty acids, chitin, melanin and antimicrobial peptides in BSF are important resources in biology, medicine and the chemical industry. Hence, BSF represents a promising candidate for future biotechnological applications, with far‐reaching implications for sustainable development and future human life. Currently, much progress has been made in the application of BSF in animal feed and health products. However, literature reviews summarizing the applications of BSF in the breeding and biomedicine industries are still lacking. This review not only highlights the role of BSF in organic waste valorization but also emphasizes its significant potential in enhancing animal growth performance, as well as its promising applications in biomedicine and cosmetic industries. Moreover, this review analyzes the current problems encountered in the application of BSF and future research directions to provide reference and potential targets for the development and utilization of BSF.

Initiating aerobic fermentation under low temperature is the main challenge for winter livestock manure composting. This study aims to address this issue by applying black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass as a co-composting additive to enhance the low-temperature composting process. Specifically, this work explored the effects of chicken manure and BSFL frass co-composting on the temperature, humus content, and microorganisms with fresh weight ratio of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 (w/w) at 6 degrees C. The result showed frass could rapidly rise the temperature to 50 degrees C and significantly increased the humus content by 15.6 % similar to 26.3 %. Moreover, microbial analysis revealed that Sphingobacteriaceae accelerated temperature rise via low-temperature reproduction, creating proper temperature for thermophilic bacteria (Truepera and Georgia). Additionally, Cellulomonas and other bacteria promoted organic matter degradation and participated in humus formation. This study presents a novel solution for low-temperature composting, providing practical insights for improving manure management in winter.

This study reports on the effects of pretreated biogas slurry on degraded farm soil properties, microflora and the production of Capsicum spp. The responses of soil properties, microorganisms and Capsicum spp. production to biogas slurry pretreated soil were determined. The biogas slurry pretreatment of degraded soil increases the total nitrogen (0.15–0.32 g/kg), total phosphorus (0.13–0.75 g/kg), available phosphorus (102.62–190.68 mg/kg), available potassium (78.94–140.31 mg/kg), organic carbon content (0.67–3.32 g/kg) and pH value of the soil, while the population, diversity and distribution of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly affected. Interestingly, soil ammonium nitrogen, soil pH and soil nitrate nitrogen were highly correlated with the population of bacteria and fungi present in the pretreated soil. The soil with biogas slurry pretreatment of 495 m3/hm2 favored the seedling survival rate, flowering rate and fruit-bearing rate of Capsicum spp. and significantly reduced the rate of rigid seedlings. In this study, the application of 495 m3/hm2 biogas slurry to pretreat degraded soil has achieved the multiple goals of biogas slurry valorization, soil biofertilization and preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenic microorganisms. These findings are of significant importance for the safe and environmentally friendly application of biogas slurry for soil pretreatment.

Nanobubble water promotes the degradation of difficult-to-degrade organic matter, improves the activity of electron transfer systems during anaerobic digestion, and optimizes the composition of anaerobic microbial communities. Therefore, this study proposes the use of nanobubble water to improve the yield of medium chain carboxylic acids produced from cow manure by chain elongation. The experiment was divided into two stages: the first stage involved the acidification of cow manure to produce volatile acidic fatty acids as electron acceptors, and the second phase involved the addition of lactic acid as an electron donor for the chain elongation. Three experimental groups were established, and air, H2, and N2 nanobubble water were added in the second stage. Equal amounts of deionized water were added in the control group. The results showed that nanobubble water supplemented with air significantly increased the caproic acid concentration to 15.10 g/L, which was 55.03 % greater than that of the control group. The relative abundances of Bacillus and Caproiciproducens, which are involved in chain elongation, and Syntrophomonas, which is involved in electron transfer, increased. The unique ability of air nanobubble water supplemented to break down the cellulose matrix resulted in further decomposition of the recalcitrant material in cow manure. This effect subsequently increased the number of microorganisms associated with lignocellulose degradation, increasing carbohydrate metabolism and ATPbinding cassette transporter protein activity and enhancing fatty acid cycling pathways during chain elongation. Ultimately, this approach enabled the efficient production of medium chain carboxylic acids.

This study investigated the effect of using nanofiber membrane composites containing Prussian blue-like compound nanoparticles (PNPs) with a stainless steel mesh as the carrier (NMCs) to relieve ammonia nitrogen inhibition of rural organic household waste during high-solid (total solid content of 15 %) anaerobic digestion (AD) and increase methane production. NMCs with different PNP contents were added to high-solid AD. When NMC with 15 % PNPs was added, the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen were lower than those of the blank control group, and the methane yield was the highest (301.31 mL/g volatile solids [VS]), at 2.8 times higher than that of the blank control group. The R2 value of the modified Gompertz equation was 0.997. During digestion, the activities of extracellular protease and coenzyme F420 were higher than those of the control group. NMCs were successfully recovered at the end of the experiment, and confocal scanning three-dimensional electron micrographs indicated that NMC with 15 % PNPs of NMCs had stronger biological activity; microbial community structure analysis indicated increased abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in this group. The study provides a new solution for improving the efficiency of biogas production and the recycling of exogenously added materials.

The application of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology could convert rural organic waste (ROW) into renewable energy such as methane, which can help to mitigate the scarcity of fossil fuels and positively impact the global environment. However, the inhibition of ammonia nitrogen remains a significant obstacle to the methane production process with high concentrations of AD. Hence, in this study, three adsorption materials for ammonia nitrogen, namely FeMn-MOF, FeMn/MOF-CFs, and FeMn/MOF-CFC, were synthesized through distinct protocols. Their ability to mitigate the effect of ammonia nitrogen inhibition was investigated in a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) with total solid (TS) concentration of 10% under a semi-continuous operation of ROW digestion system. The results show that the addition of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) material substantially mitigated the inhibition of ammonia nitrogen and enhanced methane production. Compared with the control group, FeMn/MOF-CFC exhibited the best performance, with a 40.21% decrease in ammonia nitrogen concentration and 66.96 L/L-reactor cumulative methane production. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms underlying microbial community characteristics were explored, indicating that the addition of FeMn/MOF-CFC to AD provides the optimal enhancement of methane production. The addition of FeMn/MOF-CFC can enrich Methanosarcina, enhance the acetoclastic pathway for methane production, and increase the relative activity of coenzyme F420, achieving a 193.68% increase.

为实现猪粪沼液资源化的大规模应用,该研究以小球藻(Chlorella E2E)为试验藻种,开展了中试规模的"室内纯培养+室外纯培养+室外沼液培养"耦合模式多级放大沼液培养微藻试验:考察了各级培养试验中Chlorella E2E的生长状况、沼液中污染物的去除率及微生物多样性,最大培养体积达12.31 m3,系统运行时长达274 d.结果表明,Chlorella E2E经过多批次纯培养驯化,在二级柱式反应器内能快速达到最适生长状态,培养至第70天平均生物量可达227.72 mg/L;Chlorella E2E在室外纯培养平板反应器内的产量明显高于室内柱式反应器,培养至第14天生物量可达266.48 mg/L.在采用沼液培养时,户外跑道池中生物量最高达250.02 mg/L,化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH4+-N)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除率分别高达40.05％、95.06％、97.52％;跑道池内微生物多样性较高,更易形成菌-藻共生系统,有利于污染物去除.该研究对中试规模多级放大沼液微藻培养系统进行了全面探究,可为户外大规模沼液微藻培养技术的实际应用提供技术参考.

Objective: Benaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) that has been approved in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is known to lead to significant weight loss, and it is hypothesized that changes in gut microbiota may play a significant role in such weight loss. However, it is unclear how gut microbiota and metabolites change as a result of benaglutide treatment. Methods: Healthy participants and patients with T2DM were included in this study. They received differentiated treatments, and stool specimens were collected separately. These stool specimens were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon and metagenomic sequencing to create fecal metabolomic profiles. The diversity of gut microbiota and metabolic products in the stools of each participant was analyzed. Results: The data showed that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was abundant in the gut microbiota of the control group, which was entirely made up of healthy individuals; however, it showed a statistically significant decrease in patients with T2DM treated with metformin alone, while no significant decrease was observed in patients treated with metformin combined with benaglutide. A metagenomic analysis revealed that benaglutide could improve the fecal microbiota diversity in patients with T2DM. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant correlation between the changes in the metabolites of patients with T2DM and the changes in their gut microbiota (including F. prausnitzii) after treatment with metformin and benaglutide. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the weight-reducing effect of benaglutide is attributed to its ability to normalize the gut microbiota of patients with T2DM, particularly by increasing the abundance of F. prausnitzii.

试验旨在研究不同蛋能比饲料对黑水虻幼虫生长发育及种群生命发育的影响.选取1 800只黑水虻幼虫,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复100只.A1组、A2组、A3组、A4组、A5组、A6组分别饲喂蛋能比为11.23、12.01、14.03、14.54、15.12、16.09 g/MJ的饲粮.幼虫全部变为预蛹时停止试验.结果表明,A4组黑水虻粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05).各组黑水虻幼虫的疏水性氨基酸含量约为40%.A4组、A5组黑水虻幼虫体内缬氨酸、亮氨酸及组氨酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),黑水虻净增殖率(R0)显著高于其他组(P<0.05).研究表明,当饲粮蛋能比为14.54、15.12 g/MJ时,可增加黑水虻粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,改善幼虫体内氨基酸组成,有利黑水虻繁衍.

The role of plant genotype in determining the assembly of soil microorganisms is widely accepted; however, the effects of cropping with different cultivars of perennial crop plants on the composition of soil microbial communities are not fully understood. In the current study, high-throughput amplicon sequencing and real-time PCR were used to investigate the major features of bacterial community composition, ecological networks, and soil physicochemical properties in three replicate pear orchards, each planted with monocultures of pear cultivars Hosui (HS) or Sucui (SC) of similar ages. A distinct difference in the composition of microbial communities was observed between soils of HS and SC orchards. A significantly greater relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Alphaproteobacteria whereas a significantly lower relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria were found in soils of HS cropped orchards than that in SC orchards. Sphingomonas sp., belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, was recognized as a key species in the co-occurrence network of the microbial interactions. Moreover, redundancy analysis, the Mantel correlation test, and random forest analysis showed that soil pH was the dominant driver in determining microbial community composition in HS soils, whereas soil organic matter was the primary factor determining microbial community composition in SC soils. Altogether, we provide evidence that soils in HS orchards harbor unique microbial communities enriched with respect to microbial groups associated with nutrient cycling, whereas soils in SC orchards are dominated by a group of beneficial microbes exhibiting plant growth promotion. These findings have implications for science-based guidance for manipulation of the soil microbiome to achieve sustainable food production.

Solar-driven water evaporation is highly demanded in various applications. However, the pore structures of the solar evaporators are commonly randomly designed, which seriously hinder vapor diffusion and thus limit water producibility. Herein, the boundary layer inhibition effect is uncovered for the first time, and we propose that low-tortuosity channels with a reduced boundary layer thickness is adequate for breaking through the long-existing vapor diffusion limitation. As a demo, nature-inspired low-tortuosity channels are constructed for a solar evaporator. Due to elimination of the boundary layer inhibition, the vapor diffusion flux can easily escape from the evaporator, yielding an evaporation rate of 16.8 kg m-2 h-1 under a convective flow of 4.0 m s-1 and 1 sun irradiation. Moreover, the 3D radial interconnection of the channels enables stable water evaporation under an arbitrary direction of convective flow. Our work provides a promising solution to eliminate the boundary layer inhibition effect of a solar evaporator.

在河蟹养殖过程中,养殖户会投喂部分螺蛳给河蟹增加营养、提高河蟹鲜味.但螺蛳价格较高,用来喂食河蟹大大增加了河蟹养殖户的成本投入.因此,笔者提出了一种基于池塘改造的螺蛳、河蟹接力生态养殖方法,通过采用价格低廉的黑水虻养殖螺蛳,进而给河蟹投喂螺蛳和黑水虻,提高河蟹品质,降低养殖成本.

ObjectiveThis prospective study aimed to evaluate the effect of beinaglutide combined with metformin versus aspart 30 with metformin on metabolic profiles and antidrug antibodies (ADAs) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsA total of 134 eligible participants were randomly assigned to the test group and the control group. Patients in the test group were treated with beinaglutide and metformin, whereas patients in the control group were randomly treated with aspart 30 and metformin, with a follow-up period of 6 months. The metabolic profiles and ADAs over 6 months were evaluated.ResultsAfter 6 months, 101 (75.37%) patients completed the study. Compared with the control group, the beinaglutide group had significant reductions in 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2hBG) and low blood glucose index (LBGI). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased in both groups relative to baseline. In the test group, one had treatment-emergent beinaglutide ADAs. Significant reductions in triglycerides (TG), non-fasting TG, weight, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) were observed. The values of insulin sensitivity index (HOMA-IR) were decreased to a statistically higher degree with beinaglutide treatment.ConclusionBeinaglutide reduces metabolic dysfunction, LBGI, and weight in patients of T2D with a low risk of ADAs. Beinaglutide may offer the potential for a disease-modifying intervention in cardiovascular disease (CVD).Clinical trial registrationwww.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2200061003.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an efficient technology that can efficiently convert organic waste into biofuel, but excessive ammonia nitrogen concentration will lead to failure of AD. In this study, a metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived porous metal oxide/graphene nanocomposite (FeMn-MOF/G) was first applied in AD to inves-tigate the mitigation effect of ammonia nitrogen inhibition. Five total solids (TS) concentrations of 8 %, 10 %, 12 %, 15 % and 20 % were set up for AD experiment to investigate the effect of FeMn-MOF/G on AD. The results showed that the average ammonia nitrogen adsorption capacity of FeMn-MOF/G in AD with different TS con-centrations was 102.68 mg/g, and the ammonia nitrogen adsorption effect decreased with the increase of TS. When FeMn-MOF/G was added to AD, the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the experimental group could be reduced to 2,086.00 mg/L, and the VFAs concentration was reduced to 1,510.34 mg/L. The methane production in each experimental group increased significantly, and the experimental group MOF-8 obtained the highest cumulative methane production of 321.35 mL/gVS, indicating that FeMn-MOF/G effectively mitigated the ammonia nitrogen inhibition,which promoteed the successful operation of AD. We characterized the prepared FeMn-MOF/G. The results of the vibrating sample magnetometer show that FeMn-MOF/G has excellent super -paramagnetic properties. Magnetic recycling is a promising method for the recycling of FeMn-MOF/G materials, which provides a broad prospect for the application of FeMn-MOF/G in AD.