ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Ligusticum sinense Oliv. and L. jeholense Nakai et Kitag. are globally recognized as medicinal botanical species, specifically the rhizomes and roots. These plant parts are collectively referred to as Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix (LReR), which is recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Ch. P). LReR enjoys widespread recognition in many countries such as China, Russia, Vietnam, and Korea. It is an herbal remedy traditionally employed for dispelling wind and cold, eliminating dampness, and alleviating pain. Numerous bioactive compounds have been successfully isolated and identified, displaying a diverse array of pharmacological activities and medicinal value.THE AIM OF THE REVIEW:This review aims to primarily center on the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, quality control, and other applications of LReR to furnish a comprehensive and multidimensional foundation for future exploration and utilization.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Relevant information about LReR was acquired from ancient books, doctoral and master's dissertations, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ScienceDirect, classical literature, and clinical reports. Several electronic databases were also incorporated.RESULTS:In traditional usage, LReR had been traditionally employed for the treatment of anemofrigid headaches, colds, and joint pain. It possessed therapeutic properties for facial skin disorders, thereby facilitating skin regeneration. It has been subjected to comprehensive chemical analysis, resulting in the identification and isolation of 190 compounds, including phthalides, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, steroids, volatile oil, fatty acids, and other constituents. The pharmacological activities have been in-depth explored through modern in vivo and in vitro studies, confirming its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-melanin effects. Furthermore, it exhibited pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and vasodilatory properties. This study provides a basic to contribute to the advancement of research, medicinal applications and product development related to LReR.CONCLUSIONS:Considering its traditional and contemporary applications, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological properties, LReR was regarded as a valuable botanical resource for pharmaceutical and pest control purposes. While certain constituents had demonstrated diverse pharmacological activities and application potential, further elucidation was required to fully understand their specific actions and underlying mechanisms. Hence, there was a need to conduct additional investigations to uncover its material foundation and mode of action.

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disorder marked by the degradation of cartilage. Elevated concentrations of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) are intricately linked to the pathological development of OA. PT2385 has demonstrated effective inhibition of HIF-2α, thereby potentially impeding the initial advancement of OA. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including limited penetration into the deeper layers of cartilage, issues related to charge rejection, and a heightened rate of clearance from the joint. These constraints necessitate further consideration and exploration. Methods It has been demonstrated that PT2385 exhibits efficient inhibition of HIF-2α expression, thereby contributing to the delay in the progression of osteoarthritis. The pH-responsive attributes of carbon quantum dots, specifically those employing m-phenylenediamine (m-CQDs) coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), have been systematically evaluated. In both in vitro settings involving cartilage explants and in vivo experiments, the efficacy of BSA-m-CQDs-PT2385 (BCP) has been confirmed in facilitating the transport of PT2385 to the middle and deep layers of cartilage. Furthermore, the BCP system demonstrates controlled drug release contingent upon alterations in environmental pH. Results While the use of PT2385 alone provides protective effects on chondrocytes within an inflamed environment, there exists an opportunity for further enhancement in its efficacy when administered via intra-articular injection. The BCP formulation, characterized by appropriate particle size and charge, facilitates seamless penetration into cartilage tissue. Additionally, BCP demonstrates the capability to release drugs in response to changes in environmental pH. In vitro experiments reveal that BCP effectively inhibits Hif-2α expression and catabolic factors in chondrocytes. Notably, cartilage explants and in vivo experiments indicate that BCP surpasses PT2385 alone in inhibiting the expression of HIF-2α and matrix metalloproteinase 13, particularly in the middle and deep layers. Conclusions The BCP drug delivery system exhibits selective release of PT2385 in response to pH changes occurring during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA), thereby inhibiting HIF-2α expression deep within the cartilage. The use of BCP significantly augments the capacity of PT2385 to retard both cartilage degeneration and the progression of osteoarthritis. Consequently, BCP as an innovative approach utilizing m-CQDs to deliver PT2385 into articular cartilage, shows potential for treating osteoarthritis.This strategy opens new avenues for osteoarthritis treatment.

Growing evidence suggests that dietary herbs can prevent stroke by regulating the composition and structure of gut microbiota. The components of dietary herbs can also be metabolized or converted into bioactive molecules for treating stroke by gut microbiota, and exert therapeutic effects by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and other processes caused by stroke. A deep understanding of the mechanism of gut microbiota-mediated dietary herbal intervention in stroke is of great significance for the treatment and drug screening of stroke diseases. In this review, we summarise the complex bidirectional relationship between stroke and gut microbiota and provide a detailed introduction to the mechanism of the interaction between dietary herbs and gut microbiota in intervening in stroke. In addition, we also discuss the limitations of current research and potential directions in this field, hoping to provide ideas and references for the treatment and drug development of stroke diseases. Dietary herbs and active ingredients can balance the intestinal microbiota disorders in stroke patients or models, and herbal ingredients can be converted into more easily absorbed active substances under the action of microorganisms, thereby exerting therapeutic effect on stroke diseases

BACKGROUND AND AIM:Clinical evidence for early identification and diagnosis of liver cirrhosis (LC) caused by different types of liver disease is limited. We investigated this topic through a meta-analysis of quantitative metabolomics. METHODS:Four databases were searched until October 31, 2022 for studies comparing metabolite levels between patients with different types of liver disease and control individuals. A random-effects model was applied for the meta-analysis. RESULTS:This study included 55 studies with 8266 clinical participants, covering 348 metabolites. In LC related to drug-induced liver injury (DILI), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the primary bile acid biosynthesis (taurocholic acid: SMD, 1.08[0.81, 1.35]; P < 0.00001; glycocholic acid: SMD, 1.35[1.07, 1.62]; P < 0.00001; taurochenodeoxycholic acid: SMD, 1.36[0.94, 1.78]; P < 0.00001; glycochenodeoxycholic acid: SMD, 1.49[0.93, 2.06]; P < 0.00001), proline and arginine (l-proline: SMD, 1.06[0.53, 1.58]; P < 0.0001; hydroxyproline: SMD, 0.81[0.30, 1.33]; P = 0.002), and fatty acid biosynthesis (palmitic acid: SMD, 0.44[0.21, 0.67]; P = 0.0002; oleic acid: SMD, 0.46[0.19, 0.73]; P = 0.0008; stearic acid: SMD, 0.37[0.07, 0.68]; P = 0.02) metabolic pathways were significantly altered. CONCLUSION:We identified key biomarkers and metabolic characteristics for distinguishing and identifying LC related to different types of liver disease, providing a new perspective for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and precise treatment.

The management of osteosarcoma presents a significant challenge, and the creation of an intelligent synergistic drug delivery system is broadly acknowledged as a promising approach to therapy. Hence, in this study, a temperature-sensitive hydrogel containing DOX-loaded and folic acid-modified BPNSs that can be injected was developed to enable drug release via a pH/NIR response, aimed at synergistic photothermal-chemotherapeutic treatment of osteosarcoma. The active targeting of BPNSs-PEG-FA/DOX involved liquid-phase stripping and electrostatic adsorption, leading to the preparation of the BPNSs-PEG-FA/DOX aqueous dispersion hybrid hydrogel matrix as a BPNSs-PEG-FA/DOX@Hydrogel through a cold method. This composite hydrogel exhibits favorable through-needle properties, superior photothermal conversion efficiency, pH/NIR intelligent responsiveness, and controlled delayed-release drug release capabilities, along with favorable in vitro cellular biocompatibility. It also demonstrates effective in vitro and in vivo active targeting, controlled delayed release, and synergistic photothermal-chemotherapeutic anti-osteosarcoma activity, showing considerable promise for the treatment of superficial tumors such as osteosarcoma.

Background: Diabetes nephropathy (DN), as one of the common complications of diabetes, is characterized by persistent albuminuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and elevated arterial blood pressure. At present, Xuebijing injection is widely used in the treatment of DN. However, few systematic reviews and meta-analysis related to Xuebijing injection intervention in DN were published. In order to more systematically and objectively evaluate the clinical efficacy of Xuebijing injection intervention in DN, we conducted systematic reviews and meta-analysis to verify it. Objective: The purpose of the research was to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of Xuebijing injection combined with alprostadil in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Methods: We searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biomedical Database (SinoMed), Weipu Database (VIP), Wanfang Database, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science and other databases by computer, and searched the randomized controlled trials of Xuebijing injection combined with alprostadil in the treatment of DN at home and abroad from the establishment of the database to 2022. The main outcome indicators included blood glucose, and the secondary outcome indicators included blood lipid, renal function, urinary protein, and safety. Two evaluators independently screened the literature, extracted the data and evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies. RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 14 randomized controlled trials were included, including 1233 cases, 618 cases in the treatment group and 615 cases in the control group. The results of meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with the control group, the treatment group could effectively reduce fasting plasma glucose [mean difference [MD] = -1.90, 95% CI (-2.40, -1.40), P < .00001], glycosylated hemoglobin A1c [MD = -2.38, 95% CI (-2.51, -2.25), P < .00001], 2h postprandial blood glucose [MD = -2.92, 95% CI (-3.95, -1.89), P < .00001], triacylglycerol [MD = -1.08, 95% CI (-1.66, -0.50), P = .0003], total cholesterol [MD = -1.17, 95% CI (-1.39, -0.95), P < .00001], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [MD = -1.19, 95% CI (-1.60, -0.78), P < .00001], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [MD = 0.32, 95% CI (0.23, 0.42), P < .00001], serum creatinine [MD = -42.95, 95% CI (-57.46, -28.43), P < .00001], blood urea nitrogen [MD = -2.24, 95%CI (-2.62,-1.86), P < .00001], blood beta 2 microglobulin [SMD = -1.49, 95% CI (-1.70, -1.28), P < .00001], urine beta 2 microglobulin [SMD = -0.81, 95% CI (-1.04, -0.58), P < .00001], 24-hour urinary protein quantification [MD = -0.20, 95% CI (-0.26, -0.14), P < .00001], urinary albumin excretion rate [SMD = -1.15, 95% CI (-1.38, -0.93), P < .00001]. Conclusion: Xuebijing injection combined with alprostadil has more advantages in treating DN compared to routine Western medicine.

Buck-Boost circuit is a kind of non-isolated DC-DC converter for fuel cell vehicles. In this paper, a PID control strategy with genetic algorithm to optimize the BP neural network is proposed for the problem of mismatch between DC-DC power battery and vehicle bus voltage in fuel cell vehicles. With simulation, compared with BP-PID and PID, the GA-BP-PID is verified that, the control strategy can achieve a more stable output voltage, faster response speed and stronger disturbance resistance of the Buck-Boost converter. The novel GA-BP-PID scheme proposed in this study was proven efficient in reducing the oscillation time and overshoot.

Microplastics (MPs) and okadaic acid (OA) are known to coexist in marine organisms, potentially impacting humans through food chain. However, the combined toxicity of OA and MPs remains unknown. In this study, mice were orally administered OA at 200 μg/kg bw and MPs at 2 mg/kg bw. The co-exposure group showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and significant decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) level compared to the control, MPs and OA groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the co-exposure group exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-1β and IL-18 compared to other groups (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that co-exposure to MPs and OA induces oxidative stress and exacerbates inflammation. Histological and cellular ultrastructure analyses suggested that this combined exposure may enhance gut damage and compromise barrier integrity. Consequently, the concentration of OA in the small intestine of the co-exposure group was significantly higher than that in the OA group. Furthermore, MPs were observed in the lamina propria of the gut in the co-exposure group. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the co-exposure led to increased expression of certain genes related to the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway compared to the OA and MPs groups. Overall, this combined exposure may disrupt the intestinal barrier, and promote inflammation through the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. These findings provide precious information for the understanding of health risks associated with MPs and phycotoxins.

The interest in natural fibres and biopolymers for developing bio-composites has greatly increased in recent years, motivated by the need to reduce the environmental impact of traditional synthetic, fossil fuel-derived materials. However, several limitations associated with the use of natural fibres and polymers should be addressed if they are to be seriously considered mainstream fibre reinforcements. These include poor compatibility of natural fibres with polymer matrices, variability, high moisture absorption, and flammability. Various surface treatments have been studied to tackle these drawbacks, such as alkalisation, silane treatment, acetylation, plasma treatment, and polydopamine coating. This review paper considers the classification, properties, and limitations of natural fibres and biopolymers in the context of bio-composite materials. An overview of recent advancements and enhancement strategies to overcome such limitations will also be discussed, with a focus on mechanical performance, moisture absorption behaviour, and flammability of composites. The limitations of natural fibres, biopolymers, and their bio-composites should be carefully addressed to enable the widespread use of bio-composites in various applications, including electronics, automotive, and construction.

The quality of life is significantly impacted by colon-related diseases. There have been a lot of interest in the oral colon-specific drug delivery system (OCDDS) as a potential carrier to decrease systemic side effects and protect drugs from degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Hydrogels are effective oral colon-targeted drug delivery carriers due to their high biodegradability, substantial drug loading, and great biocompatibility. Natural polysaccharides give the hydrogel system unique structure and function to effectively respond to the complex environment of the GIT and deliver drugs to the colon. In this paper, the physiological factors of colonic drug delivery and the pathological characteristics of common colonic diseases are summarized, and the latest advances in the design, preparation and characterization of natural polysaccharide hydrogels are reviewed, which are expected to provide new references for colon-targeted oral hydrogel systems using natural polysaccharides as raw materials.

Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic phytochemical with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects. In recent years, the neuroprotective effects of FA have been studied extensively. Many researchers have attempted to use FA to prevent and treat neurological diseases and have made some progress. This paper mainly collated the study of the protective effect of FA on stroke and summarized the protective effect of FA on ischemic stroke and the potential protective effects of FA on neurovascular units.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to hemorrhage caused by non-traumatic vascular rupture in the brain parenchyma, which is characterized by acute onset, severe illness, and high mortality and disability. The influx of blood into the brain tissue after cerebrovascular rupture causes severe brain damage, including primary injury caused by persistent hemorrhage and secondary brain injury (SBI) induced by hematoma. The mechanism of brain injury is complicated and is a significant cause of disability after ICH. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism of brain injury after ICH to develop drugs to prevent and treat ICH. Studies have confirmed that many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) can reduce brain injury by improving neurotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), blood-brain barrier (BBB), apoptosis, and neurological dysfunction after ICH. Starting from the pathophysiological process of brain injury after ICH, this paper summarizes the mechanisms by which TCM improves cerebral injury after ICH and its comparison with conventional western medicine, so as to provide clues and a reference for the clinical application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke and further research and development of new drugs.

目的 研究牙痛停滴丸对大鼠口腔溃疡的治疗效果,并设计小鼠耳肿胀实验验证其抗炎作用.方法 SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、牙痛停滴丸组(86.4 mg/kg,4倍临床等效剂量)、甲硝唑组(16.2 mg/kg,临床等效剂量,阳性药),每组10只.除对照组外,以80％冰醋酸溶液灼烧颊侧口腔黏膜的方法建立口腔溃疡模型,造模24h开始给药,连续ig给药10d,模型组和对照组给予等量蒸馏水.观察溃疡大体形态;于造模1d和给药4、10d,利用游标卡尺测量大鼠口腔溃疡的直径大小,进行口腔溃疡评分;于给药第4天,取每组2只大鼠溃疡处口腔黏膜做病理组织学观察.ICR小鼠随机分为模型组、阿司匹林(195 mg/kg,临床等效剂量,阳性药)组、牙痛停滴丸(124.8 mg/kg,4倍临床等效剂量)组,每天给药1次,连续ig3 d.于末次给药1h后,以二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀为炎症模型,考察小鼠耳片的肿胀度.结果 大体观察显示,给药10d,模型组溃疡表面仍存在假膜,牙痛停滴丸组基本愈合,甲硝唑组溃疡面积减小并伴有假膜;与模型组比较,给药4、10d时,牙痛停滴丸和甲硝唑组溃疡直径显著减小(P＜0.05),口腔溃疡评分显著降低(P＜0.05);HE染色显示,牙痛停滴丸组假膜较模型组小,且鳞状上皮细胞坏死程度较低.与模型组比较,牙痛停滴丸及阿司匹林组的小鼠耳片肿胀度均显著降低(P＜0.05、0.01).结论 牙痛停滴丸可以治疗炎症、促进口腔溃疡的愈合,缓解溃疡表面的红肿情况,对口腔溃疡有一定的治疗作用.

《吴鞠通医案》作为一本较为实用的临床参考书,对后世有重要指导意义.石膏、半夏二味的配伍使用尤为精当.本文拟从探本溯源、本草考究、配伍特点三方面对该配伍进行论述,以期有助于经典研读及临床应用.

[目的]基于中医传承辅助系统（V2.5）,对《中医方剂大辞典》中收载的所有治疗中风的方剂进行常用药物、药对及配伍规律等方面的用药规律分析,以期为中风的治疗提供思路和方法。[方法]收集并筛选《中医方剂大辞典》中主治病症索引目录收载的主治病症为"中风""中风闭证""中风脱证"的方剂,录入中医传承辅助系统,总结高频药物、高频药对等,以探讨治疗中风的药物配伍规律。[结果]《中医方剂大辞典》中治疗中风的方剂共1 143首,筛选出符合纳入标准的方剂1 126首,共包含中药579味,对纳入的方剂进行药物频次分析,结果显示在治疗中风时最常用的药物为"风药",按功效对药物进行分类,使用频次由高到低分别是解表药、补虚药、平肝息风药等;常用的配伍分类为祛风活血、温阳解表、温阳活血等。[结论]在治疗中风时,医家比较重视"风药"的使用,并辅以活血、温阳、化痰、补益、开窍、通络之法,可以为临床治疗中风提供参考。

目的 提取获得柳叶白前粗多糖(CSP90),对其单糖组成、形貌特征和抗氧化活性进行分析.方法 通过水提醇沉法提取CSP90,利用HPLC测定单糖组成,通过扫描电子显微镜分析形貌特征,并测定CSP90对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的清除作用.结果 CSP90的糖含量和蛋白质含量分别为94.7％和2.86％,主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成,其微观结构的聚集状态部分呈凹凸不平的不规则薄碎片状结构,边缘不平整,而部分结构呈光滑连绵的薄片,伴有一些分支,说明CSP90呈无定形结构.在1.6 mg·mL-1的浓度下,CSP90与抗坏血酸(VC)对DPPH自由基的清除率分别为96.5％和97.6％,表明CSP90具有较好的DPPH自由基清除活性.结论 CSP90含有多种单糖,并且对DPPH自由基的清除能力较好,有望被开发成一种天然的抗氧化剂.

中医膏方历史悠久,疗效确切,现代临床应用更加广泛.膏方的应用不仅仅局限于治病,现代应用更加注重养生保健.本文从膏方的历史源流,临床应用,药理研究,质量控制方面做一综述,并对膏方未来进行展望,针对膏方制作过程以及后期的质量控制及临床应用提出自己的见解,希望对膏方的发展起到一定参考作用.

对金盏菊活性成分和药理作用的研究概况作总结,以期为其后续开发提供科学依据.金盏菊是菊科金盏菊属植物,主要含有黄酮、皂甙、精油和类胡萝卜素等多种活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗真菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等药理功效.金盏菊作为一种具有潜在生物学特性的药用植物,广泛应用于医药、食品和化妆品等行业中,具有较高的经济价值.对其进行深入研究,是当前的开发重点.

目的 探讨EIink平衡训练仪在脑卒中患者恢复中的应用效果.方法 选择2018年11月至2019年12月天津中医药大学附属武清中医院接诊的60例脑卒中患者,根据干预方式不同分为两组,各30例.两组均行常规康复训练,对照组加用针灸治疗,试验组在对照组基础上加用EIink平衡训练仪训练,比较两组的平衡功能、步行功能及日常生活能力.结果 干预28 d、3个月后,两组Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分与Holden步行能力级别均优于干预前,且试验组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组Barthel指数评定量表(BI)评分均高于干预前,且试验组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 将EIink平衡训练仪应用于脑卒中患者,可提高其平衡与步行功能及日常生活能力.

目的:探究中西医结合治疗延髓梗死后患者平衡功能障碍的临床效果.方法:将2017年4月-2019年8月本医院治疗的50例延髓梗死之后出现平衡功能障碍的患者作为研究对象,评定组别方法依据抽签方式,分为实验组和参比组,各25例.实验组实行中医针刺治疗+西医康复锻炼,参比组实行西医康复锻炼,统计干预之前与干预6周之后平衡能力调查数据、平时生活活动能力调查数据.结果:实验组干预6周之后平衡能力及平时生活活动能力调查数据较参比组及干预之前增加(P＜0.05).结论:为延髓梗死后患者平衡功能障碍选择中西医结合治疗显示较好效果.