Stretchable bioelectronics promise seamless integration with dynamic tissues, yet their electrochemical performance often collapses under strain owing to cracking, interlayer delamination, and signal distortion. We introduce an intrinsically stretchable interface for resilient electrochemical sensing (SIRES) built from a strain-resilient conductor, an electrically tunable interlayer, and a stretchable functional coating. By offsetting strain-induced resistance increases with gains in active surface area, SIRES maintains near-constant resistance and high-fidelity electrochemical readouts under strains up to 300%. The platform supports voltammetric, potentiometric, and amperometric modalities and enables multiplexed molecular monitoring across dynamically deforming tissues in wearable and implantable formats. Its unified architecture provides delamination-resistant interfaces suitable for long-term use, and the design rules generalize to affinity-based transduction, establishing a pathway toward strain-resilient molecular sensing for precision diagnostics and therapy.

The diversity and complexity of the agricultural environment pose significant challenges for the collection of pest and disease data. Additionally, pest and disease datasets often suffer from uneven distribution in quantity and inconsistent annotation standards. Enhancing the accuracy of pest and disease recognition remains a challenge for existing models. We constructed a representative agricultural pest and disease dataset, FIP6Set, through a combination of field photography and web scraping. This dataset encapsulates key issues encountered in existing agricultural pest and disease datasets. Referencing existing bounding box regression (BBR) loss functions, we reconsidered their geometric features and proposed a novel bounding box similarity comparison metric, DDRIoU, suited to the characteristics of agricultural pest and disease datasets. By integrating the focal loss concept with the DDRIoU loss, we derived a new loss function, namely Focal-DDRIoU loss. Furthermore, we modified the network structure of YOLOV7 by embedding the MobileViTv3 module. Consequently, we introduced a model specifically designed for agricultural pest and disease detection in precision agriculture. We conducted performance evaluations on the FIP6Set dataset using mAP75 as the evaluation metric. Experimental results demonstrate that the Focal-DDRIoU loss achieves improvements of 1.12%, 1.24%, 1.04%, and 1.50% compared to the GIoU, DIoU, CIoU, and EIoU losses, respectively. When employing the GIoU, DIoU, CIoU, EIoU, and Focal-DDRIoU loss functions, the adjusted network structure showed enhancements of 0.68%, 0.68%, 0.78%, 0.60%, and 0.56%, respectively, compared to the original YOLOv7. Furthermore, the proposed model outperformed the mainstream YOLOv7 and YOLOv5 models by 1.86% and 1.60%, respectively. The superior performance of the proposed model in detecting agricultural pests and diseases directly contributes to reducing pesticide misuse, preventing large-scale pest and disease outbreaks, and ultimately enhancing crop yields. These outcomes strongly support the promotion of sustainable agricultural development.

利用兰州重离子研究装置(HIRFL)的碳离子束辐照油葵干种子,统计出苗率、存活率、花粉活力、柱头可授性和不同授粉条件下的结实率,研究碳离子束辐照对油葵当代结实特性的影响.结果表明,出苗率、存活率、花粉活力、结实率随着辐照剂量增加而降低;与对照相比,80Gy辐照后出苗率下降55.68％、存活率下降64.66％;20～160Gy辐照显著降低了自交结实率,40～160 Gy辐照显著降低了混交结实率;花粉活力由对照组的92.01％降低为160 Gy的47.59％;随着辐照剂量的增加,具有较强可授性柱头的百分比逐渐降低,具有较弱可授性柱头和不具可授性柱头的百分比逐渐增加.研究表明,碳离子束辐照对油葵当代的损伤作用,影响了花器官的育性,降低了结实率;根据存活率的半致死剂量,结合混交结实率的半不育剂量,确定油葵适宜辐照剂量范围55～153 Gy,为碳离子束辐照油葵育种选择适宜辐照剂量提供了参考.

Heavy ion beam (HIB) is an effective physical mutagen that has been widely used in plant mutational breeding. Systemic knowledge of the effects caused by different HIB doses at developmental and genomic levels will facilitate efficient breeding for crops. Here we examined the effects of HIB systematically. Kitaake rice seeds were irradiated by ten doses of carbon ion beams (CIB, 25 - 300 Gy), which is the most widely used HIB. We initially examined the growth, development and photosynthetic parameters of the M1 population and found that doses exceeding 125 Gy caused significant physiological damages to rice. Subsequently, we analyzed the genomic variations in 179 M2 individuals from six treatments (25 - 150 Gy) via whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The mutation rate peaks at 100 Gy (2.66×10-7/bp). Importantly, we found that mutations shared among different panicles of the same M1 individual are at low ratios, validating the hypothesis that different panicles may be derived from different progenitor cells. Furthermore, we isolated 129 mutants with distinct phenotypic variations, including changes in agronomic traits, from 11,720 M2 plants, accounting for a 1.1% mutation rate. Among them, about 50% possess stable inheritance in M3. WGS data of 11 stable M4 mutants, including three lines with higher yields, reveal their genomic mutational profiles and candidate genes. Our results demonstrate that HIB is an effective tool that facilitates breeding, that the optimal dose range for rice is 67 - 90% median lethal dose (LD50), and that the mutants isolated here can be further used for functional genomic research, genetic analysis, and breeding.

In this study, a degree substitution of 0.796 was obtained through the process of carboxymethylation (CMG). Carboxymethyl glucans with three different molecular weights (CMG-A, CMG-B and CMG-C) were obtained using membrane separation technology. Structural characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity were also evaluated. As per the outcomes of infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance studies, CMG-A, CMG-B, CMG-C and contained carboxyl methyl groups. The substitution order of carboxymethylation branched-chain was as follows: 6 delta > 4 delta > 2 delta. Atomic Force Microscope images obtained from the analysis of dilute aqueous solution (0.1 mg/mL) showed that some of the structures in CMG-A, CMG-B and CMG-C, were triple-helical species coexisting with larger aggregates and single chains. In vitro antioxidant experiment shown that the CMG-C had the best antioxidant property, the half-inhibitory concentration of hydroxyl radical scavenging, iron chelation and ABTS scavenging were 0.319, 0.168 and 1.344 mg/mL, respectively.

To overcome various factors that limit crop production and to meet the growing demand for food by the increasing world population. Seed priming technology has been proposed, and it is considered to be a promising strategy for agricultural sciences and food technology. This technology helps to curtail the germination time, increase the seed vigor, improve the seedling establishment, and enhance the stress tolerance, all of which are conducive to improving the crop yield. Meanwhile, it can be used to reduce seed infection for better physiological or phytosanitary quality. Compared to conventional methods, such as the use of water or chemical-based agents, X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, proton beams, and heavy ion beams have emerged as promising physics strategies for seed priming as they are time-saving, more effective, environmentally friendly, and there is a greater certainty for yield improvement. Ionizing radiation (IR) has certain biological advantages over other seed priming methods since it generates charged ions while penetrating through the target organisms, and it has enough energy to cause biological effects. However, before the wide utilization of ionizing priming methods in agriculture, extensive research is needed to explore their effects on seed priming and to focus on the underlying mechanism of them. Overall, this review aims to highlight the current understanding of ionizing priming methods and their applicability for promoting agroecological resilience and meeting the challenges of food crises nowadays.

Abstract Background Carbon ion-beam irradiation has been widely used to advance crop breeding. The purpose of this study was to explore whether irradiation is suitable for mutation creation of japonica rice (Oryza sativaL.) in northeast China and its potential effects on local germplasm resources. Methods and Results 200 Gy irradiation was applied to screened stable rice mutants, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers were applied to detect the DNA polymorphisms of mutants and local varieties. Here, the mutants with a shorter maturation period than the mutagenic parent were screened. Among control (Tonghe899) and mutants, RAPD and SSR primers revealed that a total of 574 bands of which 385 were polymorphic (67.07%), all mutants had polymorphic DNA bands, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) of RAPD and SSR varied from 0.500 to 0.924 and 0.836 to 0.954, respectively. Meanwhile, among mutant and other local varieties, RAPD and SSR primers generated a total of 658 amplified bands with 530 polymorphic bands (80.55%). Notably, the addition of mutants reduced the lowest Jaccard’s similarity coefficient of the local varieties population from 0.65 to 0.62. Conclusions In summary, carbon-ion beam irradiating rice seeds generate mutants that can develop as new cultivars, and it slightly expands the genetic diversity of the selected japonica rice from northeast China. RAPD and SSR markers had good polymorphism and could be used for DNA polymorphism identification and facilitate inter-cultivar identification for japonica rice in northeast China.

"镉大米"问题是当下中国南方水稻产业发展急需解决的重大问题,培育镉低积累水稻品种是解决该问题最直接、最经济的方法.本研究开发了一项高通量靶向鉴定理化诱变M1代突变及获取突变体的技术(M1 generation targeted deep sequencing technology,M1TDS技术).利用M1TDS技术,从重离子诱变M1代材料中获得了镉转运蛋白基因OsNramp5嵌合突变体,并在M2代获得了OsNramp5纯合突变不育系莲1S和恢复系R001.用R001与莲1S配制成的杂交稻组合莲两优1号,在有效镉含量0.443 mg/kg、pH 4.93的污染田进行种植鉴定,莲两优1号籽粒镉含量稳定在0.03 mg/kg以下,远低于对照品种臻两优8612(0.38 mg/kg)的籽粒镉含量和国家限量标准值0.20 mg/kg.本研究不仅为解决"镉大米"问题提供了重要的新种质,且突破了理化诱变M1代嵌合突变体难以高通量鉴定的技术瓶颈,为水稻及其他作物提供了一种理化诱变定向改良的共性新技术.

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)是一类可有效减轻盐渍环境对植物的损伤、促进植物对矿物质营养吸收、显著拮抗病原菌的有益菌类.合理施用PGPR在植物抗逆机理、土壤生态修复、育种策略改良等方面具有极其重要的应用潜力.本文总结了PGPR促进植物养分吸收,调节植物激素稳态和减轻植物盐胁迫损伤等方面的研究进展,为进一步分析PGPR在未来育种改良研究中的应用前景提供理论依据.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) as one of the main bioactive constituents of the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (LBL.) has many pharmacological activities, but its antihyperglycemic activity is not fully understood yet. This study investigated the hypoglycemic and renal protective effects of LBP on high-fat diet/streptozotocin- (HFD/STZ-) induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice. Blood glucose was assessed before and after 8-week administration of LBP, and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated for evaluating the antidiabetic effect of LBP. Additionally, serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine microalbumin were tested to evaluate the renal function. HE and PAS stainings were performed to evaluate the morphology and injury of the kidney. The results showed that LBP significantly reduces the glucose level and ameliorates the insulin resistance of diabetic mice. Importantly, LBP improves renal function by lowering the levels of sCr, BUN, and microalbumin in diabetic mice and relieves the injury in the renal glomeruli and tubules of the DN mice. Furthermore, LBP attenuates renal inflammation as evidenced by downregulating the mRNA levels of TNFα, IL1 β, IL6, and SAA3 in the renal cortex, as well as reducing the elevated circulating level and protein depositions of SAA3 in the kidney. In addition, our western blot results showed that NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and the degradation of inhibitory κB-α (IκBα) occurred during the progress of inflammation, and such activated signaling was restrained by LBP. In conclusion, our findings suggest that LBP is a potential antidiabetic agent, which ameliorates the inflammation in DN through inhibiting NF-κB activation.

Genetic variations are an important source of germplasm diversity, as it provides an allele resource that contributes to the development of new traits for plant breeding. Gamma rays have been widely used as a physical agent for mutation creation in plants, and their mutagenic effect has attracted extensive attention. However, few studies are available on the comprehensive mutation profile at both the large-scale phenotype mutation screening and whole-genome mutation scanning. In this study, biological effects on M1 generation, large-scale phenotype screening in M2 generation, as well as whole-genome re-sequencing of seven M3 phenotype-visible lines were carried out to comprehensively evaluate the mutagenic effects of gamma rays on Arabidopsis thaliana. A total of 417 plants with visible mutated phenotypes were isolated from 20,502 M2 plants, and the phenotypic mutation frequency of gamma rays was 2.03% in Arabidopsis thaliana. On average, there were 21.57 single-base substitutions (SBSs) and 11.57 small insertions and deletions (InDels) in each line. Single-base InDels accounts for 66.7% of the small InDels. The genomic mutation frequency was 2.78 × 10−10/bp/Gy. The ratio of transition/transversion was 1.60, and 64.28% of the C > T events exhibited the pyrimidine dinucleotide sequence; 69.14% of the small InDels were located in the sequence with 1 to 4 bp terminal microhomology that was used for DNA end rejoining, while SBSs were less dependent on terminal microhomology. Nine genes, on average, were predicted to suffer from functional alteration in each re-sequenced line. This indicated that a suitable mutation gene density was an advantage of gamma rays when trying to improve elite materials for one certain or a few traits. These results will aid the full understanding of the mutagenic effects and mechanisms of gamma rays and provide a basis for suitable mutagen selection and parameter design, which can further facilitate the development of more controlled mutagenesis methods for plant mutation breeding.

以甜高粱'BJ0603'(杂交品种)和'623B'(常规对照)为供试作物,在盆栽和田间条件下分别设置轻度(0.9 g·kg-1NaCl)、中度(2.9 g·kg-1NaCl)和重度盐胁迫(4.9 g·kg-1和6.9 g·kg-1 NaCl)处理,分析甜高粱的Na+累积特性.结果表明,随盐胁迫水平由0.9 g·kg-1提高到6.9 g·kg-1,'623B'植株Na+浓度由0.395 g·kg-1提高到1.104 g·kg-1,'BJ0603'植株Na+浓度由0.321 g·kg-1提高到0.759 g·kg-1.相同盐胁迫水平下,'BJ0603'植株Na+浓度比对照'623B'降低4.1％～44.5％,而其生物学产量比对照'623B'提高73.5％～193.8％(P<0.05);不同程度盐胁迫下,'BJ0603'的根系Na+浓度比叶片、叶鞘和茎秆Na+浓度分别提高46.9％～346.2％、104.3％～461.3％和51.6％～156.3％.与非胁迫(0.9 g·kg-1)相比,轻度盐胁迫下'623B'和'BJ0603'的生物学产量分别提高38.0％和24.5％(P<0.05);而进一步提高盐胁迫水平至6.9 g·kg-1,'623B'和'BJ0603'的生物学产量分别降低56.1％和31.0％.随盐胁迫水平的提高,对照'623B'的根系干物质量逐渐下降(由22.67 g·plant-1降为9.26 g·plant-1),而'BJ0603'并无明显下降趋势.盐胁迫下杂交甜高粱'BJ0603'具有更高的生物学产量和Na+富集能力,适于在盐渍化地区种植及促进盐渍化土壤生物修复.

目的:以甘肃省靖远县枸杞为原料,研究枸杞多糖(Lycium barbarum polysaccharides,LBP)的提取工艺,并对其单糖组成进行分析.方法:采用响应面法,考察时间、液料比和温度对LBP提取产率的影响,从而优化提取工艺.利用柱前衍生化高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法,对LBP的单糖组成进行测定.结果:LBP的最佳提取工艺为:时间3.9 h,液料比36.6:1,温度93.2℃,此时产率为4.28％.柱前衍生HPLC法测定结果表明,LBP由甘露糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖6种单糖组成,其含量比例为4.98:2.93:8.38:22.44:25.38:35.89.结论:LBP提取的最佳工艺稳定可行,可为其生产提供理论依据;使用柱前衍生化HPLC法测定LBP单糖组成操作简便、准确度及重复性好,可作为LBP的质量控制方法.

[目的]从不同诱变世代比较空间诱变和重离子诱变对水稻生物学效应及后代变异频率的差异,为水稻诱变育种提供一定的方法和理论指导.[方法]对水稻纯系品种'华航31号'干种子进行空间诱变和不同剂量重离子诱变处理,以未诱变处理的种子为对照,对诱变一代进行表型及细胞学诱变效应的分析;对诱变二代直链淀粉含量及粒型性状进行表型和基因型定向筛选,比较2种诱变处理的性状变异频率.[结果]空间诱变一代的种子活力指数比对照下降了14.62％;重离子诱变一代的种子活力指数随辐射剂量增加呈现马鞍型效应曲线,其中10 Gy重离子辐射剂量下种子活力指数比对照下降了14.92％,与空间诱变的诱变效应相近.空间诱变二代粒型和直链淀粉含量的突变频率分别为4.14％和1.61％,80 Gy重离子辐射诱变二代粒型和直链淀粉含量的突变频率分别为4.88％和1.55％.利用HRM技术扫描了水稻直链淀粉含量Wx基因的4个位点共673 bp序列,在空间诱变的4736份样本中发现3个SNP变异,突变密度为1/1063.83 kb;在重离子诱变4848份样本中发现4个SNP变异,突变密度为1/815.68 kb.[结论]2种诱变处理均可诱发水稻产生性状变异.空间诱变的生理损伤类似于低剂量重离子辐射,而诱发变异的频率与高剂量重离子辐射相近.

以12个东北粳稻(Oryza sativa subsp.japonica)品种为研究对象,探究碳离子束辐照处理后不同水稻品种的辐照敏感性差异以及差异较大品种间苗期生理指标的区别.实验结果表明碳离子束(0、80、160 Gy,80 MeV·u-1)对不同水稻品种的萌发产生了不同程度的影响,其中辐照对'通禾66'萌发影响最小,而对'吉粳809'萌发影响最大.进一步研究表明,碳离子束辐照对'吉粳809'根和芽的生长抑制作用更明显,此外,其H202、超氧阴离子(O2-和丙二醛(MDA)含量均明显高于'通禾66',而抗氧化酶活性及非酶抗氧化物含量低于'通禾66'.综上所述,与'通禾66'相比,'吉粳809'对碳离子束辐照更敏感,而抗氧化系统在二者辐照敏感性差异中起着重要作用.

使用氯化高铁血红素(hemin)诱导K562细胞分化作为红系分化模型,并对其进行X射线辐照及地面模拟微重力效应处理,研究辐照、微重力及二者的复合效应对红系分化的影响及机制.X射线辐照及模拟微重力效应处理后的联苯胺染色阳性率及CD235a蛋白表达均下调,细胞增殖抑制、细胞凋亡率及坏死率均增高,红系相关转录因子EPOR及GATA-1基因表达下调,且X射线辐照及模拟微重力效应的联合作用效应强于两者单独作用.辐照及微重力联合处理影响细胞中PI3K复合物调控亚基PIK3R2基因表达,加入PI3K抑制剂3-MA后细胞凋亡率及坏死率增高、红系分化率降低.以上结果表明,X射线辐照及模拟微重力效应对红系分化具有协同抑制作用,其机制与红系相关转录因子EPOR、GATA-1及生长信号通路因子PI3K相关.

Leaf color is considered a valuable trait when breeding ornamental plants. In this study, a novel thermo-sensitive leaf-color mutant (mt) of green wandering Jew was obtained through carbon-ion beam irradiation. Young leaves of the mt plant exhibited pink coloration under low temperature (mt_7 degrees C) and green coloration under normal temperature (mt_25 degrees C). However, young leaves of the wild type (WT) remained green under low and normal temperatures. Here, we compared the mt and WT in terms of their anatomical, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic characteristics at 7 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Histological analyses showed that the upper epidermis and palisade parenchyma of mt were fewer and smaller. Chloroplasts of mt_25 degrees C were abnormally inflated, and leucoplasts were present instead of chloroplasts in mt_7 degrees C leaves. Physiological experiments also showed that mt_7 degrees C had lower chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and higher anthocyanin contents; however, the chlorophyll content in mt_25 degrees C leaves were higher than that in the WT. Transcriptome profiling revealed that 99 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1597 transcription factors (TFs) are involved in photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and flavonoid and anthocyanin biosyntheses. This study identified 8 candidate genes associated with the PS II reaction center, 13 genes related to PS I, 15 genes for LHC, 4 genes for PET/Cyt b6/f, and 2 genes for ATP synthase; these genes were differentially expressed at 7 degrees C. DEGs related to photosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthesis were down-regulated in the pink leaves of mt_7 degrees C, whereas DEGs involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosyntheses were up-regulated in mt_7 degrees C and mt_25 degrees C leaves. Differential expression levels were further confirmed by qRT-PCR, Chlorophyll fluorescence signals, and previous HPLC results the. The anthocyanin content of mt_7 degrees C was 20-fold higher than that of the other pigments resulting in pink coloration at low temperature. This study provides a systematic evaluation of thermo-sensitive color variation in the mt. Based on these results, we identified key pathways related to thermo-sensitive leaf-color change in green wandering Jew.

东稻122是以高产、优质、多抗水稻品种通禾899为受体亲本,利用国家重离子加速器实验装置,采用高能重离子束(C)进行辐照诱变,后代材料经穿梭育种、生态基因聚合、精准熟期标记等方法选育的优良水稻新品种.2 a吉林省区域试验结果显示,该品种比对照品种增产8.2％.生产试验结果表明,该品种比对照品种增产6.7％.东稻122农艺性状优良,产量高,米质好,耐盐碱性强.2020年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,适宜在吉林省吉林、长春、通化、白城、延边等中早熟稻区种植.

Background Flower longevity is closely related to pollen dispersal and reproductive success in all plants, as well as the commercial value of ornamental plants. Mutants that display variation in flower longevity are useful tools for understanding the mechanisms underlying this trait. Heavy-ion beam irradiation has great potential to improve flower shapes and colors; however, few studies are available on the mutation of flower senescence in leguminous plants. Results A mutant ( C416 ) exhibiting blossom duration eight times longer than that of the wild type (WT) was isolated in Lotus japonicus derived from carbon ion beam irradiation. Genetic assays supported that the delayed flower senescence of C416 was a dominant trait controlled by a single gene, which was located between 4,616,611 Mb and 5,331,876 Mb on chromosome III. By using a sorting strategy of multi-sample parallel genome sequencing, candidate genes were narrowed to the gene CUFF.40834, which exhibited high identity to ethylene receptor 1 in other model plants. A physiological assay demonstrated that C416 was insensitive to ethylene precursor. Furthermore, the dynamic changes of phytohormone regulatory network in petals at different developmental stages was compared by using RNA-seq. In brief, the ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways were negatively regulated in C416 , whereas the brassinosteroid (BR) and cytokinin signaling pathways were positively regulated, and auxin exhibited dual effects on flower senescence in Lotus japonicus . The abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway is positively regulated in C416 . Conclusion So far, C416 might be the first reported mutant carrying a mutation in an endogenous ethylene-related gene in Lotus japonicus , rather than through the introduction of exogenous genes by transgenic techniques. A schematic of the flower senescence of Lotus japonicus from the perspective of the phytohormone regulatory network was provided based on transcriptome profiling of petals at different developmental stages. This study is informative for elucidating the molecular mechanism of delayed flower senescence in C416 , and lays a foundation for candidate flower senescence gene identification in Lotus japonicus . It also provides another perspective for the improvement of flower longevity in legume plants by heavy-ion beam.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, designated as LBP-3, was isolated and purified from Lycium barbarum. Chemical analysis indicated that LBP-3 was composed of arabinose and galactose at a molar ratio of 1.00:1.56. The average molecular weight of LBP-3 was 6.74 × 104 Da. The structural features of LBP-3 were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), methylation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). LBP-3 is a highly branched polysaccharide with a backbone of 1, 3-linked β-Galp, which is partially substituted at C-6. The branches contain 1, 5-linked α-Araf, 1, 6-linked β-Galp, 1, 3-linked α-Araf, and 1, 4-linked α-Araf. In vitro studies revealed that LBP-3 induced a concentration-dependent decrease in the levels of Aβ42/Aβ40 in N2a/APP695 cells. Proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate the potential molecular mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of LBP-3, and the results suggested that LBP-3 might have the potential for the treatment of AD.