Vertically inhomogeneous strain within perovskite crystalline layers remains a critical barrier to achieving high efficiency and long-term stability in perovskite solar cells. Herein, we address this challenge by integrating ascorbyl glucoside into hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanocrystals derived from TiCl4 to reduce the surface energy of TiO2 electron transport layer. The small surface energy establishes a liquid/solid/air interface, creating a dewetting effect to trigger stressed perovskite lattice at the bottom region. This design aligns with the liquid/air interface at the top, typically accompanied by formation of an inevitably strained top surface of the perovskite crystals. By precisely controlling crystallization dynamics of the liquid/solid/air interface, we successfully obtained a compressively strained perovskite film that is homogeneously strained throughout the out-of-plane direction. This uniform strain perovskite films deliver outstanding device performance, improving efficiencies to 25.34% of target from 23.20% of control for small-area devices (0.09 cm2), and 24.13% of target from 21.25% of control for large-area devices (1.00 cm2). Moreover, the optimized device demonstrate remarkable operational stability, retaining over 95% (T95) of its initial efficiency for over 2 000 h. The mechanically informed strategy introduces a new paradigm for strain engineering, offering valuable insights into the design of high performance perovskite photovoltaics.

Scalable manufacturing of perovskite solar cells is fundamentally limited by the vulnerability of perovskite crystallization to ambient moisture and oxygen, particularly during blade coating where an extended pre-annealing interval exposes unstable intermediates. Here, we introduce a surface-confined protection strategy to intrinsically stabilize perovskite film formation under ambient conditions. By introducing dipropylammonium trifluoroacetate (DPTA) into the perovskite precursor ink to spontaneously form a dense and self-assembled surface layer, selectively shielding the wet perovskite pre-film from environmental attack during the critical pre-annealing stage. This transient yet effective barrier preserves the PbI2·NMP intermediate to prevent pre-annealing degradation of the perovskite lattice even at high humidity. Simultaneously, the multifunctional ionic nature of DPTA allows strong coordination and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the perovskite lattice, leading to reduced bulk and interfacial defects. As a result, air-processed blade-coated MA-free perovskite solar cells reach an efficiency of 26.14% (certified at 25.75%), and retain 93.11% of the initial efficiency after 1300 h under continuous 1 sun illumination tested at maximum-power-point. The strategy readily translates to manufacturing-relevant perovskite solar modules, delivering 22.72%-efficiency on substrate area of 100 × 100 mm2. These results establish surface-confined protection as a general principle for scalable perovskite photovoltaics under ambient conditions.

Defects at the buried interface represent a critical challenge that impedes further improvements in both the performance and scalable manufacturing of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Defect formation, lattice mismatch, and energy-level misalignment at this interface aggravate nonradiative recombination and accelerate photothermal degradation, thereby limiting both efficiency and operational stability. Here, we employ interface engineering using multifunctional molecules to suppress defect formation. To minimize redundant material screening, we combine theoretical calculations with experimental validation to identify 4-aminobutylphosphonic acid (4-ABPA) for modifying the interface between the perovskite layer and the electrode. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate 4-ABPA as a multifunctional molecular bridge that simultaneously anchors to the charge transport layer and interacts with the perovskite lattice. And its role in dynamically regulating perovskite crystallization and enhancing interfacial performance is uncovered. The dual-site chemical binding regulates crystallization, alleviates residual stress, suppresses interfacial defects, and optimizes energy-level alignment at the buried interface. As a result, voltage loss is reduced to 31 mV, enabling power conversion efficiencies of 25.56% in n-i-p and 26.45% in p-i-n architectures with negligible hysteresis. The modified devices also exhibit outstanding durability, retaining 83.91% of their initial performance under 1440 h of continuous operation and 91.59% after 2600 h of ambient storage. Our work establishes a systematic and universal buried-interface engineering strategy to further enhance efficiency and stability, thereby advancing the mass production of perovskite devices.

ABSTRACT Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a highly promising photovoltaic architecture due to their excellent operational stability, simplified fabrication, and compatibility with tandem integration. While surface passivation and top interface optimization have been extensively studied, the buried interface between hole transport layer and perovskite absorber has recently been recognized as a critical yet underexplored factor controlling device efficiency and long‐term stability. This review systematically examines the fundamental roles, characterization techniques, and engineering strategies of buried interfaces in inverted PSCs. We first analyze defect formation, energy‐level alignment, strain accumulation and crystallization dynamics at the buried interface, followed by advanced characterization approaches that enable direct probing of interfacial chemical and electronic properties. We then summarize recent progress in buried interface engineering, including crystallization modulation, chemical passivation, energy‐level tuning and emerging methods such as molecular extrusion and porous insulator contacts. Finally, we highlight remaining challenges in scaling buried interface engineering from small‐area devices to large‐area modules, emphasizing scalable processing, uniform interfacial modification and long‐term operational stability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework and guidance for the rational design of next‐generation high‐efficiency and durable inverted PSCs.

Escalating armed conflict threatens World Cultural Heritage sites with irreversible damage. This study develops an integrated risk assessment framework that combines physical monitoring and public perception analysis for heritage sites in conflict zones. The framework uses multi-modal data, including remote sensing imagery for building damage detection, open-source intelligence for armed conflict events, and social media texts for public attention analysis. We construct three indicators: Building Damage Intensity Index (BDII), Conflict Intensity Index (CII), and Public Attention Volume (PAV). The framework is applied to 16 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Israel/Palestine and Ukraine during 2018–2024. Results show that spatial encroachment on heritage buffer zones, rather than the absolute intensity of damage or conflict, is the main trigger of global public attention. This finding suggests that threats closer to heritage boundaries amplify international concern. The framework offers evidence-based support for heritage risk identification and intervention prioritization.

All-inorganic perovskites have gained significant attention in recent years due to their superior thermal and environmental stability compared to their organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts. These materials, typically represented by CsPbX3, exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties such as high absorption coefficients, suitable bandgaps, and long carrier diffusion lengths, making them promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaic applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structural characteristics, phase behavior, and optoelectronic properties of inorganic perovskites. Various fabrication techniques, including solution processing, vacuum deposition, and hybrid approaches, are discussed with respect to their influence on film quality and device performance. Key issues, including phase instability and defect formation, are discussed, together with recent advances in composition engineering, additive optimization, and interfacial modification. In addition, the environmental and health concerns associated with lead usage have driven the development of lead-free alternatives, such as bismuth-, tin-, or antimony-based perovskites. This review also summarizes progress in the fabrication of large-area and flexible IPSCs and explores their potential applications under extreme environmental conditions. Finally, the remaining challenges and future opportunities for advancing high-performance all-inorganic perovskite photovoltaics are highlighted.

Natural world heritage sites face increasing risk under rapid climate change, especially considering the impacts of climate extremes. However, there is not yet enough understanding of the future extreme climate challenges at global natural world heritage sites. Here we identify the exposure of 250 natural heritage sites to extreme climate events under 4 different future scenarios. We found that by 2100 under the highest emission scenario, 248 out of 250 sites were exposed to extreme climate events. Forest natural world heritage sites may face increasing pressure to complex extreme phenomena under emission rise. In tropical regions, where high temperatures may magnify the vulnerability of biodiversity, we identify 14 natural world heritage sites to be prioritised that are poor in biodiversity and expected to face high temperatures. Hence, there is an urgent need for enhanced climate change adaptation at heritage sites to minimise loss of irreplaceable values.

The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC), adopted by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) on November 16, 1972, aims to ensure the identification, protection, conservation, presentation, and transmission to future generations of the world's cultural and natural heritage. The WHC works toward these goals by emphasizing the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of heritage sites and the unique contribution such places can make to conservation and human development agendas.1UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2021.Google Scholar As of the end of January 2023, the WHC has been signed by 194 state parties, covering 1,157 sites (including 900 cultural, 218 natural, and 39 mixed properties), 55 of which are considered to be in danger. These sites, totaling an area of more than 370 million hectares are designated as World Heritage (WH) sites (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/). WH sites have played a significant role in the sustainable development of society globally and helped effectively maintain and preserve the cultural diversity and global biodiversity of the Earth.2Luo L. Wang X. Guo H. Contribution of UNESCO designated sites to the achievement of sustainable development goals.Innovation. 2022; 3100227Google Scholar However, WH sites around the world are experiencing significant impacts caused, in large part, by increasing anthropogenic threats (such as the rapid spread of urban sprawl, deforestation, resource overexploitation, air pollution, armed conflict, excessive tourism, and poor management).3Allan J.R. Venter O. Maxwell S. et al.Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites.Biol. Conserv. 2017; 206: 47-55Crossref Scopus (104) Google Scholar There is also a range of overarching, long-term global challenges posed by climate change, extreme and severe weather events and geological hazards.4Vousdoukas M.I. Clarke J. Ranasinghe R. et al.African heritage sites threatened as sea-level rise accelerates.Nat. Clim. Chang. 2022; 12: 256-262Crossref Scopus (39) Google Scholar These threats, anthropogenic or otherwise, have put an unprecedented amount of pressure on the protection of both cultural and natural properties at the heritage sites. There is no conclusive solution to effectively protect heritage sties in the foreseeable future, and the public is becoming increasingly conscious about the negative impacts some anthropogenic activities have brought to heritage sites, exposing them to various risks for irreversible damage and loss. In light of this predicament, UNESCO, alongside its conservation partners, has been actively calling for the use of non-intrusive space technology (ST) to better evaluate and understand the detrimental factors surrounding WH sites and devise effective plans to mitigate negative impacts on OUV through the accurate identification, documentation, monitoring, and understanding of WH sites and their changes across large spatiotemporal scales. For this commentary, ST refers mainly to remote sensing (RS) based on Earth observation (EO) from space, as well as other geospatial information technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Even though ST was not developed intentionally for WH protection, it provides an advanced set of innovative and flexible tools that integrate scientific research into heritage science, which forms the evidential base to support measures for the protection of WH sites. ST also opens up paths of methodological innovation to facilitate future conservation of cultural and natural properties with new paradigms. On the basis of a half-century review of the applications of ST in the field of WH, we find that ST has effectively reshaped our means for WH conservation in four major domains of application: mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management of WH sites (Figure 1A). ST, as an objective and reliable "eye" from above for heritage experts, has enabled detailed mapping of heritages at various scales. This application commonly involves the acquisition and updatable analysis of multimodal datasets, combined with near real-time survey and investigation of WH sites and their contextual environments. ST is also an invaluable tool in identifying and designating potential new WH sites. The widespread integration of ST has played a crucial role in UNESCO's routine monitoring and emergency monitoring of cultural and natural heritages as a countermeasure to the challenges presented by global change. In particular, ST has made major contributions to fine-grained monitoring at very high resolutions in time and space and in assessing change caused by natural and/or anthropogenic processes. The combined application of RS, GIS, and augmented reality has facilitated the production of three-dimensional (3D) modeling of WH sites. In addition, photogrammetry and laser scanning can be used in WH surveys for generating 3D documentation of cultural and natural properties. Heritage information models of some popular WH sites have already been actively used in the fields of architecture study and digital ecology. The ability of ST to contribute to the conservation, planning, and management of WH sites has already been commonly used in the following domains: the definition of authenticity and integrity (AI), the mapping of OUV attributes of cultural and natural assets, the development and maintenance of heritage databases, 3D modeling and digital reconstruction, and informing WH management for sustainable development. The UNESCO WHC refers to its "strategic objectives" as the "5 C's": credibility, conservation, capacity building, communication, and communities.1UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2021.Google Scholar Here, we propose five key contributions ("5 D's") of ST for conservation work involving WH sites (see Figure 1B): data, driver, discovery, digital transformation, and decision support. ST and the 5 D's, together with the WHC, constitute the "turbine model" for safeguarding WH that is proposed in this commentary and will assist in achieving the 5 C's over the next 50 years. By providing massive multi-source data, ST plays a crucial role in the WH governance chain. Archived data together with ongoing data acquisition record changes at WH sites and provide evidence for their conservation. The data collected through ST will, in turn, serve as an invaluable store of not only raw observations but also derivative products that can be extracted from imagery.5Levin N. Ali S. Crandall D. et al.World Heritage in danger: big data and remote sensing can help protect sites in conflict zones.Global Environ. Change. 2019; 55: 97-104Crossref Scopus (50) Google Scholar As a result of this data mechanism, ST will be able to mitigate the problem of lacunae in WH data by offering global coverage and consistency. ST is driving a revolution to become a new paradigm of WH protection. It provides advanced tools, such as RS data processing and GIS spatial analysis powered by machine learning, which can be used for dynamic monitoring and spatiotemporal analysis of changes that are occurring at WH sites. From this enhanced monitoring method, WH specialists and managers are empowered with the tools to monitor change over time and to assess whether conservation efforts to mitigate the impacts of natural and anthropogenic processes are contributing to positive outcomes toward sustainability. ST plays a key role in aiding frontier research across multiple disciplines related to heritage science. Scientific discoveries based on the use of new geospatial technologies and big EO data can be applied to the quantitative assessment of the state of WH protection. They can also be used to support deepened multidimensional interpretations of the OUV of WH sites, to guide the sustainable use of WH, and to improve accessibility so that all stakeholders may obtain unbiased and open information, thus increasing the credibility of WH as a global brand. ST provides a means of digital transformation that can be used for identifying, understanding, visualizing, presenting, and interpreting WH sites and their OUV in the digital space. In the future, ST will promote the transformation of WH protection through studies such as tangible heritage, digitalized heritage, or both. GIS-aided digital transformation will greatly improve the quality and efficiency of global communication and the dissemination of information related to WH sites, promoting public awareness of protection concepts and smoothing the implementation of actions. ST is becoming an invaluable tool to provide decision-making support along the entire chain of WH governance, from mapping to monitoring, modeling, and management. ST-based solutions could offer spatial intelligence to inform strategic decision making for multiple stakeholders, including local communities, WH sectors, institutions, and organizations. It offers an innovative path for capacity building and capacity enhancement in relation to the global governance of WH. These solutions are delivered in numerous ways, including databases, technologies, protocols, visualization platforms, and analytical systems. WH is under the influence of a wide array of anthropogenic and natural processes, giving the heritage bodies and national and international organizations promoting the preservation of WH sites an unprecedented opportunity to use science, technology, and innovation, including ST, to experiment innovative solutions and promote the role of WH in achieving sustainable development. Given that natural and anthropogenic challenges can present similar issues in various regions across the globe, it is evident that sharing knowledge and expertise, as well as developing collective strategies to leverage ST, while tailoring our methods to local circumstances, will be fundamental in developing a global approach for WH that is successful in the long run. The past 50 years of applications have resulted in continuous innovation in the development of ST to become powerful, cutting-edge tools for use in heritage documentation, monitoring, assessment and protection, and sustainable development. Although the progress is promising, we must underscore that relying solely on ST is insufficient; the greatest benefits are achieved by integrating ST with a variety of disciplines, such as management, economics, sustainability, sociology, education, ethics, politics, law, art, and aesthetics. Through closer and sustained engagement with a broader cross-section of society and local communities, ST can contribute to opening new horizons for WH protection over the course of the twenty-first century. This work was supported by the Innovative Research Program of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals (grant CBAS2022IRP09) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant 2023135). The viewpoints expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of their institutions. The authors declare no competing interests.

Scientific cognition and assessment of threats to cultural heritage and surrounding landscapes are prerequisites for targeted management and protection of cultural heritage. This study took 530 city sites in the Central Plains of China as the research object. Based on the survey information of city sites in the third national cultural heritage survey in China, a combination of high resolution google images and land use/land cover data products and city sites survey data enables a comprehensive evaluation of landscape elements impacts on city sites. With spatial statistical method, we divided city site landscape types, and constructed a landscape element risk assessment model and an urbanization intensity index to analyze the threats of each landscape element to city site protection. The results indicated that 40.64% of the sites are in farmland landscapes, where agricultural cultivation, irrigation, and other production activities may affect the surface and subsurface remains of the sites. The sites (16.82%) in urban landscapes are affected by activities such as building houses and roads. Only six sites belong to the water landscape area, which may be affected by water erosion. Other sites (2.84%) are mainly affected by plant root growth in forest landscapes. The city sites distributed in urban areas such as Zhengzhou or the urban–rural junction were significantly affected by urban expansion and got the greatest protection pressure. City sites in agricultural landscapes have the second highest conservation risk. Plant erosion and flooding mainly affected the city sites in the northwest-southwest mountainous areas or near the water area of the study area, and the risks were relatively small. It can be seen that landscape types such as urban and farmland, which are closely related to human activities, bring the most pressure to the protection of city sites, and it is necessary to focus on the impact of human activities such as urban construction on city sites and the surrounding environment in the future, while paying attention to the protection and rational use of city sites with high assessment risk in urban planning and management for the protection of the city site proper and landscape scenery.

World heritage sites are monuments and natural landscapes recognised by all humanity as being of outstanding significance and universal value. Spatial technology provides new ideas for the conservation and sustainable development of world heritage sites. Using a bibliometric analysis, this study extracted 401 relevant documents from the Web of Science database from 1990–2022. Meta information, such as abstracts, keywords of the papers were extracted and cleaned using bibliometric package and analysed the applications, partnerships and development trends of existing spatial technologies for world heritage sites. The results of the study show the “4D” characteristics of space technology in world heritage sites: (1) Development: Spatial applications in world heritage sites have gradually developed with an annual growth rate of 10.22% during the period 1990–2022. (2) Discrepancy: More than 70 per cent of countries have not been able to fully apply space technology on the ground at world heritage sites. (3) Desirability: Shared exchanges between research institutions are rare, and more cooperation and exchanges are expected, especially between transnationals. (4) Diversity: The future outlook for technology will be multidisciplinary, multi-method integrated research.

The quantification of the extent and dynamics of land-use changes is a key metric employed to assess the progress toward several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that form part of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. In terms of anthropogenic factors threatening the conservation of heritage properties, such a metric aids in the assessment of achievements toward heritage sustainability solving the problem of insufficient data availability. Therefore, in this study, 589 cultural World Heritage List (WHL) properties from 115 countries were analyzed, encompassing globally distributed and statistically significant samples of “monuments and groups of buildings” (73.2%), “sites” (19.3%), and “cultural landscapes” (7.5%). Land-cover changes in the WHL properties between 2015 and 2020 were automatically extracted from big data collections of high-resolution satellite imagery accessed via Google Earth Engine using intelligent remote sensing classification. Sustainability indexes (SIs) were estimated for the protection zones of each property, and the results were employed, for the first time, to assess the progress of each country toward SDG Target 11.4. Despite the apparent advances in SIs (10.4%), most countries either exhibited steady (20.0%) or declining (69.6%) SIs due to limited cultural investigations and enhanced negative anthropogenic disturbances. This study confirms that land-cover changes are among serious threats for heritage conservation, with heritage in some countries wherein the need to address this threat is most crucial, and the proposed spatiotemporal monitoring approach is recommended.

The electron-transport layer (ETL) plays an important role in improving the performance of flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs). Herein, a room-temperature-processed SnO2 :OH ETL is demonstrated, that exhibits reduced defect density, in particular lower oxygen vacancy concentration, with better energy band alignment and more wettable surface for quality perovskite deposition. More importantly, an efficient electron-transfer channel is produced between the ETL and the perovskite layer due to the formation of hydrogen bonds at the interface, resulting in enhanced electron extraction from the perovskite. As a result, the efficiency of a large-area (36.50 cm2 ) flexible perovskite solar module based on MAPbI3 is increased to as high as 18.71%; this is thought to be the highest reported PCE value for flexible perovskite solar modules to date. In addition, it exhibits high durability while maintaining over 83% of its initial PCE after flexing test cycles. Further, F-PSCs with SnO2 :OH show remarkably long-term stability, owing to a high quality of the perovskite film and a strong coupling between the SnO2 :OH and perovskite layer caused by hydrogen bonds, which successfully inhibits moisture permeation.

Floods had a massive impact on the development of ancient cities around the world and understanding this phenomenon constitutes an essential part of the history of long-term and dynamic human-environment interactions. There remains, however, an enormous challenge in identifying records of ancient floods in urban environments due to various sedimentation and postdepositional processes that often remove, erase, and alter such environmental records. During archaeological excavations in the famous historic city of Kaifeng, we identified records of two historical floods at the Shuntianmen site. Related stratums were carefully studied, from which dating and sediment samples were collected. These excavated stratums were also scanned to obtain digital data for modeling. Combining these data, we then applied three-dimensional modeling to reconstruct the evolution of the natural and cultural landscape of the site since the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 AD), which was not possible in previous studies due to the deep burial of archaeological strata. Our results indicate that the two floods occurred during the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) and the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912 AD), respectively. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Shuntianmen was an important part of Kaifeng, which was, at that time, the capital of China and one of the largest cities in the world. Later, during the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Shuntianmen became a suburban settlement situated along various traffic routes. During the Qing Dynasty, the area became a small village. Subsequently, the area was completely abandoned and deserted until modern Kaifeng, which was built at the same place. The evolution of the regional landscape is the direct result of the interaction between the natural environment and human activities, among which the precarious alluvial processes of the Yellow River were playing an increasingly vital role. Over the centuries, the Yellow River floods, warfare, and wind-blown sand accumulation reduced the Kaifeng region from a prosperous capital to a comparatively deserted area.

"Total expenditure（public and private） per capita spent on the preservation, protection and conservation of world heritage" is considered as an indicator to evaluate the sustainable development goals（SDGs） of world heritage by SDG11.4.1. It is in the state of having methods but no data, which needs the support of data and calculation cases. The statistical data of 48 UNESCO sites of China were used to measure and analyze SDG11.4.1, and Landsat images were used to monitor and analyze the human intervention of 4 natural heritage sites in this study. The results are shown as follows. 1) Expenditure per unit area can be used to measure the sustainable development status of natural protected areas（includes world natural heritage, mixed heritage, geopark and biosphere reserve）, which is not suitable for the measurement of cultural heritage. 2) The average investment of 4 million yuan per square kilometer per year in natural protected area can be used as the threshold for high-quality development goals, and the average expenditure per square kilometer of 800 000 yuan per year can be used as the threshold for good development status. 3) The degree of human intervention as an extended index can reflect the sustainable protection status and trend of heritages, and can be further applied in similar protected sites in China and other countries.

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The past few decades have witnessed unprecedented global urbanisation, with direct or indirect impacts on global cultural heritage sites. Research on the spatial relationship between cultural heritage sites and urban areas has provided a new perspective for understanding the impact processes between them, which have previously been discussed at the regional scale. In this article, we analyse the spatial relationship between world cultural heritage sites and neighbouring towns through systematic observations at the global scale and attempt to model change processes and identify impact mechanisms. We adopt spatial analysis and spatial statistics to analyse the changing characteristics of the spatial relationship between world cultural heritage sites and neighbouring towns from 1990 to 2018 and to analyse the impact processes at different spatial and temporal scales by combining indicators, such as income levels and urbanisation rates, at the national scale. The results show that 8.52% of world cultural heritage sites have been incorporated into urban areas over the aforementioned 28 years, with a certain aggregation in the spatial distribution of these sites, and that the growth rate can be divided into three phases, including two periods of rapid growth. The spatial relationship between towns and the 523 world cultural heritage sites that were previously located outside towns has not yet changed substantially, but the distances between most of the towns and these sites have been decreasing, with 81% of the world cultural heritage sites having a variation in distance from the corresponding town of 7.60 km or less. We also analysed the variation in distance between cultural heritage sites and neighbouring towns and found a relationship with indicators, such as the income level and urbanisation rate of the country to which a site belongs. Among the indicators, variation in national urbanisation rates most greatly affected the distance between heritage sites and towns. This study shows that world cultural heritage sites are affected by urbanisation and that particular attention should be given to the relationship between cultural heritage sites and neighbouring towns, especially in countries undergoing rapid urbanisation, so that the authenticity and integrity of cultural heritage are not compromised. This article provides a basis for development plans and policies in urban design, especially those that are sensitive to cultural heritage, and may also provide ideas and references for heritage conservation against the background of urbanisation.

The Shuanghuaishu (SHS) site in China is one of the 100 most important archaeological discoveries over the past 100 years; its historical heritage can be traced directly back 5300 years. Understanding the early landscape of the site would provide important information about the origin of Chinese civilization. The SHS site is buried and surface traces are difficult to see; therefore, we attempted to reconstruct the early landscape of the site based on a current surface landscape model and environmental archaeological analysis. We created a modern three-dimensional (3D) landscape model of the study area from high spatial resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photographs and analysed the distance change between the Yellow River and SHS site in the past 60 years from CORONA and Landsat images. By combining environmental archaeological survey results, archaeological excavation data, relevant papers, and field measurements, we reconstructed the paleotopography of the SHS site during the Yangshao period (7000–5000 aBP). On this basis, 3D natural and human landscapes during the Yangshao period were rebuilt. The results show that (1) Satellite images acquired at different resolutions can provide multiscale spatial information about the site, and high-precision models of current conditions can be quickly generated from UAV aerial photography. (2) From 1960 to 2020, the shortest distance between the SHS site and the Yellow River was approximately 512 m. The location of bedrock on Mang Mountain can be used to infer the early extent of the northern terrace at the site. (3) Environmental archaeology provided information about the palaeoenvironment of the site area. By incorporating spatial information technology and 3D visualization, we can better restore the early landscape of the SHS site. Our work integrates environmental archaeology, field archaeology, and spatial technology, enabling data and modelling support for the visual interpretation of the SHS site.

The continuous development of the Neolithic to Bronze-Age cultures on China’s Central Plains is well contested by archaeological and historical research. Environmental factors that sustained such an exceptionally long cultural continuity are, however, poorly understood. The evolution of fluvial landscapes and its relationship with cultural developments are key to disentangle the close interaction between the environment and civilizational discourse on the Central Plains. Here, we present OSL and AMS 14C ages and other environmental data collected from a range of representative geomorphic locations in the Shuangji River valley, which is situated at the heartland of the Central Plains and long considered to be one of the most important regions for understanding the rise of Chinese civilization. Combining the OSL and 14C dates, results of particle size and soil micromorphology, and geoarchaeological field observations, we reconstruct the evolution of Holocene geomorphological landscape in the Shuangji River valley. The results show that the Neogene alluvial fan was incised to a wide valley during the early Pleistocene. Subsequent alluvial processes were constrained within this general framework of regional landform. About 20 ka BP and 10-8 ka BP saw two episodes of basin-scale alluvial incision, which created two alluvial terraces (i.e., T4 and T3), respectively. Despite the occurrence of episodic floods and some large-scale alluvial siltation during 8-3 ka BP, these alluvial terraces experienced a prolonged period of surface stability and thus provided optimal environments for prehistoric inhabitation. We argue that the geomorphological foundation and prolonged landscape stability were instrumental to the continuous cultural developments on the Central Plains as seen in the representative Shuangji River valley. Our geoarchaeological survey in the valley for the first time reveals basin-scale evidence on the mechanism responsible for this distinctive relationship between alluvial landscape and cultural development, in which the terrace stability profoundly shaped the celebrated cultural continuity on prehistoric Central Plains.

The Asian elephant(Elephas maximus)-the largest living land animal in Asia-is categorized as an endangered species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List and is listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES)Appendix I[1].Over the past 100 years,the range of the Asian elephant has declined by as much as 90％[2].At present,the Asian elephant inhabits forest-dominated habitat in only 13 countries across South and Southeast Asia(Fig.S1 online),and the IUCN Species Survival Commission(SSC)Asian Elephant Specialist Group(AsESG)estimated the global wild population size of Asian ele-phants to number 45,671-49,028 individuals[3].Forest habitat loss,along with human-elephant conflict,poaching and the illegal trade in ivory and elephant body parts,is weakening global conser-vation efforts towards the recovery of wild Asian elephant popula-tions at local,national and range-wide scales[3,4].

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