《人工种蕈法》一名《蕈之栽培》,是民国时期出版的食用菌种植技术专著.《人工种蕈法》的作者为棉业专家胡竟良,该书于1923年首次出版发行,1942年由"中国农业书局"的"中国新农业"系列丛刊三版发行.此书对菌类文献进行了梳理,引进了国外先进种植技术,推广食用菌种植以改善农业经济.《人工种蕈法》是国内介绍科学种菇技术的第一部公开出版作品,填补了民国食用菌产业萌芽期的诸多空白.

大型真菌历史的研究起步较晚,中华人民共和国成立后开始受到学界的关注.20世纪50年代刘波的《中国古籍中关于菌类的记述》为大型真菌历史研究的滥觞,对大型真菌历史的探索逐步从栽培技术研究中分离出来,成为一门独立的农史学科.大型真菌历史的研究主要着眼于历史学、文学、训诂学、宗教等方面,具有 一定学术价值.

《抱朴子·内篇》为道教经典著作,具有一定的研究价值,其中详细记载了"五芝"为代表的百余种大型真菌.其作者道学家葛洪认为大型真菌的作用仅次于丹砂、金银,是道教体系中的重要环节.通过探析《抱朴子·内篇》中大型真菌与道家的渊源,展现出食用菌这门古老园艺的悠久历史和魅力所在.

加拿大森林面积4亿多公顷,占其国土总面积的31％.加拿大地处亚寒带及寒带地区,森林以亚寒带针叶林为主.山火过后的森林土壤适合野生羊肚菌的生长,每年都有大批羊肚菌采摘者前往加拿大西北地区"淘金",野生羊肚菌的价格大致在每磅30加元(约328元/kg).加拿大人工栽培羊肚菌较少,所以羊肚菌价格还有上升的空间.

In this study,the effects of the six casing treatments on the yield of the button mushroom were compared. The six casing treatments were that soil casing,soil+Pseudomonas putida UW4 bacterial agent(2%of the soil dry weight),sterilized soil,sterilized soil+UW4 bacterial agent(2% of the soil dry weight),sterilized vermiculite,and sterilized vermiculite+UW4 bacterial agent(2% of the vermiculite dry weight),respectively. Pseudomonas putida UW4 is commonly used as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC)deaminase producing bacteria. The results showed that the fruiting bodies emerged earliest (the duration from casing to primordium initiation was earlier 1-8 d)and the yield of the first and second crops was the highest(higher 19.8%to 115%)with not any contamination by casing sterilized vermiculite+UW4 compared to the other casing treatments. In details,casing of sterilized vermiculite+UW4 the fruiting bodies emerged earlier 3 d and the yield of the first and second crops was higher 35.1%than that of soil casing. The number of bacteria and ACC deaminase producing bacteria in the casing material after harvest two flush mushrooms and the yield of the first and second crops showed significant positive correlation,respectively. The results of this study suggest that it is a facility procedure for green and efficient production of the button mushroom by using sterilized vermiculite adding ACC deaminase producing bacteria agent instead of the traditional soil casing.

在河南省汝阳县伏牛山区首次发现了蛹虫草的生长与分布.调查了蛹虫草的生长环境并对蛹虫草菌株进行了分离纯化、形态学观察和分子鉴定.结果表明,野生蜗虫草主要分布在山体的背阴面,毒生于针、阔叶混交林地表土层鳞翅目昆虫的蛹体上,子座呈1个或多个分支,长3～8 cm,颜色呈橘黄至棕黄色,子囊壳丰富.分子鉴定表明,蛹虫草的ITS1-5.8SrDNA-ITS2序列长度为478 bp,GC含量为56.4％.经GenBank数据库同源性检索比对,与蛹虫草有高度同源性,达到100％.分离自野生蛹虫草的菌株ycc-ry-01在大米综合培养基上只能形成原基,不能长出子座,而对照菌株ycc-jzc可以培养出子座;经液体发酵培养后的菌株ycc-ry-01与对照菌株ycc-jzc均表现出纤溶活性,菌丝体提取液的活性大于发酵液的活性.

四、无棒栽培天麻的管理技术 管理可分为初期、中期和后期,每段时期约120天.初期温度控制在16～20℃,湿度60％～65％;中期温度22～25℃,湿度65％～70％;后期温度与中期相同,湿度55％～60％.培养室内温度超过25℃时,打开窗户通风,每3平方米放一盆凉水,使培养室内温度降低3～4℃.冬天室内温度降低时给窗户钉一层塑料薄膜,给麻床盖上草帘,可增室温7～10℃.生炉加温,一旦感染杂菌时,用2％高锰酸钾喷洒即可杀灭杂菌.

天麻是兰科植物,以块茎入药,主治头晕、头痛、半身不遂、四肢痉挛、小儿惊风等症.由于天麻无根无叶,本身不能吸收营养,必须依靠一种真菌——蜜环菌供应营养,否则就会死亡.因此,栽种天麻必须先繁殖蜜环菌.现将笔者根据多年生产实践经验总结的人工无棒栽培天麻技术介绍如下: 一、蜜环菌的培养 1.母种分离培养:取健壮幼嫩的棕红色菌索,用无菌水冲洗4～6次,再用0.1％升汞溶液消毒3分钟,用镊子将蜜环菌索外膜削掉,剪成5厘米长的小段,以无菌操作接入母种斜面培养基上,置入20～25℃不见光的恒温环境中培养20天,长满斜面,经纯化即为母种.

介绍了无棒代料栽培天麻新技术，这是一种低成本、高收益的栽培模式，在天麻栽培中具有很重要的现实意义。

The extracellular lipase gene from Yarrowia lipolytica(Lip2)was cloned,ligated into vector pPIC9K.The recombinant plasmid pPIC9K-Lip2 was linearized by restriction enzyme SalI,then integrated into the genome of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris GS115.A clone named HL10 with higher lipase was selected.When the medium and fermentation condition were optimized,the lipase activity reached 1598.5 U/mL in a shaken flask cultivation with an apparent molecular weight of 36.0 kDa using Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal peptide(α-factor)under the control of the methanol inducible promoter of the alcohol oxidase 1 gene.

The growth rate,vigor,density and pigmentation of Laetiporus sulphureus mycelium were observed at different temperatures,pH values,on different carbon and nitrogen sources,and using different C∶N ratios.Our data showed that the preferred C-source,N-source,C∶N ratio,and optimum pH and temperature values were fructose,peptone,30∶1,5.3 and 30 ℃,respectively.

金针菇不同菌株菌丝生长试验结果表明,白金10号母种菌丝生长速度最快,日本白金原种菌丝生长速度最快,而且菌丝生长旺盛。金针菇不同菌株栽培试验结果表明,F45和白金10号生物学效率高、子实体均匀、色泽纯正,适宜在生产中推广应用。

研究了REP-PCR技术在平菇栽培菌株分类鉴定中的应用。结果表明,REP-PCR技术对供试平菇菌株扩增出的条带清晰,重复性好,多态性高。聚类分析表明,在聚类重新标定距离为11时,23个供试菌株聚类为六大类群;在聚类重新标定距离为17时,23个菌株聚类为四大类群:杏鲍菇、白灵菇和秀珍菇为独立的类群,20个糙皮侧耳栽培菌株聚类在一起。因此,REP-PCR技术可以应用于侧耳属种及菌株水平的鉴定。

The biological characteristics of Phellinus igniarius such as the optimum C-source,N-source,C/N,pH and tempreture were studied for hypha cultivation.The results indicated that the optimum C-source,N-source, C/N,pH and tempreture were fructose,yeast powder,20∶1,6.9,30 ℃,respectively.Under this condition,the mycellial bloom and was not esay to age.

The application of ERIC-PCR on identification of cultivated strains of oyster mushroom was studied.The results suggested that the amplified bands of ERIC-PCR of 22 cultivated strains of oyster mushroom and one strain of Lentinula edodes were clear and stable with high repetition and high polymorphisms.At level 15 of rescaled distance cluster combine of cluster analysis,23 tested strains were clustered into 8 groups: strains of Pleurotus ostreatus were clustered into the first and second groups,strains of P.geesteranus,P.eryngii,P.nebrodensis,P.abalones 4011 and L.edodes were allied to independent groups respectively.When the rescaled distance cluster combine was 20,P.abalones and L.edodes were clustered together and other oyster mushrooms together,which suggested the limitation of ERIC-PCR technology and the necessity of using multiply characters in mushroom identification.

黑木耳是深受广大消费者喜爱的一种食用菌,具有较高的营养和保健价值.黑木耳也是我国传统的出口商品,在国际市场上久负盛名.随着我国经济的快速发展、人民生活水平的不断提高以及对外贸易的增加,黑木耳的市场需求量逐年上升.

我国自2001年底加入WTO以来,食用菌出口面临严峻的挑战,市场竞争十分激烈,许多进口国用法规、技术标准、农药残留限量、强制性认证和苛刻检疫等来强化对进口的技术贸易限制(即非关税壁垒).面对这样的形势,食用菌产品质量越来越引起人们的关注.

白阿魏蘑栽培时间较短,生产中还存在着出菇困难、生物学效率低等问题.对此,我们对白阿魏蘑栽培技术进行了研究.通过试验,发现双排菌墙出菇具有易于管理、生物学效率高等特点.现总结如下.

多年来,我国尤其是我国北方地区香菇栽培以秋栽为主.随着社会的发展,鲜香菇的消费量逐年增加,秋栽香菇已不能满足市场的需求,春栽香菇得到逐渐发展.

鸡腿菇是一种新开发的珍稀食用菌,其子实体形似鸡腿,肉质肥厚、味道鲜美、营养丰富、脆嫩爽口,深受消费者欢迎.另外,鸡腿菇还具有较高的药用价值,有助消化、益脾胃、清心安神等作用,对降低血糖、治疗糖尿病有明显辅助疗效,同时对痔疮也有治疗作用.因此,鸡腿菇以其独特的食疗保健功能和鲜美的味道以及可观的效益,受到消费者的欢迎和生产者的喜爱.