The present study examines the impacts of both adverse (ACEs) and positive (PCEs) childhood experiences on psychological and behavioral outcomes of an understudied sample, namely young offenders in China, which is culturally distinct from the West. The survey data were collected from more than 700 male and female juvenile offenders confined in the only juvenile reformatory in a southern province of China. OLS linear regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of ACEs and PCEs on psychological and behavioral outcomes among these juvenile offenders. Psychological and behavioral outcomes were measured by the respondents’ depressive symptoms and misconduct during incarceration, respectively. The results reveal that when examining the impact of both ACES and PCEs simultaneously in the statistical model, neither the composite/cumulative PCEs nor specific/individual PCEs showed any significant effect on juvenile offenders’ depressive symptoms and misconduct during confinement. Among the ACE variables, psychological and physical abuse experiences were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; sexual abuse experiences and household substance abuse were significantly associated with misconduct. ACEs exerted a stronger effect on juvenile offenders’ psychological and behavioral outcomes during confinement than PCEs. ACEs that children experienced directly, namely psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse, played a more significant role than inter-parental violence and problems of other family members. The findings together highlight the importance of providing programs or services to identify and treat juvenile offenders with prior child abuse experiences to reduce future psychological and behavioral problems.

This study investigates factors related to the decision to (a) arrest or (b) mediate in domestic violence (DV) situations-nonmutually exclusive but highly differing decisions chosen a priori as being outcomes of interest. The sample included three types of professionals handling domestic violence cases in China: (a) Women's Federation (WF), (b) police, and (c) judicial personnel. The participants (n = 817) responded to a vignette describing a DV incident. Logistic regression revealed that legal, organizational, and attitudinal factors were associated with decision-making and varied by group. The findings suggest training and detailed instructions on handling DV.

Domestic violence (DV) is a significant concern within China. Currently, there are few standardized measurement tools to gauge Chinese stakeholders’ perceptions and beliefs concerning DV. This research sought to validate tools to be used with such stakeholders. Factor analyses were utilized on cross-sectional, survey data from a purposive sample of 683 Chinese DV professionals working in four institutions in Guangdong. Analyses developed three scales for measuring DV Definitions, DV Attitudes, and DV Policing. The development of these scales is beneficial to advance the already growing research related to DV in China in ways that are relevant to the Chinese context.

The recent momentum of the increase in the juvenile delinquency and crime rate in China is undoubtedly concerning. This article aims to introduce and discuss the specialized education system in China that has been established for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. It begins by presenting the general trends of juvenile delinquency in recent years and analyzing the reasons and insights hidden in these trends. Then, this article elaborates on the specialized education system, including “(regular) specialized education” in a narrow sense and “specialized correctional education.” In conclusion, the challenges to the practical operation of the specialized education system in the future are discussed.

Public agencies in the criminal justice system (i.e., law enforcement agencies, the courts, and the corrections) need legitimacy for their survival. According to system theory, the functions per-formed by one system agency can exert significant influences on the others. Therefore, the effect of perceived legitimacy is supposed to intertwine with different agencies. Yet, the current liter-ature on the impact of perceived legitimacy primarily focuses on one single agency -law enforcement in Western studies. Using longitudinal data collected in China from 514 juvenile offenders in a juvenile correctional facility for males, the present study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the interconnections of perceived legitimacy across the three agencies. Findings derived from the current study suggest that the perceived legitimacy of one agency had a significant effect on the subsequent agencies. However, the influence was dy-namic and temporary.

随着《民法典》的出台及《未成年人保护法》的修订实施,我国未成年人抚养权归属的酌定亦愈发要求依"儿童最佳利益"原则而来的"子女最佳利益"原则行事.然而,由"子女最佳利益"原则考量而来的离婚后未成年子女抚养权归属原则歧义多变,如《民法典》第1084条第2款的规定.本文建议,应基于"子女本位"主义的"子女最佳利益"原则,融合父母性别平等视角,综合考量符合该原则标准的诸多重要现实因素,作出最有利于未成年人成长的研判.

(1) Background: Maltreated children are at increased risk for juvenile delinquency. Extant research has explored the effect of child maltreatment on either the initial risk of juvenile delinquency or general juvenile recidivism. However, little is known regarding the effect of child maltreatment on chronic offending. (2) Methods: Using a sample of 695 male juvenile offenders incarcerated in a centralized juvenile reformatory of the province X located in Southwest China, this study investigates both the prevalence of child maltreatment and the effect of child maltreatment on chronic offending among the juvenile offenders. Descriptive statistical analyses and multinomial logistic regression were utilized to conduct the analyses. (3) Results: A vast majority of the juvenile offenders experienced at least one type of child maltreatment. Moreover, maltreatment was generally found to be more prevalent in chronic offenders than in one-time offenders and recidivists. Results from a series of logistic regression analyses revealed that among five specific maltreatment types, only physical abuse exerted a statistically significant and positive impact on chronic offending. (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of providing early prevention and intervention programs to juvenile offenders who were physically abused in order to reduce general chronic offending as well as chronic violent offending.

China, each reflecting three shared characteristics. First, the school-based surveys done in each study took place across various provinces in China ranging from the country’s Northern to Southern regions. The four studies each used similar multi-site and/or multi-school sampling approaches. Consequently, the aggregated findings reported should provide a fair representation of school violence/bullying in China as a whole. Next, the theoretical frameworks used to test the effects of explanatory variables on school violence/bullying are derived from theories developed in research carried out in western countries. In fact, this research represents an application of these theories in different social and cultural settings, and the students in the analysis across the four studies probe multiple key topics of school violence, including such key questions as gender differences and the varying types of relationships between aggressors and victims. Finally, the study designs of these analyses explore the effect of important mediating factors (e.g., self-control) on victim behaviors. Such mediating factors are shown to be key elements in our understanding of the phenomenon of school violence/bullying.

Rational choice theory (RCT) is a classical theory in criminology, with deep roots in the Enlightenment. It has secured a privileged place as a mainstream criminological theory in the United States. Ironically, RCT has not been applied to research on juvenile delinquency and related decision making in China. This study attempts to test the relative utility of RCT among adjudicated juvenile offenders incarcerated in an institution located in a southwestern province of China based on their responses to two hypothetical scenarios of offending. The results of the Tobit model analyses emerged from the two-wave longitudinal data lent strong support to the view that RCT can indeed serve as an important theory for explaining delinquent behaviors in China. More specifically, juvenile offenders used cost-benefit analysis to decide if they want to be involved either in the stealing scenario or in the fighting scenario. A discussion of findings and public policy implications are highlighted at the end of the paper.

Previous research has suggested that the presence of subcultures, particularly in minority neighborhoods, can be a major source of legal cynicism, a concept referring to a cynical view of the criminal justice system and the law. The purpose of this paper is to examine the sources of legal cynicism among middle school students in China, a cultural setting that is distinctively different from the US, which has so far been the focus of most analyses. More specifically, it examines the effects of hypothesized factors on legal cynicism reported in earlier studies, which have relied on subculture and bonding theories. The data were gathered from 30 schools in China all of which are home to large populations of ethnic minority students. The primary findings suggest that the influence of Western popular culture, being attributed the label 'fan of Western popular culture,' and attachment to family and school, are significant predictors of legal cynicism. The effects, however, of these two groups of variables differ significantly.

Prison victimization constitutes a serious problem for organizations and individuals. It disrupts order in an institutional environment, and the experience of victimization can have a long-lasting psychological effect on incarcerated population, particularly juveniles. Relevant research suggests that the deprivation model and the importation model can help explain the occurrence of prison victimization. Using longitudinal data collected from a youth custodial facility in China, the current study examines factors that are believed to be predictors of prison victimization. Negative binomial regression, a commonly used tool for the analysis of prison victimization research using count data, is employed in the current study. The findings suggest that prior victimization experiences, reported record of violent delinquency, prison visitation, and demographics have significant impacts on in-prison victimization. The public policy implications of the findings are discussed at the end of the study.

So far, no Chinese- or English-language journal investigations have been carried out on the entirety of research published on intimate partner violence (IPV) in China. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of the totality of published IPV research articles indexed in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the input and output factors relating to published articles concerned with IPV, including their authors and contents. The CNKI was selected for investigation and analysis because it is the largest and most consulted academic online library in China. The analysis was conducted on 3,595 peer-reviewed journal articles on IPV over a 37-year period covering 1982–2018. The findings revealed that only 68 (1.89%) of the articles were empirically and quantitatively based. Findings among these 68 articles show that total contribution of IPV research has increased significantly over time in China, with increasing growth in the past two decades especially. Results also present summaries concerned with the reviewed studies’ inputs (i.e., researchers’ organizational affiliations, funding sources, and geographic settings), outputs (i.e., authors, journals, classifications, pages, topics, key words, definitions, theoretical approaches, samples, and methods), and outcomes (i.e., citations, downloads, prevalence rates, and correlates of violence). To sum, this is the first exploratory study of the unique and diverse body of IPV research in the Chinese-language and scientific literature. Overall, the study’s results both help to inform future IPV research in China and foster and inform communications concerning IPV research globally.

作为刑事案件公开审理的例外规则,对未成年人刑事案件予不公开审理,体现出对减少未成年人污名化的认知及对其矫正自新的期待.然而辗转于公众知情权与未成年人隐私权保护的现实冲突下,一些未成年人恶性暴力刑事案件亦面临是否予以公开审理及若公开审理所适用特定规则等考量.基于"儿童最佳利益"原则,本文建议未成年人刑事案件审理,宜由目前绝对不公开审理改为相对不公开审理,并提出严格限定可予公开审理的刑事案件范围、审慎设计有条件附程序的公开审理流程、稳妥考量适格人员有限旁听及媒体有限报道、认真赋予未成年被告人申请公开审理的权利、积极拓展人民陪审员参审的作用发挥及机制保障等建议.

美国检察官业绩考核机制中的一些做法,对我国检察官绩效考评有借鉴价值.一是增强民众本位理念.美国政府“民众本位”价值取向促使美国检察院在强调公共服务意识与公共责任意识的基础上,不断发展科学的业绩考核系统.我国政府已逐渐形成以“民众本位、政府责任”为指引的价值追求,以民众为考核主体,以民众获得感为考核内容的业绩考核机制.我国检察机关应进一步将民众本位理念贯穿于检察官业绩考核之中,以提高民众满意度作为考核检察工作数量、质量、效率、效果之根本目标.

所谓私刑,多指违背法律程序而私自对他人施用之刑罚.私刑之残忍无须讳言,然而经常会发现,当时在场的不少旁观者,对眼前所发生的事件却像看戏一样,对事件中的苦主漠不关心,事不关己高高挂起.鲁迅先生在《阿Q正传》中曾以不无哀伤的笔调写道,阿Q进城见到革命党被杀,回家后作为谈资与一众乡亲津津乐道,大说"杀头,好看!好看!"

近年来,美国检察机关逐渐形成了“民众本位”之价值趋向,其检察官业绩考核机制亦进行了相应改革与完善.本文从业绩这一概念着手,通过梳理与总结美国检察官业绩考核机制的发展衍化和主要特征,提出增强民众本位理念、明确案件权重系数、重视职业素养养成、完善考核奖惩机制、扩大民众参与考核等建议,以期为我国时下检察官业绩考评工作提供一些借鉴.

法治是国家文明程度的重要标志,未成年人司法建构应体现出现代文明观对未成年人偏差及保护应对之尺度.我国传统一元化未成年人刑事司法在“儿童最佳利益原则”与“社会最佳利益原则”上存在较多理念冲突,特别是对被害人权益及社区防卫存有一定忽视.一元化未成年人刑事司法可从未成年人“归责”与“惩教”两个维度予以解构,以回应并反思“教育为主,惩罚为辅”的未成年人刑事政策.未来,我国未成年人司法或可从双重二元化角度予以建构:一是以未成年偏差人与未成年被害人为干预对象,建构狭义二元化未成年人司法;二是以此为基础,依托刑事司法,进一步完善未成年人刑事司法,以建构广义二元化未成年人司法,实现互动与衔接.

This study examines juvenile attitudes toward the police (JATP) from an unconventional angle by examining the possible effect of two different cultures along with more conventional factors typically associated with youth attitude formation. A unique feature of this study is the inclusion of measures of attachment to both the traditional Chinese culture and Western popular culture. The data were collected from 30 minority middle schools with more than 6,500 students in a southern autonomous region in China in 2014. The primary findings indicate that juveniles who are more firmly attached to the traditional Chinese culture and who show respect for parents/teachers tend to hold a more positive view of the police. In contrast, juveniles who endorse Western popular culture and are perceived as a fan of that culture are more likely to hold a negative view of the police, societal actors who are viewed as primary representatives of the mainstream culture.

The purpose of the current study is to uncover whether extralegal factors play a significant role in Chinese police officers' decision-making in response to a hypothetical incident of domestic violence (DV). Data were collected from a sample of Chinese police officers located in southwestern China. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between the attitudes and beliefs of police officers and their decision-making in DV (i.e., recommend putting suspect into custody, victim into custody, and mediation;N= 514). The results suggest extralegal factors associated with culture do exert a significant effect on police officers' decision-making in cases of DV, but the extent may be minimal. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.