孙吴嘉禾年间,州吏享有优惠的租田(复田)限40亩,田租执行统一的标准,二年常限熟田(≤40亩)亩收租米0.585或0.586斛,火种熟田亩收米0.456斛,40亩以外的熟田,亩收1.2斛税米.当时并不存在州吏田租米亩收额多样性、州吏田租与郡县吏趋同的情形.州吏田租缴纳租米(含火种租米)和税米,除非出任佃吏,否则无需缴纳限米.
2022年9月24-25日,"联通的力量:运河与文化脉络"国际学术研讨会在南京农业大学学术交流中心隆重举行.本次会议由南京农业大学主办,大运河文化带建设研究院担任指导单位,南京农业大学人文与社会发展学院、教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目课题组"大运河历史文脉梳理与国家形象建构研究"承办.来自美国匹兹堡大学、堪萨斯大学,日本早稻田大学、东京都立大学、奈良教育大学、关西外国语大学,韩国高丽大学、釜山外国语大学,中国社会科学院、中国历史研究院、江苏省社会科学院、浙江省社会科学院、南京大学、浙江大学、复旦大学、华中师范大学、浙江工商大学、扬州大学、大运河文化带建设研究院、中国农业历史学会、中华农业文明博物馆、中国民俗学会、日本歌谣学会、韩国民谣学会、韩国东方史学会以及南京农业大学等30多家高校院所及相关机构的近百位专家学者参加了此次会议.
家兔的祖先是原产于伊比利亚半岛的野生穴兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus),国际上公认其驯化发生于欧洲中世纪时期,地点可能是法国.而我国关于中国家兔起源的主流观点包括"本土说"和"欧源说",两者都主张中国家兔的驯化远早于欧洲,和国际上的研究结果相悖.本文先对国内主流观点采用的论据进行了检验,指出其问题,然后通过综合研究得出以下结论:中国家兔是野生穴兔在欧洲驯化为家兔后,随"地理大发现"航海浪潮由西方殖民者随船携带而来的,其中白色家兔引入的时间在明代中晚期,其他毛色家兔的引入最晚在清初;家兔在中国境内的大规模传播以及中国家兔地方品种的早期形成发生于明末清初,其中四川是白色家兔培育及传播的重要地区.
农村供销合作社是连接城乡经济的重要纽带.在农业社会主义改造中,它通过合同制的供销方式,一方面,根据国家的计划,组织农副产品的收购,帮助农民推销剩余产品;另一方面,组织农业生产资料的供应业务,加强了农业生产的计划性,逐步把小农经济纳入国家计划经济的轨道,促进农业互助合作运动的巩固和发展.由于当时农村供销社组织不完善,经营力量亦尚有限,与农业生产合作组织的供销业务往来中亦存在一些弊端或不足,如一些供销合作社在结合合同推行工作中,缺乏考虑产、供、销的可能与需要,未从实际出发,未能在可靠的基础上制订经济合同;若干生产资料在数量上、品种上、质量上、时间上不能满足农业生产合作社的需求等.农村供销合作社因此需要不断改进经营方式,以适应农业合作化运动的发展需求.
二十四气在农业生产中具有重要的指导意义,也是中国传统历法的重要组成部分,从西汉《太初历》就被引入到历法作为时间刻度用以推算晷漏、昏旦中星、日躔等项目.通过对历史文献整理后发现二十四气名称与次序曾经历过四次变化.东汉以降学者们就此问题的原因一直存有分歧.本文以历法为切入点,并结合典籍和历法文献中的记载,复原早期文献中二十四气的名称和次序,辨析"启蛰"与"惊蛰"的关系,阐述二十四气与物候在被引入历法前后的内涵演变,进而分析给出了二十四气次序变化的根本原因.
水资源是制约传统社会农业生产的关键要素,水利关系的延伸逐渐成为探索生产要素与经济增长间关系的一条重要线索,学界将其称为"水利社会",并基于此展开了 一系列清代地方资源配置秩序与效率的探讨,其中,山西地区受到重点关注.然而,无论是就区域整体进行的宏观研究,还是针对某一个案实施的微观考察,资源配置的模式依然尚未定论,关于资源配置效率的论断依然笼统,有必要科学构建水资源配置效率理论以进一步扩展研究视野空间.
大司空东2017年度浮选出的植物大遗存,不仅展现了晚商时期殷墟遗址的农作物结构情况,更为探讨早期国家时期城市的经济特征提供了丰富材料.结合考古背景对具有指示农业生产意义的植物遗存进行的数量分析、空间分析显示,作为城市的殷墟遗址内确实存在农业生产活动,且农业活动区域经过一定程度的规划.二里头文化时期至西周时期几个都邑性城市内植物遗存及农业工具的分析,也在很大程度上支持中国早期国家阶段的城市与农业经济密不可分,农业生产活动受到城市管理者干预的认识.
民国时期宁绍地域的水环境出现问题,境内东钱湖、姚西河、曹娥江以及杭州湾海塘等多处水环境出现各种水利问题,各县、村落、宗族之间也产生了多种形式的水利纠纷.作为宁绍地域的地方精英,旅沪浙商被卷入宁绍水利纠纷之中,在无形中充当起地方公共事务治理代言人的角色.旅沪浙商根植于宁绍地方社会,与宁绍地域的官僚与乡绅紧密相连.面对宁绍地域上发生水环境的各种冲突,旅沪浙商以旅沪同乡会为基轴,借助地缘与业缘的优势,通过与当地各级地方政府合作,在水利组织的实施,水利经费的筹募,水利规程的制定等诸方面切实发挥了先锋作用.
中国岩画有很多反映天象时令的画面,它是研究原始天文学与中国农业起源相互关系的重要史料.本文从中国南方岩画中的天象时令与稻作农业起源的相互关系入手,考证了连云港岩画中的"天象图"具有原始天文观察与历法授时的意义;从北方岩画中的"天象崇拜"与原始畜牧文化的关系出发,阐释了北方岩画中的"天象图"具有从自然崇拜的原始信仰到萌芽天文学的特征;进一步论证了中国岩画中的所见的天象时令是我国远古先民由天象崇拜向观象授时转变的朴素自然观反映,具有自然信仰与原始科学互渗的特点,对于我们认识远古人类对待自然现象的态度,了解我国原始农业的起源、发展与演化过程具有重要意义.
淮扬饮食文化作为中国传统饮食文化之一,拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化内涵.淮扬饮食自春秋时期便开始萌芽生长,到明清时期始闻于世.它的发扬光大与大运河紧密相关.大运河的开凿以及漕运制度使得淮扬地区成为帝国商业重镇,城市得到极大发展,为淮扬饮食文化的发展奠定了物质基础.外埠食材通过大运河交汇于淮扬地区,连同淮扬本地特产共同构成了淮扬饮食的食材基础.那些为皇室与富商服务的名厨则将普通食材雕琢成精美菜品.这些美食又被文人传播到大江南北,淮扬风味遂从地方风味演变成中华名肴之一.在新时代重点研究大运河与淮扬饮食文化之关系,有助于深化运河饮食文化的研究,从而促进中国传统饮食文化遗产的研究与保护.
保护、利用好历史文化遗产,对弘扬传统文化、促进城乡经济社会发展,具有重要意义.为此,国内外不少学者或侧重理论研究,或侧重实践总结,产出了一大批几乎涵盖了文化遗产保护与利用各个领域的研究成果①.尽管如此,在我国,一部适合作为文化遗产相关专业的本科生、研究生的教材却长期缺乏,影响所及,已使专业人才的培养越来越难以满足新形势下文化遗产保护事业发展的需要.在近20年教学实践和调查研究的基础上,吸收相关研究成果,周宏伟教授近期组织编写的《城乡文化遗产保护基础》(以下简称《基础》)教材,围绕什么是文化遗产、为什么保护文化遗产、怎样保护文化遗产三个有机联系的问题,系统介绍了文化遗产保护的相关知识、理论、方法与技能,可谓正当其时.
Land resources security is related to food security, water security and ecological environment security, and thus affects the sustainable development of society and economy. During the historical period, with the rapid increase of population, destructive reclamation occurred frequently in the ecologically fragile areas such as mountainous areas and pastoral areas, causing serious land degradation. Land degradation will have irreversible and catastrophic consequences. It not only threatens human living space and food security, but also affects social security and stability, and damages the material foundation for the continuation of civilization. Once land is damaged, the restoration process is often extremely long. In order to achieve the safe use of land, we should not only learn from the traditional experience of "sustainable agriculture", but also establish the concept of green development, actively carry out the return of farmland to forest and grassland, and implement conservation tillage.
Crop history is the foundation and center of agricultural history research, with great significance. the emergence of global history, and the proposal of the concept of crop landscape, The implementation of the national food security strategy in the new era and the promotion of the values of building a community with a shared future for mankind, have jointly promoted the rise of research on the emerging history of crops. The emerging history of crops is about the research on crops and economic society. It emphasizes external history, examines crop culture in a broader social and ecological background; emphasizes interaction, focuses on connection, interaction and crop culture networks; and explains the close relationship between crops and the human world. The research of the new history of crops is a research framework for examining agricultural development from a new perspective, which has interdisciplinary, cross-era and cross-regional characteristics. The ecological environment, production technology, commercial trade, politics and economy, international relations, food security and society-culture and many other fields are within the scope of its discussion.
Yuhuan Island and the surrounding islands have been in a state of being abandoned, and the Chumen Peninsula abandoned on occasion from 1387 to 1727. With the coastal crisis lifted, a large number of vagrant living in coastal areas sneaked in and reclaimed the islands. The Qing government finally decided to abolish the ban on Yuhuan Islands and set up the Yuhuan Ting after the active promotion of local officials.The immigration of Yuhuan ting mainly came from the Wenzhou-Taizhou prefecture and Fujian-Guangdong province. Due to factors such as geo-cultural, living habits, occupational differentiation, etc., the spatial distribution of immigrants presents obvious regional characteristics. The massive immigrants has prompted the rapid population growth of Yuhuan ting. A lot of water conservancy facilities in coastal area have been built and the number of fields reclaimed has been relatively close to the previous estimated. The number of villages has more than doubled in the past 150 years and the scale of villages has gradually expanded. The regional development has shown a trend from the foothills and plains to the mountains and tidal flats. Yuhuan ting has completed in-depth development before the early years of Daoguang. The immigration and island development of Yuhuan ting provides an important reference for us to study the island society in the southeast coast.
In traditional Chinese society, the family system effectively maintained the basic social order at the grassroots level. During the late Qing Dynasty and early years of the Minguo period, China underwent profound changes, and the traditional law was forced to take the path towards modernization. The family system thus became the polarity between the traditional and modern laws of China in the legal transformation. As a result, legislators were particularly cautious about transforming the traditional Chinese family law. Under the Beiyang government, the political game led to chaos and disorder in the legal system of the society. However, the legislative construction was not interrupted. Moreover, the legal reformation of the traditional family system proved to be a key area of legislation during this period in order to stabilize the basic social order.
The wheat and barley were introduced into southwest China during the Shang Dynasty. As can be seen from the archaeological evidence, the chronology of wheat and barley remains in southwest China shows an obvious tendency that west and north region is earlier than east and south region. By integrating the archaeobotanical materials in southwest China and the surrounding areas, we explore the two candidate transmission routes of the wheat and barley. The north route, supported by the original millet-based agriculture translocation and related cultural features, postulates that wheat and barley came in from Gansu and Qinghai. While the west route, supported by archaeological evidence, suggest the route might have been from the north and south edge of the Tibetan plateau. In addition, after translocated into southwest China, wheat and barley experienced totally different attitude by the local residents. People in the plain areas tend to have a stable agricultural system, which is not readily impacted by exotic crops. As a consequence, wheat and barley have always occupied only a small share of all crops and did not incite the original agricultural system at all. While in the mountainous areas, the agricultural system has shown a diverse feature and was easily affected by the new species. The acceptance of wheat and barley could be a good example. The original crop system was broken after the wheat and barley were introduced, and some sites even transferred into wheat and barley based agriculture.
Property, including naturally produced plants, animals, minerals and man-made goods, is the material basis on which human beings depend, and human beings are the main forces in the production, dissemination, protection and utilization of property. As a collection of documents with Chinese characteristics,local chronicles systematically and in detail record the property conditions of different historical periods and different regions, which contain a large amount of information on the relationship between property and characters. Social network analysis technology, with the function of individual interconnection relationship mining, provides a technical possibility for the construction of relationship network between property and characters in local history literature. On the basis of qualitatively sorting out the relationship between property and characters in the Local Chronicles, this paper constructs an intelligent recognition model of person’s names and property names through naming entity recognition technology, extracts the character information in the text and the correlation relationship between property and characters, and then constructs a relationship network, and measures and visualizes the relationship between property and characters in ancient books in the Local Chronicles from the macro, mesoscopic and microscopic perspectives, and makes new valuable discoveries based on the research paradigm of digital humanities. It verifies the increasing maturity and unique charm of research perspectives and methods from quantitative historiography to digital humanities.
In recent years, the research pointed out that the regular converted price of monthly rations in the Nine Edges was consistent with the normal grain price, and the temporary adjustment of converted price of monthly rations reflected the extreme grain price in the period of famine and war, breaking the misunderstanding of high grain price in the Nine Edges during Ming Dynasty. However, the relationship between grain price and converted price of monthly rations in the Nine Edges has changed, and the existing studies have not to pay attention to the differences in the time and space of the research objects. Based on memorial to the throne of Supreme Commanders and Grand Coordinators, it is found that there are two different measuring units of grain Dou for granary and Dou for market. In the purchase and accounting of grain, the Nine Edges took Dou for market as the unit, and sergeant monthly rations discount took Dou for granary as the unit. During the peacetime, the regular grain price was basically the same as the regular converted price of monthly rations. When the military pressure in the border increased, the grain price generally increased to1 Qian/Dou, leading to converted price of monthly rations below grain price. During the period of famine and war, the Nine Edges would temporarily increase the converted price of monthly rations, but it was still lower than the grain price. This is due to the upper limit principle of monthly rations in the Nine Edges. On the whole, the grain price in the Nine Edges shows a slow upward trend. From west to east, the grain price gradually exceeds 1 Qian/Dou, and the ratio of“converted price of monthly rations/grain price”gradually decreases, reflecting the process of ethnic migration and military threat transfer in the north.
The Central Plain in the late Yangshao Period was different from the situation of the unification of the Miaodigou culture. It was faced with many challenges, such as the serious imbalance of regional cultural development, the intensification of competition, the strong influence of foreign culture and so on.The development and change of agricultural production mode in this period and the motivation behind it are worth analyzing. Based on the analysis of the plant remains unearthed at the Shuanghuaishu site（including1426 foxtail millets, 305 broomcorn millets, 5 rices, and 7 soybeans） and the Bangou site（including 637 foxtail millets, 16 broomcorn millets and1 rice）, synthesizing with the plant data from the other late Yangshao sites in the Central Plain, it is found that the dry farming mode dominated by foxtail millet formed in the Miaodigou period has been continued, and the agricultural farming system is relatively extensive. Soybeans began to appear generally, although the number is still relatively low. The amount of rice found in the late Yangshao sites has been significantly increased（802 in the Xinjie site,648 in the Miaodigou site, 738 in the Tumen site, 2589 in the Suyang site, 668 in the Wanggou site）, and even a new agricultural production mode of both rice and millet mixed cropping has been formed in the Xinjie site. The importance of rice in different sites is affected by many factors such as the location, culinary tradition and settlement level of the site; During this period, the communication between the Central Plain and the surrounding areas increased greatly,and the transmission of crops and the migration frequency of people also raised unprecedentedly.
Motivated by the popularization of the cultivation of soybean（Glycine max）（commonly known as Shu Dou in ancient Chinese）, the emergence of a new variety of broad bean（Vicia faba L.） and the introduction of western mung beans, a new pattern in China of cultivating wheat in the north, rice in the south and soybeans nationwide have taken shape in the Song dynasty, consequently enlarging the cropland cover fraction in the upland mountainous regions in southern China and improving the structure of grain varieties.Shu Dou, one of the main crops and also the staple food of common people in the bottom of the society, could be counted as the survival necessity for people’s livelihood in terms of daily diet, fodder making, cooking and heating. With an equally large official demand, Shu Dou became the food of the largest consumption as well as the highest production in the Song dynasty. A wide array of subsidiary food of Shu Dou, in the meantime, brought more diversified benefits. The creation of soybean oil and soy sauce, the naming of Tofu（bean curd）, and the prevalence of soybean paste all demonstrate further developments and heavy reliance on Shu Dou in the Song dynasty. Shu Dou, an essential role no less than that of rice and wheat in the socio-economic history of the Song dynasty, played an unprecedentedly important part in soil cultivation, disease control and food processing than any other crops, and thus was bestowed by the Song people with the cultural value of the loftiest virtue.
