依据郑州多年来的考古发现尤其是"中华文明探源工程"和"考古中国工程"的最新发现,结合地理地貌、黄河中游大地湾、南佐和以河洛古国都邑—双槐树遗址为首的系列代表性遗址的文化内涵,对郑州地区仰韶文化中晚期的整体聚落规划、大河村文化的内涵以及郑州仰韶文化中晚期与黄帝(时代)的关联等重要学术问题,予以了初步研究.初步认为,郑州地区仰韶文化中晚期聚落规划严整,在统治空间防御必要性基础上,利用地理地貌形成了以双槐树都邑为中心的多重防御结构;同时,大河村文化早期有仰韶文化中期晚段特征,晚期逐步形成更加明确的自身特征,整体两端都有过渡特征.在时段方面,呼应大汶口文化中期和"油子岭文化-屈家岭文化"这一文化谱系的早中期,并有诸多文化联系.按照传统上古史文献以及陶寺至夏商考古发现与上古史呼应的现今主流认识,《帝系》中的黄帝距今不足 5000 年,若视为是氏族多代首领称谓的话,结合仰韶文化考古发现、古代炎黄文献记载和神话传说,中原仰韶文化呼应的应该属于黄帝所在的族群.

方家沟遗址主文化层出土了大量石制品,以石片石器工业为特征,年代约在距今5～3万年前.遗址周边是一个石料资源相对丰富的区域,可以通过原料分布、质量和可获性了解当时人类为何选择特定原料.遗址的原料既包括石英砂岩、石英岩和脉石英砾石,又包括脉石英岩块.石料调查显示,遗址附近丘岗顶部的中更新世砾石层可能是砾石原料的来源;西北距遗址约7～11 km处的嵩山东南麓元古宙地层中多见脉石英出露,最有可能是脉石英岩块的采集地.遗址周边区域并不缺乏燧石等质量更好的原料,但极少被当时人类所利用,这说明当地石片石器工业的长期延续不能用缺乏优质原料来解释.

本文通过对郑州青台遗址新石器时代中晚期91例个体、1913枚牙齿罹患龋齿的统计与分析可知,青台人群患龋率为71.43％,龋齿率为13.38％.其中,龋齿率女性高于男性,可能与女性孕期生理变化、食物选择及性别分工等有关.上颌龋齿率高于下颌,臼齿及咬合面为龋齿易患齿类及部位.通过对比可知青台人群显示出较高的龋齿罹患率,暗示该人群饮食中应包含较多的碳水化合物类食物,这可能与新石器时代中晚期黄河中游发达的旱作农业有关.此外,龋齿率在黄河及长江中、下游新石器时代农业人群中的区域性差异可能与龋病病因的复杂性和各地区不同的文化面貌、人群生活方式有关.

汪沟遗址是豫中地区仰韶文化晚期一处高等级的中心性聚落遗址.在2014-2016年三个季度的发掘中我们系统采集了植硅体土样并进行了分析.研究结果显示:汪沟聚落仰韶文化晚期的农作物有粟、黍和水稻;黍粟比例较高,水稻的比例较低;稻作农业较旱作农业规模小,种植少,但水稻和粟黍的出土概率相差很小,说明水稻和粟黍一样都是汪沟先民日常食用的作物,是汪沟先民植物性食物的重要组成部分.我们根据炭化植物遗存分析的结果推测,汪沟遗址的粟黍和水稻在不同的季节以连杆带穗的方式收割,然后在壕沟南部区域对谷物进行集中脱粒,脱粒后的粟黍和稻被共同储藏在房址周围,个体家庭需要食用的时候在房屋内或周围进行脱壳.大规模的谷物收割和在特定场所集中进行的脱粒加工活动说明,汪沟聚落有着较强的劳动组织能力,有较大型社会生产组织的存在,大家庭或家族公社是聚落生产与生活中的基本组成单位.

对郑州地区5处新石器时代晚期遗址的131例(男性76例,女性55例)成年个体股骨的股骨头宽度值进行测量,应用生物力学方法推算个体的体质量.结果表明:①男性的平均体质量为68.87 kg,变异范围为63.07～73.00 kg,女性的平均体质量为58.70 kg,变异范围为52.06～63.01 kg.②在5组平均体质量数据对比中,青台组男性和女性体质量均为最大,男性中汪沟组体质量最小,女性中双槐树组最小.双槐树组体质量的两性差异最大,汪沟组体质量的两性差异最小.③t检验结果表明,汪沟组男性体质量与尚岗杨组男性、青台组男性以及双槐树组男性的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).④与图瓦组、布里亚特组和巴尔虎组的比较结果表明,农业人群和游牧人群在体质量上存在差异.

Millet-dominant agriculture built a solid material base for cultural expansion and social development in prehistoric northern China. Around the middle-late Yangshao period (around 4000 BCE-2600 BCE), especially during the late Yangshao period (around 3500 BCE-2600 BCE), with the establishment of settlement hierarchies and population growth in the middle Yellow River area, response patterns of settlements in this area mainly focused on strategies to increase crop yields and food supplies. Response patterns included agricultural intensification (increasing inputs of labor and resources) and agricultural extensification (significant expansion of the land under cultivation). To date, the detailed farming strategies in the different regions of this area have not yet been clearly illustrated. Our study reports on the new isotopic data of charred seeds (crops and weeds) from archaeological sites in the Zhengzhou region, and investigates the crop management practices based on elevated nitrogen isotope values (e.g., delta 15N) in crops to elucidate agricultural strategies during the late Yangshao period (around 3500 BCE-2600 BCE) in the middle Yellow River area by combining the new data with previous interdisciplinary studies.Elevated nitrogen isotope values of cereal grains relative to local vegetation indicates that crops were likely manured in Zhengzhou region. Manuring practices possibly prevailed in the middle Yellow River area during the late Yangshao period, although the amount of manuring varied likely due to topographical conditions. A combined agricultural strategy of intensification (mixed crop cultivation/manuring) and extensification (expansion of the land under cultivation) was likely employed in the center settlement of Dahecun to feed the inhabitants and ensure the development of the settlement. Due to limited available land for cultivation and pure millet cultivation, increasing crop yields with manuring formed an essential part of the agricultural strategy in the Baishui River area. This indicates that agricultural intensification was likely the most effective avenue to support growing populations and land demand in the regional center Xiahe and other sites in Baishui River area. Faced with societal development and different environmental conditions, settlements in the different regions in the middle Yellow River area likely adopted their own agricultural strategies in response to internal and external conditions, indicating late Yangshao settlement resilience in this area.

居于中原腹地的郑州地区是中华文明形成的关键区域之一,仰韶文化中晚期是该区聚落与社会组织结构稳定发展并开启文明化进程的重要时期,揭示郑州地区仰韶中晚期农业生产的基本特征对深入了解中华文明起源阶段的物质基础具有重要意义.本文通过对郑州地区10处遗址的区域性考古调查和炭化植物遗存分析,发现粟黍旱作农业是该区仰韶文化中晚期生业经济的主体,野生植物资源已属零星采集的范畴.成熟的定居农业社会已经稳固地建立起来,且不同地貌单元遗址间具有不同的生产组织方式:在平原地区,大型遗址的农业可能属于"自产自消(消费)"的运行模式,但不排除与区域内其他农业聚落进行农作物贸易交流的可能性;在台塬地区,农业生产很可能集中于中小遗址,大型遗址不会或仅有限地进行农耕,其消费的作物可能大多属于"外部供给"得来.这些有组织的农业生产以及作物流通与再分配活动,既表明大型聚落具备一定的社会动员能力,又反映区域内聚落的功能分化和交流网络的形成,为人群和聚落间等级的出现奠定了经济基础,促使仰韶中晚期郑州地区社会复杂化进程的不断发展以及中原早期国家的最终勃兴.

对汪沟遗址出土的174例仰韶文化居民的2816枚牙齿进行统计与分析,计算出牙齿的平均磨耗等级和前后部牙齿磨耗差别指数,统计特殊磨耗、龋齿、骨质隆起在样本中的出现率.结果显示,汪沟组牙齿平均磨耗等级为3.403262级,男性牙齿平均磨耗等级为3.63级,女性为3.61级;男女两性牙齿磨耗差异不显著(p＞0.05);前后部牙齿磨耗差别指数比达到1∶1;出现26例由于深覆(牙合)导致的特殊磨耗;臼齿咬合面凹坑式磨耗出现率为2.50％;龋齿患病率68.97％,龋齿率26.56％,龋均4.30;骨质隆起的出现率为5.20％,颌骨粗壮程度不显著.汪沟人群的牙齿磨耗程度总体偏轻,牙齿磨耗程度与河南下王岗组居民接近.基于以上特点,我们认为中原地区仰韶文化人群在饮食结构和用牙习惯上存在一定的共性.

本文将郑州地区仰韶文化中晚期考古出土的石刀分为甲、乙、丙三类,并对其演进趋势、生产技术及二者之间的关系进行了考察.仰韶晚期以乙、丙类石刀为主向龙山时期以丙类石刀为主的阶段化转变得到了更清楚的勾勒,细化了郑州地区石刀的谱系研究,各类石刀生产技术的差异也得到了揭示.值得注意的是,仰韶中晚期石刀形态设计的规整程度、加工技术的选择倾向及类型演进的主导趋势等方面都体现出由乙类向丙类的渐变特点,这种类型、技术与演进的正向关联体现出先民在仰韶中晚期农业、社会发展进程中对石刀这一主要割刈工具的综合认知与相互作用.

利用超景深三维显微镜观察、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、显微拉曼光谱分析和显微红外光谱分析等方法对郑州地区仰韶文化中晚期3件石钺和1件石斧的红彩进行分析.结果 表明:4件石器红彩颜料为朱砂或铁红;石斧为兼具粉碎和研磨功能的赤铁矿粉加工工具;朱砂粒径显示仰韶文化中晚期颜料研磨工艺已达到很高水平,人们可能已经掌握了"水飞"工艺;2件彩绘石钺表面中存在人工成因碳酸钙,推测它们红彩的胶结材料可能为熟石灰.本研究结果为探索仰韶文化时期石器彩绘工艺提供了重要的资料信息.

河南省郑州市的平陶城是东周重要城邑,具有重要的历史价值.由于传统考古调查具有耗时长、投入大、工作量大等问题,平陶故城的聚落布局、遗迹分布等仍不清晰.研究选取Corona和Google Earth历史影像、无人机热红外和高光谱影像,对比分析不同载荷、不同时相、不同尺度影像上的色调和纹理特征,提取平陶城城址的考古异常区域,发现了疑似城墙、城门、角台、长方形房基等遗迹,并根据识别结果初步重建遗址空间结构.研究结果表明,Corona影像有助于识别遗址早期面貌,Google Earth历史影像可以在微小的疑似遗迹特征检测和提取方面提供帮助,航空热红外影像可以揭示在地面或光学影像上不明显的埋藏的考古特征,航空高光谱影像经过最小噪声分离变换有助于探测微弱信息.研究证明综合利用多源高分辨率数据可对遗址遗迹分布、空间结构进行调查、预测和重建,为进一步考古研究和遗址保护提供参考.

从形态特征和制作工艺可将郑州地区仰韶时期石环分为甲、乙、丙三类.其中甲类石环修坯、钻(扩)孔、磨制等操作链的关键环节得以复原,应为本地生产;乙、丙类石环未见磨制之前的生产证据,标准化程度较高,部分石料的选用与甲类有异,整体的磨制精细程度也高于甲类,尚难以判断是否为本地生产.各类石环均存在一定的改制,改制工序均在当地完成.石环生产与聚落性质间关系密切,其主要分布于具备祭祀神权或军事防御属性的双槐树、青台遗址和西山城址等聚落中,由此可知,石环主要流通于等级较高的聚落,它的获取和使用应有一定的条件限制.

孙庄遗址位于河南省郑州市中原区孙庄村南,是分布在黄河中下游地区的一处仰韶文化晚期遗存.通过对遗址出土的10例保存基本完整的颅骨进行测量与观察后,得出以下结论:孙庄组的颅面部特征为高颅型与狭颅型相结合的颅型特点、中等偏大的面部扁平度、狭额型、中鼻型、低眶型、中面角属平颌型、犬齿窝和鼻根凹欠发达、颅顶缝简单等.孙庄组古代居民颅骨的形态特征归属于亚洲蒙古人种范围.颅骨形态学特征分析结果显示,孙庄组与亚洲蒙古人种近代华南组(RR=1.26)关系最为密切,与近代蒙古组(R=1.80)和通古斯组(R=2.06)关系疏远;在与各新石器时代组的对比中,孙庄男性组与仰韶合并组(R=1.00)、庙子沟组(R=1.00)、西山组(R=1.07)、大汶口组(R=1.13)关系接近,孙庄女性组最接近于大汶口组(Dij=3.10)、徐堡组(Dij=4.58)和西山组(Dij=4.60).综上,我们可知分布在黄河中下游地区的仰韶时代中晚期人群在颅面部特征上颇为一致,具有较高的同源性,应同属于"古中原类型"居民.

郑州西山城址是已知中原地区最早的史前城址,对于探讨区域早期城市起源和社会复杂化具有重要意义.本文通过石器类型与其聚落空间的考察,初步探讨了西山石器手工业面貌,从而大体揭示了城市起源阶段西山聚落的社会发展状况.已知西山城址的石器以日常生活、生产用具为主,并未出现集中化生产的现象.不同类别的石器有着相对明确的原料选择倾向,这与石器的功能息息相关.其中,小型日常生活生产用具可以在城内制作,大型石器则应是在石料产地制作成形后带入聚落内.西山城址生活居住空间少见礼制性石器,而墓葬出土石器则主要代表了性别分工,石器在反映社会等级分化上作用较为有限.其城垣和环壕区分不同人群社会身份的功能并不太明显.

This paper examines how microblade technology emerged in North China based on the case study of the newly excavated Xishi and Dongshi sites in the hinterland of North China. Used as the lithic production area, Xishi and Dongshi sites generated abundant lithic debris which show the presence of a precocious form of microblade techno-complex embedded within the blade techno-complex. Radiocarbon dating suggests that they are among the earliest microblade sites ever found in North China. A chaîne opératoire approach is used to analyze the lithic assemblage of these two sites to investigate the specific features of the precocious form of microblade technology and its correlations to blade technology. The results indicate that the precocious microblade assemblage shows close technical affinity with the blade assemblage but is different from blade technology due to the frequent appliance of the pressure method to produce smaller end products from more diminutive cores. It indicates that the emergence of microblade technology in North China was a local technological innovation based upon blade technology which diffused from Siberia-Mongolia. Its appearance reflects a culturally meditated technological adaptation to cope with environmental change during LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) period.

孙庄遗址位于河南省郑州市中原区孙庄村,是分布在黄河中游的一处仰韶文化晚期遗址,该遗址出土的54例仰韶时期的人骨保存状况良好,为我们了解仰韶文化人群的龋患情况提供了珍贵的资料.本文以肉眼观察为主并结合超景深显微镜对遗址出土的846枚牙齿进行鉴定、统计与分析,得出以下结论:孙庄遗址古代人群的龋病患病率70.37％,龋齿率22.93％,龋均3.59;壮年组患龋率最高,为88.89％,不同年龄组之间的龋齿率差异性显著;龋齿率女性为30.55％,男性为16.16％,女性龋齿率显著高于男性,P(0.000)＜0.05,两性之间的龋齿率有显著差异;浅龋率为6.70％,中龋率为21.65％,深龋率为27.32％,深龋已穿髓率为19.07％,残冠残根率为25.26％,随着年龄的增长,龋病的病变程度呈加重趋势;龋损范围小于1/2牙冠累龋最常见,占总患龋齿数的42.27％;上颌龋齿率为26.91％,下颌龋齿率为19.70％,上下颌龋齿率差异显著(P＜0.05).龋病在不同牙位上的发生率依次为M3＞M2＞P2＞M1＞P1＞C＞I1 ＞I2;邻面和(牙合)面是主要的龋患分布处,分别占患龋牙齿数的46.40％和39.18％.孙庄人群门齿较高的患龋率表明该遗址人群患龋情况已经非常严重,患龋率与龋齿率明显高于其他古代组,较高的龋病罹患率可能与孙庄人群复杂的农业经济模式有关.

老奶奶庙第3地点位于河南省郑州市,年代距今约4.5万年或稍早.2016年度的发掘,发现动物化石575件,石制品66件.从遗物的密度和分布情况来看,本遗址应为第1地点或其它中心营地外围的临时性地点,古人类曾在此活动,但并不频繁.动物化石的种属组合揭示出当时应为草原-疏林景观.石制品属于典型的华北地区小石片石器工业,与本区MIS3阶段其他遗址工业面貌相似,应属于同一技术体系.

Trepanation is a long-lasting ancient practice found around the world with diverse motivations. However, the distribution and motivation of intentional trepanation in China remain unclear. This study presents one of the earliest trepanations on a male adult individual who is unearthed from the Shuanghuaishu site in Gongyi, Henan, dating back to the late Yangshao cultural period (3500–2900 BC). The macroscopic and microscopic observation, alongside with micro-CT scan, are conducted to further evaluate the conditions on the edges of the perforation and intracranial situation. The oval perforation is located on the occipital bone, and neither fracture nor apparent healing signs are observed on the margins. Archeological evidences and simulated experiment indicate that the trepanation could be conducted by drilling the tables of the skull with a V-bladed stone tool. In view of the location of the perforation and the limited details on the edges, the motivation behind the trepanation could be due to the medical treatment of trauma on the occipital bone or a postmortem ritual. The analysis of the early trepanation along the Yellow River Basin provides further evidence on the ancient human behavior and enriches our understanding of the origin and distribution of trepanation in Neolithic China.

Historical documents record that many young women died of pregnancy, delivery, or related complications. However, such cases are rare archaeologically due to the limitations of archaeological materials. Here, we report the case of an adult female buried with an infant in the Neolithic graveyard of Huigou (Yangshao Culture, 3900–2900 BCE) in China's Henan Province. The remains of the infant were positioned between the lower legs of the adult. Both appear to have died during or shortly after delivery, as the estimated age of the infant is full term. The adult female's pubic symphysis was unusually long compared with a modern Chinese reference sample, a trait that increases the risk of dystocia in modern clinical cases. The pelvis also shows a hyperplastic lesion on the superior margin of the pubic symphysis that might reflect a prior difficult birth that was survived. Taken together this evidence suggests a history of obstetric problems that ultimately led to the death of the woman and her last child. Our reconstruction offers a glimpse of an ancient life, suggesting the difficulties this woman suffered in childbirth before her death and illustrating the insights that osteology can offer into obstetric experiences in the past.