Agriculture is a critical foundation for the development of large-scale complex and urban societies. Sanxingdui, located on the Chengdu Plain in western Sichuan and linked with the ancient Chinese Shu Kingdom, is one of the most distinctive archaeological sites in the world. However, despite its importance, the agricultural economy of the Sanxingdui culture and the Chengdu Plain remains poorly understood and heavily debated. This study synthesizes recent archaeological and historical evidence concerning the agricultural economy underpinning the increasing scale and social complexity at Sanxingdui and the greater Chengdu Plain prior to 2200 BP. Our analysis finds a mixed rice and dry-land millet farming economy, in conjunction with pig and chicken husbandry, during the Sanxingdui culture (3700–3100 BP). This integrated agricultural system likely began with the Baodun culture (4500–3700 BP), passing to the Sanxingdui culture (3700–3100 BP), Shierqiao culture (3100–2600 BP) and later, the Shu culture (2600–2300 BP). In addition, although gathering, hunting, and fishing accounted for relatively low proportions of the overall subsistence, the ancient peoples at Sanxingdui and across the Chengdu Plain continued these practices, supporting a diverse agricultural and food system. Understanding the subsistence at Sanxingdui offers key insights into the development of complex societies in southwest China, the contributions to Chinese culture, and the role of agriculture worldwide.

农学界与纺织业界的互惠合作,是近代植棉业改良的必然要求.晚清时期的棉作改良存在技术与资金、市场分离的问题,棉产改良收效甚微.反思此前植棉业改良失败的原因,穆藕初提出"振兴农业,非财不可,且非才不办"的农产改良理念,在植棉业改良工作中形成了鲜明的特点,即注重农学界与企业界的耦合,以确保科技与资金、市场的配合.通过创办穆氏植棉试验场和穆公正花行、组织中华植棉改良社、主持华商纱厂联合会植棉委员会,穆藕初将这一理念贯穿于植棉业改良实践的始终.

在近代中国深陷农业危机的背景下,一些农科留学生发起成立了中华农学会,它的学缘构成与组织渊源注定其在中外农业学术交流中承担重要的使命.中华农学会在与日本、欧美农学界及国际组织的交流中经历了单向到双向、单一到多元的过程,并最终形成了"走出去"和"请进来"相结合的交流机制,在国际交流重心上整体呈现出自东向西转移的趋势.

通过对地方志等历史文献的系统梳理,发现明清时期山西水稻分布范围有一定的扩展,除中部汾河谷地外,北部大同府、东南潞安府及辽、沁直隶州也有种稻的记载.明清山西水稻生产的两个高峰期出现在明成化至万历前期和清康乾时期.受水利等条件的制约,明清时期山西水稻种植面积普遍较小,难以形成大规模的水稻产区;水稻种植的推广多得益于地方官员的倡导.

历史时期中国蚕桑业中心发生过明显的转移.元代以前黄河流域的蚕桑业虽迭经兴衰,但始终居于中心地位,元代中后期中国蚕桑业中心由黄河流域转移到江南地区.气候变化是导致蚕桑业变迁和中心转移的直接因素.气候的转折期和冷期蚕桑灾害的发生剧烈而频繁,冷期的持续低温显著抑制蚕桑生产.因此历史气候的冷暖变化节律与黄河流域蚕桑业变迁高度一致,即暖期兴盛、冷期衰落.元代中后期中国气候由温暖急剧转冷,蚕桑灾害空前剧烈,随后进入长达6个世纪的明清小冰期,终使中国蚕桑业中心完成了南移.

元代黄河流域的蚕桑业发生了前盛后衰的显著变化,元代前期蚕桑业发展迅速,中后期急剧衰退.造成这一转折的主要原因并非棉花推广的取代,气候变化是关键的影响因素.元代前期气候温暖,中后期发生突变,从此进入近600年的寒冷期.在气候剧变的影响下,空前剧烈的灾害严重破坏了黄河流域的蚕桑业,持续寒冷的气候显著降低蚕桑生产的效益.二者的交互作用导致元代黄河流域的蚕桑业由盛转衰,并由此彻底失去中心地位.

晚清庚子国变后,民族危机的加剧和西方近代科技的传入使国人深刻地认识到向西方学习的必要性,中国开始进行学制上的变革以促进近代教育的发展.三次重大的学制变革在教学内容、教学层次、教学方法等方面推动了我国近代生物学教育的发展.壬寅、癸卯学制下我国近代教育体制初具雏形,生物学教育初见端倪;壬子、癸丑学制下我国生物学教育曲折发展,逐渐走向正轨;壬戌学制下各大学普遍设立生物学系,推动了我国近代生物学高等教育的发展.

历史上黄河流域受水土流失的影响曾发生诸多水患,尤其在明清时期更是达到前所未有的程度.明清时期是历史气候上的一个小冰期,在小冰期寒冷气候的影响下,黄河流域凌汛现象增多,汛期延长;薪炭需求量增加,滥砍滥伐现象严重,农业生态环境遭到严重破坏;寒冷的气候使得植被的恢复能力下降,气候的不稳定和生态环境的破坏引发极端雨涝天气的增多,使得这一时期黄河出现水患的次数较之前大幅度增加,甚至超过了夏朝至元末历代有统计以来之和.

作为农业文化遗产的重要部分,农业物种遗产具有丰富内涵和独特价值,是农业发展的基础资源.当前,农业物种遗产的保护与利用还存在价值认识、管理体制、保护方式和开发利用等方面的不足.应以政府为主导,建立多方参与、利益共享的机制,贯彻整体保护、活态保护原则,维护农民权益,引导农民自发保护传统物种,并加强多学科合作,在保护的前提下促进传统物种的可持续开发利用.

中国古代蚕桑业和蚕书发展在时空特征上具有一致性.北宋以前蚕书多出自黄河流域,南宋时南方蚕书首超北方,元代前期黄河流域蚕书数量有显著增长,明清时期江浙稳居蚕书出版中心地位.蚕桑业变化轨迹与之类似,宋以前全国蚕桑业中心在黄河流域,南宋时逐步南移,元代前期北方蚕桑业出现短暂复兴,至明清蚕桑业中心则完全移到江南.但二者并非完全同步.乾隆和光绪年间北方蚕书由于政府推广政策驱动兴盛,而北方蚕桑生产依然困顿.

作为中国早期昆虫学家,周尧投身昆虫学事业,在科学研究上取得突出成就.他执教达70年之久,为国家培养了三代昆虫学人才,形成了脉络清晰、风格鲜明的学术谱系.他的弟子们传承了他开创的事业,也将他的思想与精神传递给后代.从学术谱系的角度分析老一辈科学家的学术传承与影响,对于认识他们的学术地位、总结学科发展规律有重要意义.

Pomegranate is originated in Iran and the surrounding area, has been at least 2000 years of cultivation history. Pomegranate is set table, ornamental and medicinal to a fruit of treasures, is one of the earliest introduction and cultivation of fruit trees and flowers. This paper, from the origin of the pomegranate and distribution, ancient pomegranate species and varieties, biological characteristics, breeding methods,cultivation management, processing and utilization and ancient pomegranate culture in seven aspects to discuss Chinese pomegranate cultivation history.

A pomegranate is a kind of earliest-cultivated fruit tree with edible,medical and ornamental value,which was introduced into China in the Han Dynasty,spread from Changan to Luoyang in the Eastern Han and Wei-Jin Dynasty and then further to Hebei,Shandong,Hubei and Hunan provinces,and finally to the whole country in the Tang Dynasty. Since then,a pomegranate has evolved into abundant local varieties and techniques of its breeding, planting and storing have been accumulated systemically. Except for its ornamental and edible value,a pomegranate is also widely used in medicines,dyes and beverages.

占城稻的引进是我国水稻生产中的一件大事.它种植广泛,影响巨大,改变了我国传统的水稻品种结构.占城稻的引进既有随着易旱的高仰之田的增加而产生的对耐旱品种的需要,也有因应气候变旱的需要.北宋年间,我国的气候经历了一个由涝转旱的演变过程,宋代对占城稻的引进可以看作是对气候转旱的一种有效应对.

1936年杨开渠创建四川大学农学院稻作研究室,1988年经省政府批准成立研究所,历经杨开渠、李实贲和周开达等前辈的共同奋斗与发展,现已成为我国重要的水稻专业研究机构与人才培养单位。杨开渠在水稻科学家学术谱系中作为第一代的开创者,开创了自己一脉的学术谱系,形成了自己独特的学术传统、学术理论、学术风格等,并且被代代传承下去。杨开渠在学术传承方面做出了杰出的贡献,他直接或间接的学生众多,可谓桃李满天下,影响非常深远。

An academic genealogy assumes the task of carrying on the academic research and spirit of people of the past and cultivating first-class talent groups generation after generation rather than one or two academic leaders. Changing the past situation in which first-class talented people take their place accidently or occasionally and tend to have no qualified successors helps change the cultivation and making of first-class talented people from occasional appearance to necessary result. Mr. Yang Shou-ren founded his research laboratory of cultivation of paddy in 1952, based on which he established his national technology-innovating team of super rice breeding early in the country and made it steadily become the research center of paddy cultivation, academic communication center and talented people cultivating center in the north of China, especially the northeast China. Mr. Yang, as one of the second generation of successors in the academic genealogy of scientists of rice, made excellent contributions to academic inheritance and passing-on. Therefore, in the academic genealogy of scientists of rice with Mr. Yang as a core, he is regarded as the founder of the genealogy.

China ’ s rice cross-breeding research began in the late 20th century. In the next 20 years, China ’ s rice breeders carried out the systematic studies on natural cross rate, parent selection, cross fertility, cross technology, cross descent ’ s processing and conducted cross breeding tests. In 1933, China ’ s breeders bred the first cross rice, ‘ Zhongshan No.1 ’ , and these opened a new era in rice breeding in China.

大学生"村官"计划是当前我国为建设新农村、缓解大学生就业压力而实施的一项重大举措。文章着眼于分析徐州大学生"村官"的现状和问题,研究大学生"村官"政策有效实施的对策,为今后大学生"村官"政策的可持续发展提供参考性建议。