为探究芡实(Euryale ferox)提取物对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长免疫的影响,本实验按照饲喂饲料芡实提取物的添加浓度分为对照组(0 g/kg)、0.5％芡实组(5 g/kg)、1％芡实组(10 g/kg)和2％芡实组(20 g/kg),连续投喂克氏原螯虾28 d,实验结束后测定克氏原螯虾的生长参数和嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的存活率,并分析了抗氧化酶活、免疫相关酶活和相关基因表达情况.结果显示:芡实提取物对克氏原螯虾的生长和嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的存活率没有影响.与对照组相比,0.5％芡实饲喂显著增加了克氏原螯虾血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性,而1％和2％芡实血清中的ACP活性显著降低,2％芡实组克氏原螯虾血清中的SOD活性显著增加.在肝胰腺中,0.5％芡实组克氏原螯虾的ACP活性也显著增加,但其它酶活没有显著变化.荧光定量PCR的结果显示,2％芡实显著增加了克氏原螯虾CypA和GPxs mRNA的表达,而Astacidin mRNA的表达在各组之间均无显著差异.综上结果表明,芡实提取物能在一定程度上增强克氏原螯虾的抗氧化能力和免疫力,而不影响其生长.

结合学生已有知识概念与生活经验,基于光合作用的原料、条件、产物和过程的逻辑顺序来设计教学.围绕光合作用发现史的事实性和概念性知识,在教学层面思考知识的教学逻辑和本质特征,进而重构本节内容的程序性和元认知知识,有助于促进教学思维结构化,注重知识学习素养化,加强知识形态逻辑化.

随着生物学核心素养的提出以及时代对人才发展的要求,生物学教育越来越重视对学生高阶思维和各方面能力的培养,《普通高中生物学课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)》明确指出要注重生物科学史和科学本质的学习,学习生物科学史能使学生沿着科学家探索生物世界的道路,理解科学的本质和科学研究的思路和方法,学习科学家献身科学的精神,这对于提高学生的生物学学科核心素养是很有意义的.人教版高中生物学新教材在"思考与讨论"模块以及正文部分都有许多关于生物学重要内容的发展历程和科学家的探索过程,这体现了新教材对生物学科学史的重视,在教学过程中如何更好地利用生物科学史的教育价值,从而提高学生的生物学核心素养和高阶思维是生物教师所要思考的问题.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 insufficient. We studied whether vitamin D repletion could correct aberrant adipose tissue and muscle metabolism in a mouse model of CKD-associated cachexia. Intraperitoneal administration of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 (75 μg/kg/day and 60 ng/kg/day respectively for 6 weeks) normalized serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. Vitamin D repletion stimulated appetite, normalized weight gain, and improved fat and lean mass content in CKD mice. Vitamin D supplementation attenuated expression of key molecules involved in adipose tissue browning and ameliorated expression of thermogenic genes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in CKD mice. Furthermore, repletion of vitamin D improved skeletal muscle fiber size and in vivo muscle function, normalized muscle collagen content and attenuated muscle fat infiltration as well as pathogenetic molecular pathways related to muscle mass regulation in CKD mice. RNAseq analysis was performed on the gastrocnemius muscle. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the top 12 differentially expressed genes in CKD were correlated with impaired muscle and neuron regeneration, enhanced muscle thermogenesis and fibrosis. Importantly, vitamin D repletion normalized the expression of those 12 genes in CKD mice. Vitamin D repletion may be an effective therapeutic strategy for adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD patients.

动物学是一门重要的生物类基础课程,但是如何提高留学生动物学的全英文教学质量是目前最为紧要的任务.结合留学生自身的语言、文化、习惯等特点,在师资队伍培养、教学内容选择、备课、教学、考核等环节,初步总结和探讨了提高留学生动物学教学质量的方法与举措,希望对其他高校留学生的动物学全英文教学有所帮助.

为了培养生物学类专业学生的实践创新能力,在常规实习内容的基础上开展了研究性野外综合实习实践活动.3年的实践教学表明,生物学研究性野外综合实习不仅能进一步激发学生科研兴趣,培养学生动手、解决实际问题、批判性思维等创新能力,而且能显著提升学生团结协作、意志品质以及人与自然和谐发展的科研情操,同时也促进青年教师教学研究水平的提高.

Tannins are polyphenols that are present in various plants, and potentially contain antioxidant properties that promote reproduction in animals. This study investigated how tannic acid (TA) affects the reproductive parameters of male Brandt’s voles, Lasiopodomys brandtii (Radde, 1861). Specifically, the anti-oxidative level of serum, autophagy in the testis, and reproductive physiology were assessed in males treated with TA from the pubertal stage. Compared to the control, low dose TA enhanced relative testis and epididymis weight and sperm concentration in the epididymis, and significantly increased the level of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). mRNA levels of autophagy related genes LC3 and Beclin1 decreased significantly with low dose TA compared to the control. However, compared to the control, high dose TA sharply reduced the levels of serum SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, serum testosterone (T), and mRNA level in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the testis. Both sperm abnormality and mortality increased with high dose TA compared to the control and low dose TA. Collectively, this study demonstrated that TA treatment during puberty had a dose-dependent effect on the reproductive responses of male Brandt’s voles. TA might mediate autophagy in the testis, through both indirect and direct processes. TA mainly affected the reproductive function of male Brandt’s voles by regulating anti-oxidative levels. This study advances our understanding of the mechanisms by which tannins influence reproduction in herbivores.

为了解决传统实验教学中存在的手术操作不易掌握,部分器官微小、易损,结构与生理的协同作用不可见等问题,构建了"兔的形态结构与功能的虚拟仿真实验",并通过实施"虚实结合"的实验教学模式和形成性实验考核体系,调动了学生学习的兴趣和主动性,有效提升了实验教学效果,实现了实验项目完整、高效、绿色和环保.

为探明保护区内生物资源合理利用的途径和模式,采用样方调查、路线调查、文献查阅等方法对浙江西天目山国家自然保护区生物资源及其利用进行了为期5年的研究.该区生物资源丰富,有高等植物2 351种,野生动物5 024种,大型真菌116种.区内生物资源挖掘不够;居民对生物质能源利用意识不强,对区内生物资源利用急功近利、模式单一;随着旅游业的发展与生物资源保护的矛盾日益突出.针对性地提出西天目山保护区生物资源利用可持续发展的有效途径和模式,建立植物小区和野生动物驯养繁殖基地、创立培训机构引导居民科学利用生物资源;引进专业人才和先进技术,加强对生物质收集、转化和利用;建立保护区科研基地,构建多种产业模式,发展绿色产业链,循环利用生物资源;科学规划旅游路线,开发科普旅游,保障旅游业和生物资源和谐发展.研究结果对我国自然保护区生物资源科学利用、实现可持续发展具有重要的示范作用和推广价值.

Abstract Background Ctns−/− mice, a mouse model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis, exhibit hypermetabolism with adipose tissue browning and profound muscle wasting. Ctns−/− mice are 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 insufficient. We investigated whether vitamin D repletion could ameliorate adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in Ctns−/− mice. Methods Twelve‐month‐old Ctns−/− mice and wild‐type controls were treated with 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 (75 μg/kg/day and 60 ng/kg/day, respectively) or an ethylene glycol vehicle for 6 weeks. Serum chemistry and parameters of energy homeostasis were measured. We quantitated total fat mass and studied expression of molecules regulating adipose tissue browning, energy metabolism, and inflammation. We measured lean mass content, skeletal muscle fibre size, in vivo muscle function (grip strength and rotarod activity), and expression of molecules regulating muscle metabolism. We also analysed the transcriptome of skeletal muscle in Ctns−/− mice using RNAseq. Results Supplementation of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 normalized serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in Ctns−/− mice, respectively. Repletion of vitamin D partially or fully normalized food intake, weight gain, gain of fat, and lean mass, improved energy homeostasis, and attenuated perturbations of uncoupling proteins and adenosine triphosphate content in adipose tissue and muscle in Ctns−/− mice. Vitamin D repletion attenuated elevated expression of beige adipose cell biomarkers (UCP‐1, CD137, Tmem26, and Tbx1) as well as aberrant expression of molecules implicated in adipose tissue browning (Cox2, Pgf2α, and NF‐κB pathway) in inguinal white adipose tissue in Ctns−/− mice. Vitamin D repletion normalized skeletal muscle fibre size and improved in vivo muscle function in Ctns−/− mice. This was accompanied by correcting the increased muscle catabolic signalling (increased protein contents of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α as well as an increased gene expression of Murf‐2, atrogin‐1, and myostatin) and promoting the decreased muscle regeneration and myogenesis process (decreased gene expression of Igf1, Pax7, and MyoD) in skeletal muscles of Ctns−/− mice. Muscle RNAseq analysis revealed aberrant gene expression profiles associated with reduced muscle and neuron regeneration, increased energy metabolism, and fibrosis in Ctns−/− mice. Importantly, repletion of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 normalized the top 20 differentially expressed genes in Ctns−/− mice. Conclusions We report the novel findings that correction of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 insufficiency reverses cachexia and may improve quality of life by restoring muscle function in an animal model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis. Mechanistically, vitamin D repletion attenuates adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in Ctns−/− mice via multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms.

The paper compared the changes of the fos-expression between Norway rats (Rattus norregicus) bred in laboratory and Wistar rats after they were exposed to cat urine odor for0 d,1 d,3 d,6 d,9 d and 18 d by using immunohistochemistry,and investigated the influence of the living environment on the anti-predator strategy of Norway rats.The average optical densities of fos in Norway rats exposed to cat odor for different numbers of days in four brain regions (AHP,VMHC,MeAD and BLA) were significantly higher than those of the control group and there were no gender difference.Compared with the control group,the average optical density of fos in hypothalamus (AHP,VMHC) and amygdala (BLA) of Wistar rats exposed to cat odor significantly increased at 1 d,3 d,6 d and 9 d but not at 18 d.The average optical densities of fos in AHP and MeAD were significantly different between males and females,but they were not different in VMHC and BLA for Wistar rats.During exposure to cat odor,the relative change rate of the average optical densities of fos (AHP,VMHC,MeAD,BLA) in Norway rats and Wistar rats also were different.This indicates that the living environment and exposure time can affect the response of Norway rats to predator odor.

以"鱼类解剖"为实验教学案例,采用验证性与探究性相结合的方法开展实验,旨在知识重现的同时,通过设定主题让学生做到自主探究鱼类特征的异同,从而调动他们的学习积极性,培养他们实验操作、数据采集与分析、语言组织以及沟通协调等的能力。结果表明,两种实验方法的融合使用在实验教学中收到良好的教学效果。

动物学是一门重要基础课.笔者结合多年的教学体会,对动物学的课程特点、教学模式和教学现状进行分析归纳,对教学方法和教学模式方面的改革提出一些设想和展望,认为除了采用多媒体教学外,教师应当重视其它教学方法的运用,来提高动物学的教学效果.

Steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanni Lesson, 18271 is the dominant species of mustelids in the alpine meadow ecosystem of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau in China. Using the live and dead rats as the experimental prey, researchers investigated the effects of prey body masses, numbers and activities on predatory behaviors of the polecat. The results revealed that the prey activity was the most important factor that affected prey selection of the polecat during searching phase. The searching time used for live prey by polecat was significantly longer than that used for dead prey. Also, the prey numbers and body masses significantly affected prey selection of the polecat. When the activities of prey were the same, the polecat always preferred the group with more prey than the one with less prey. When the number and activity of prey were the same, the searching duration was significantly decreased from the lowest weight class to the highest one. In addition, the foraging profitability of polecat is prey dependent which was higher with smaller prey than with larger ones. These results indicated that the polecat could adjust the hunting behaviors to achieve the optimal profitability according to the characteristics of prey.

We reconstructed the demographic history of the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau by using genetic variation data obtained from spatially distributed populations across much of the plateau. We obtained sequence data, including cob (1,140 bp) and D-loop sequences (732 bp), from 144 individuals at sites ranging from the high-altitude interior to the relatively low-altitude northeastern plateau, and identified 37 and 42 unique haplotypes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype networks based on the individual and the combined datasets of cob and D-loop sequences clustered all populations into four well-supported major groups, and the interaction between vicariance, dispersal, and habitat fragmentation resulted in the current geographical distribution and genetic diversity of O. curzoniae on the plateau. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and mismatch distribution suggested that the recent continuous uplifts of the plateau contributed to the radiation and diversification of the O. curzoniae populations occurring there.

Behavioral responses to the odors of three predators of rodents (domestic cat ( Felis catus ), weasel ( Mustela sibirica ), Eurasian badger ( Meles meles )), one non-predator mammal (rabbit ( Lepus capensis )), and distilled water (control) were assessed in three types of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus ): wild (WNRs), domestic (DNRs), and albino laboratory Wistar (AWRs). Rats were taken individually to a testing apparatus consisting of a hide box and a testing arena. The behavioral activities, including concealing, heading out, approaching, and feeding behaviors in each trial were videotaped for 3 h. Results revealed that WNRs, DNRs, and AWRs all showed an aversion to the predator odors by spending more time concealing in the hide box: frequencies of approaching and feeding behaviors, as well as the amount of food intake were significantly lower than control group. Our results suggest that the response of DNRs and AWRs were “built-in” or innate in nature as they had never experienced the odors of the tested predators. Moreover, all three types of rats can distinguish between predator and non-predator odors, but the ability of WNRs was the highest, which can distinguish between sympatric and allopatric predators, while the ability of AWRs was the lowest, which spent most time in the hide box. The concealing and approaching behaviors were no significantly different among the five odor exposure groups. Also, the reactions of the three types of rats toward the control group (distilled water) significantly differ. This suggests that the duration of time spent in captivity plays an important role in shaping the response of rats to different predator odors.

The gayal (Bos frontalis) is a very rare, semi-wild and semi-domestic bovine species. There still exist remarkable divergences on the gayal's origin and phylogenetic status. The cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene entire sequences (1,140 bp) of 11 gayals were sequenced and analyzed. Combined with other bovine Cyt b entire sequences cited in GenBank, the phylogenetic trees of genus Bos were reconstructed by neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods with Bubalus bubalis as outgroup. Sequence analysis showed that, among 1,140 sites of Cyt b gene entire sequences of 11 gayals, 95 variable sites (8.33% of all sites) and 6 haplotypes were found, showing abundant genetic diversity in mitochondrial Cyt b gene of the gayals. Both NJ and MP trees demonstrated that the gayals in this study were markedly divided into three embranchments: one embranchment clustering with Bos taurus, another clustering with Bos indicus, and the third clustering with Bos gaurus. The result of phylogenetic analysis suggested that the gayal might be the domesticated form of the gaur (Bos gaurus), and a great proportion of the gayal bloodline was invaded by other bovine species.

This study explored the origin and evolution of Leiqiong cattle,basing on the sequenced complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the cited bovine sequence data.The length of cytochrome b gene was 1 140 bp with two polymorphic sites.The average percentage of A+T(56.8%) was higher than that of G+C(43.2%) and a big base composition bias arised in the third codon.The phylogenetic tree constructed basing on haplotypes of cytochrome b gene,which showed that all haplotypes of cytochrome b gene from three geographical population of Leiqiong cattle cluster into the same group.This result confirmed that Leiqiong cattle origin from Bos indicus.The network relationships of cytochrome b haplotypes from Bos indicus revealed that Leiqiong cattle shared an ancestor sequence with other Bos indicus in Asian,which manifestated that they might domesticate independently from wild Bos nanadicus in different regions.We deduced that there was an independent domesticated center of Bos nanadicus in antiquity in the south of China.