BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer stem cells could promote the recurrence and drug resistance of bladder cancer. Numerous studies have shown that keratin 6B (KRT6B) is involved in the production and progression of tumors, and is closely related to the prognosis of tumors. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of keratin 6B in CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells and to show the influence of keratin 6B on proliferation, migration, and self-renewal of bladder cancer stem cells, and to further explore the effect of keratin 6B expression on the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. METHODS: (1) CD44+ 5637 bladder cancer stem cells were isolated by magnetic active cell sorting. Cancer stem cell-related gene expression of SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG was detected via real-time polymerase chain reaction. The spheroid formation assay was used to detect the ability of self-renewal of cancer stem cells in CD44+ cells. Keratin 6B expression was detected in CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction. (2) The CD44+5637 bladder cancer stem cells were divided into two groups. In the keratin 6B siRNA group, keratin 6B small interfering RNA was transfected into CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells. Untransfected CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells were used as the black control group. Cells were collected at 2 days post-transfection. The proliferation, migration, and self-renewal capacity of keratin 6B siRNA CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells were detected by the colony and wound healing assay and spheroid formation respectively. (3) Totally 24 bladder cancer tissues were used by immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CD44v6 and keratin 6B. (4) ONCOMINE database was used to analyze the effect of keratin 6B expression on the overall survival of bladder cancer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Cancer stem cell-related genes (SOX2, OCT4, NANOG) and keratin 6B expression was higher in CD44+ cells isolated by magnetic active cell sorting compared with CD44- cells (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation, migration, and in vitro spheroid formation were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Keratin 6B small interfering RNA down-regulated the expression of keratin 6B in CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the blank control group, the proliferation and migration of CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells after transfection of keratin 6B small interfering RNA (P < 0.05), and the number of tumorsphere significantly diminished (P < 0.05); the expression of Notch1 and Hes1 mRNA increased (P < 0.05). (3) Keratin 6B and CD44v6 were significantly different in bladder cancer tissue (P=0.006). The overall survival rate of bladder cancer patients with high expression of keratin 6B was lower than that of patients with low expression of keratin 6B. (4) The results showed that keratin 6B was highly expressed in CD44+ bladder cancer stem cells, and could promote the proliferation, migration, and self-renewal capacity of bladder cancer stem cells. The high expression of keratin 6B contributes to improving the survival of bladder cancer patients.

目的：总结膀胱原发性淋巴上皮瘤样癌（LELC）的临床病理特征。方法对1例膀胱原发性 LELC 患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果患者无明显诱因出现间断全程肉眼血尿5个月，尿常规检查提示潜血阳性。尿脱落细胞检查提示可疑肿瘤细胞存在，CT 检查示膀胱前壁不规则增厚。术中见膀胱黏膜表面一个3．0 cm ×2．5 cm ×1．5 cm 不规则结节状凸起，镜下可见肿瘤组织呈条索状、巢状或片状聚集，肿瘤细胞呈合体样外观，胞质淡染或略嗜酸性；肿瘤细胞间为淋巴样间质，淋巴细胞与肿瘤细胞密切接触。肿瘤细胞中细胞角蛋白（CK）及CK7阳性、CK20阴性，上皮膜抗原（EMA）、p21、p53、ki-67阳性，CD20、CD3、CD138阳性。病理诊断为膀胱原发性LELC。行膀胱肿瘤切除术，术后予吉西他滨＋奥沙利铂全身静脉化疗，术后随访22个月，未发生肿瘤复发、转移。结论膀胱原发性 LELC 以血尿为主要表现；该病确诊依靠病理检查，镜下可见肿瘤细胞呈合体样外观，胞质淡染或略嗜酸性，肿瘤细胞间为淋巴样间质；肿瘤细胞中 CK 及 CK7表达阳性、CK20阴性，EMA、p21、p53、ki-67阳性， CD20、CD3、CD138阳性。

Objective To observe the change of bladder compliance and bladder interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) post-suprasacral spinal cord transection at different time points in rats and the effect of Imatinib mesylate on the complicance of neurogenic bladder caused by long-term suprasacral spinal cord transaction in rats.Methods One hundred and two female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:group A (sham group of 6 weeks);group B (suprasacral spinal cord transaction group of 6 weeks);group C and group E (sham group of 12 weeks);group D and group F (suprasacral spinal cord transaction group of 12 weeks).The rats in groups A to D were used to study the change of bladder compliance and bladder ICCs post-suprasacral spinal cord transection at different time points.The rats in group E and group F were used to study the effect of Imatinib mesylate on the complicance of neurogenic bladder caused by long-term suprasacral spinal cord transaction.Spinal cord transection at T10 level was built in spinal cord transaction groups,while group A,group C and group F underwent sham operaion.Urodynamics was detected at 6th or 12th week after surgery.We observed the changes of ICCs in the bladder wall by immunohistochemistry.Urodynamics was also detected in group E and group F post-surgery 12 weeks before and after intravenous administration of Imatinib mesylate (5 μmol and 20 μmol respectively).Results The bladder compliance was significantly increased [(0.146 ±0.107) ml/cmH2O vs.(0.066 ± 0.019) ml/cmH2O,P=0.017] and the number of ICCs was significantly decreased [(3.180 ± 1.976)vs.(4.920 ± 1.564),P=0.014] in group B as compared with group A.The bladder compliance was significantly lower [(0.046 ± 0.023) ml/cmH2O vs.(0.063 ± 0.013) ml/cmH2O] and the number of ICCs was significantly higher [(7.710 ±2.024) vs.(4.750 ± 1.138),P =0.000] in group D than in group C.The bladder compliance in group E was increased by intravenous administration of 20 μmol Imatinib mesylate [from (0.070 ± 0.029) ml/cmH2O to (0.096 ± 0.036) ml/cmH2O].It increased the bladder compliance of group F in a dose-dependent manner.The bladder compliance in group F was increased by 5 μmol and 20 μmol Imatinib mesylate from (0.047 ±0.021) ml/cmH2O to (0.065 ±0.019) ml/cmH2O and (0.077 ±0.019) ml/cmH2O respectively,P =0.000.Conclusion The bladder compliance was increased first,then decreased and the number of ICCs changed adversely in the T10 spinal cord transection rats.The bladder compliance of the rats at 12th week post-suprasacral spinal cord transection could be improved by inhibiting the ICCs function.Not only the fibrosis,but also the number of ICCs of the bladder wall increased might be the pathological basis of the reduced bladder compliance in suprasacral spinal cord transaction rats.

Objective To investigate the histopathologic characteristics of bladder tumor and provide theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of treatment modality.Methods This retrospective study collected the pathological data of 4 200 bladder tumor from May 2001 to October 2014.There were 3 443 male and 757 female, and the average diameter of these tumors was (1.8 ± 0.6) cm (ranged 0.2 to 6.5 cm).Among all cases, 3 214 (76.5％) cases were solitary tumor while 986 (23.5％) were multiple tumors.The histologic subtype, pathological grade and stage, the existence of vascular and lymphovascular invasion, tumor in situ, abnormal variants and rare subtypes were recorded and analyzed.Results 162 cases (3.9％)were benign tumors and 4 038 cases (96.1％)were malignant tumors including 4 008 cases of urothelial cancer (UC), 18 cases of primary adenocarcinoma and 12 cases of primary bladder squamous carcinoma.Furthermore, 2 460 (61.4％)cases were high grade UC while 1 548(38.6％)cases were low grade.320 cases were found intravascular tumor embolus or lymphovascular tumor thrombus and 391 (9.3％)cases were found metaplasia of squamous epithelium.Moreover, there were 230 cases of squamous differentiation, 120 cases of glandular differentiation, 110 cases of both squamous and glandular differentiation, and 39 cases (0.9％)of other rare subtypes or variations.On pathological stage, 112 (2.8 ％) cases were carcinoma in situ, 548 (13.7％)cases were Ta, 2 599(65.1％)cases were T1, 480(12％)cases were T2, 92 cases(2.3％)were T3 and 23 cases(0.6％)were T4 stage, with the rest cases being unable to be accurate staging.Multiple Logistic regression analysis revealed that lymphovascular invasion was related to tumor grade , pathological stage and abnormal differentiation (P ＜ 0.02).Moreover, UC with squamous and glandular differentiation were related with tumor recurrence and progression (P =0.02).Conclusions Most bladder tumors were high grade and low stage urothelial cancer with various forms of differentiation.Squamous and glandular differentiation were most common variation which should be avoided to diagnosed as hybrid carcinoma.Lymphovascular tumor thrombus and abnormal differentiation were correlated with tumor stage and grade.

Background: Pim-3 kinase is a highly homologous serine/threonine kinase that is overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Few studies have been conducted to define the role of Pim-3 in solid tumors, especially in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to define the role of Pim-3 in development and prognosis of prostate cancer. Material/Methods: We collected specimens from 160 patients with prostate cancer, as well as 100 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Realtime polymerase chain reaction was used for the assessment of Pim-3 expression at the RNA level and Western blot was used to quantify the Pim-3 protein synthesis in 3 different cell lines. Results: We found that Pim-3 mRNA expression in prostate cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue (p<0.05). Accordingly, the protein level expression of Pim-3 in prostate cancer cell lines was also significantly higher than that in control cells. In addition, the expression status of Pim-3 mRNA was significantly associated with pathological parameters such as pre-surgery prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, pathological stage, and lymphoid metastasis. High expression of Pim-3 also significantly decreased the survival rate of patients after surgery. Conclusions: Pim-3 expression is an important risk factor for prostate cancer; we are the first team to report Pim-3 as a valuable biomarker in Chinese.

目的:探讨并比较肾嗜酸细胞瘤(renal oncocytoma,RO)和嫌色性肾细胞癌(chromophobe renal cell carcinoma,CRCC)的临床病理特征、诊断和治疗方法及预后特点.方法:回顾性研究2013～2016年收治的20例RO及25例CRCC患者的临床资料,结合影像学资料、肉眼与光镜观察以及免疫组织化学染色,统计分析两者临床病理特征的差异.结果:影像学中出现典型星状瘢痕或坏死钙化灶有助于鉴别RO与CRCC,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);统计分析EMA、Vimentin、CD10、CK7、CD117、Claudin-7在RO与CRCC组织中的表达情况,发现CK7、Claudin-7在RO与CRCC中表达差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),可作为鉴别指标;RO患者术后随访3～49个月,未发现复发和转移.CRCC患者随访2～40个月,2例术后1年出现转移灶后死亡.结论:根据两种肿瘤的临床、影像学方面的差别,术前可进行鉴别诊断,但确诊仍需病理学诊断.两者在形态学方面各有特征,免疫表型相似,预后较好,手术切除后极少发生复发和转移.其鉴别诊断主要在于细胞学特征及免疫组织化学标记,对手术选择及术后治疗均有很大意义.

Objective To observe the bladder compliance and morphological changes in rats post-suprasacral spinal cord transection at different time points.Methods Seventy-two female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups:group A (sham group of 6 weeks);group B (suprasacral spinal cord transaction group of 6 weeks),group C (sham group of 12 weeks),and group D (suprasacral spinal cord transaction group of 12 weeks).Spinal cord transection at T10 level was done in spinal cord transaction groups,while group A and group C underwent sham operaion.Urodynamics was detected at 6th or 12th week after surgery.The changes of smooth muscle,collagen and elastic fibers ratio in the area of bladder wall were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining.Results The rats in spinal cord transaction groups had motor and voiding dysfunction.The bladder compliance in group B was significantly higher than in group A (P ＜0.05).The bladder compliance in group D was significantly lower than in group C (P ＜ 0.05).The morphologic changes of the bladder wall in spinal cord injury groups,including the muscle fibers arranged at random and the increased collagen were aggravated with time.As compared with group B,the bladder compliance in group D was significantly decreased [(0.046±0.023) ml/cmH20 vs.(0.146 ±0.107) ml/cmH2O (1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa),P＜0.01],the proportion of detrusor cross-sectional area was significant decreased [(46.137 ± 4.085)％ vs.(55,260 ± 6.873)％,P＜ 0.01],and the proportion of collagen fibers was significantly increased [(19.757 ± 2.071) ％ vs.(11.104 ± 1.125) ％,P ＜ 0.01].Conclusion The bladder compliance in the T10 spinal cord injury rats was increased first,then decreased.The fibrosis of the bladder wall,especially the proportion of collagen fibers was increased,which might be the pathological basis of the reduced bladder compliance.

Background: Pathological large slice is a new technology which is very applicable to diagnosis and research on prostate disorder. Here is a summary of experiences and ideas from learning on this technique in pathological department of Beijing Xiehe Hospital.

Objective To study the clinical and histopathologic features of small renal carcinoma (diameter≤4 cm)and provide theoretical basis for evaluating the safety,efficacy and prognosis of nephron sparing surgery.Methods This retrospective study collected the pathological data of 490 patients with small renal cell carcinoma,who were treated in our hospital,from May 2000 to October 2014.We recorded and analyzed the tumor size,histological subtype,Fuhrman grading,pathological stage,the existence of mulifocality,vascular invasion,tumor psuedocapsule,hemorrhage or necrosis and distant metastasis.Results The median diameter of tumor was (3.2 ± 0.6) cm,ranged 0.6 to 4.0 cm.Of all the subjects,422 (86.1％) were clear cell carcinoma,32 (6.5％) were chromophobe cell carcinoma,23 (4.7％) were papillary carcinoma and 13 (2.7％) were other rare types.Among the 422 clear cell carcinoma cases,27 were Fuhrman grade Ⅰ,157 were Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade,210 were grade Ⅱ,21 were Ⅱ-Ⅲ grade,7 were grade Ⅲ and no one was grade Ⅳ.Multifocal tumors were found in 18 cases (3.7％) and tumor embolus of renal vein was found in 6 cases (1.2％).Intact psuedocapsule were found in 326 (66.5％) tumors with the thickness ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 mm.Tumor infiltration without the psuedocapsule penetration were found in 82 cases (16.7％),penetrated into the psuedocapsule were found in 11 cases (2.2％),infringement of perirenal fat were found in 9 cases (1.8％).Hemorrhage and necrosis were found in 240 cases (48.9％),synchronous lung metastases occurred in 3 patients (0.6％).Logistic regression analysis revealed that tumor invasion and pseudocapsule penetration were related to Fuhrman Ⅱ-Ⅲ,Ⅲ and tumor diameter (P =0.04).Moreover,tumor size was related with histological grade and renal capsule invasion (P =0.02).Nevertheless,there was no relationship among tumor size,renal vein embolus or mulifocality (P =0.35).Conclusions Although most small renal tumors are high differentiation and low grade,but rare cases are aggressive with infringement of perirenal fat or early distant metastasis,suggesting heterogeneity in its biological behavior.Most small renal tumors have obvious psuedocapsule.When the tumor size is greater than 3.0 cm and its Fuhrman classification was high,the psuedocapsule and perirenal fat are more likely to be infiltrated.Nephron sparing surgery should remove the tumor and its surface adipose tissue entirely.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation.Methods From January 2009 to April 2014,the clinical data of 53 cases of bladder urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation were analyzed and compared,retrospectively.This group included 45 men and 8 women,which the median age was 67 years old (range 39 -81 years old).The initial symptoms included gross hematuria in 44 cases (83.0％),urinary irritation in 5 cases(9.4％),dysuria in 2 cases (3.8％) and found through physical examination in 2 cases (3.8％) TURBT was performed in 37 cases (69.8％).Partial and radical cystectomy were undergone in 6 (11.3％) and 10 (18.9％) cases,respectively.53 cases of bladder urothelial carcinoma without glandular differentiation were collected as control group,including 42 men and 11 women with a median age of 65 years (range 41-82 years).45 cases (84.9％) presented gross hematuria.Urinary irritation and dysuria was complained in each one case (1.9 ％).6 cases(11.3％) were found through physical examination.TURBT was performed in 38 cases (71.7％).Partial and radical cystectomy were undergone in 6 (11.3％) and 9 (17.0％) cases,respectively.Results According to the 2004 WHO classification criteria,there were 28 (52.8％)cases with pT1,18 (34.0％)cases with pT2,5 (9.4％)cases with pT3,2(3.8％)cases with pT4 in the glandular group.In the control group,the stage classification included 2 (3.8％)cases with pTa,32 (60.4％) cases with pT1,16 (30.2％) cases with pT2,2 (3.8％) cases with pT3,1 (1.9％) cases with pT4.There were 51 cases with high grade carcinoma and 2 cases with low grade carcinoma in the glandular group.In the control group,40 cases showed high grade carcinoma and 13 cases exhibited low grade carcinoma.Significant difference was found in those groups (P ＜ 0.05).The mean duration of follow-up was 23 and 24 months in glandular and control group,respectively.In glandular group,14 recurrence were recorded with a mean 16 months follow up and 2 cases were dead.In control group,6 recurrence were recorded with a mean 2 5 months follow up and no patients dead (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Bladder urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation tends to have high level of malignant and higher recurrent incidence.Patients should be treated immediately after being diagnosed and intimate following up.

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant.Methods The pathological and clinical data of 7 cases pathological diagnosed urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant between March 2005 and May 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.There were 6 males and 1 female,aged 46-75 years (mean,61 years).Clinical manifestations included gross hematuria in 5 cases,hematuria and backache in another 2 cases.The mean tumor size was 3.5 cm (ranged 2.0-6.0 cm).One case was multiple tumor and 6 cases were single tumor.Five cases were positive in urine cytology.All the 7 cases accepted surgical treatment,including radical nephroureterectomy in 2 cases,transurethral resection of bladder tumor plus pharmorubicin regular intravesicalinstillationin 1 case,and radical cystectomy in 4 patients.Results Pathological findings revealed that all the tumors were high-grade urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant in different proportion.Among them,clear cell tumor was predominant in 1 case and focal in other 6 cases.Meanwhile,tumorsaccompanied by glandular differentiation were found in 2 cases,squamous differentiation was found in 1 case,and micropapillary variant was found in 1 case.Vascular tumor embolus was found in 4 cases.Pathological stage was pT2a (n =1),pT2b (n =3),and pT3a (n =3).Immunohistochemicalstaining revealed cytokeratin 7 (+),cytokeratin 20 (+),epithelial membrane antigen (+)and prostate specific antigen (-).Six cases were followed up.The bladder preservation case was followed up for 8 months without recurrence.In 3 radical cystectomy cases,1 died of cancer 25 months after surgery and another 2 case were followed up for 10 and 12 months after surgery without recurrence and metastasis.In 2 nephroureterectomy cases,1 died of tumor metastasis 18 months after surgery and the other case was followed up for 6 months without recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions Urothelialcarcinoma with clear cell variant is a malignancy often with advanced stage and poor prognosis.Radical surgery is recommended for the treatment.

目的：分析前列腺恶性间叶性软骨肉瘤的诊疗特点。方法回顾性分析1例前列腺恶性间叶性软骨肉瘤患者的临床资料，并结合文献分析其临床表现、影像学检查、病理特点、治疗及预后。结果患者男，59岁。因尿频、进行性排尿困难于外院诊断为前列腺增生，行经尿道前列腺电切术治疗，术后病理示前列腺恶性间叶性肿瘤。B超检查示膀胱内中等回声团块，未见明显移动，前列腺显示不清，右侧盆腔内可见囊性混合型结构。全身骨扫描检查未见明确骨转移征象。前列腺MRI检查示盆腔内近盆底区可见多发结节状、团块状软组织信号影，较大者位于膀胱右侧。患者于全麻下行根治性膀胱切除术＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术＋双侧输尿管皮肤造口术，术后病理检查可见片状未分化的原始间叶细胞，其间散在小岛状高分化的软骨细胞，软骨细胞有轻度异型性。免疫组化：波形蛋白和软骨区域胞核S-100均阳性，未分化细胞区域S-100、平滑肌肌动蛋白、CD34、细胞角蛋白CK7、CK8均为阴性。病理诊断为前列腺恶性间叶性软骨肉瘤。患者术后拒绝接受化疗和其他进一步治疗，于术后3个月死亡。结论前列腺恶性间叶性软骨肉瘤患者临床表现以尿频、进行性排尿困难为主，需根据患者的临床表现、影像学检查、组织病理学与免疫组化等综合诊断，治疗首选手术根治切除，术后应针对性给予放疗或化疗。

O bjective:To investigate the relationship between perineural invasion (PNI) in prostate biopsy and radical prostatectomy outcomes. Methods:One hundred and sixty patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were analyzed retrospectively. Paraffin sections of the specimens from all patients who underwent prostate biopsy were stained with HE. PNI-positive was defined as infiltration of carcinoma cell into the perineurium or neural fascia. The association of PNI with clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer and radical prostatectomy outcomes were analyzed. Results:PNI was positive in 16.9%(27/160) of the patients. The prostate biopsy Gleason score,clinical staging of prostate cancer,surgical margin were significantly associated with PNI (P<0.05). The biochemical-recurrence-free survival time of PNI-positive patients after radical prostatectomy was shorter than that of the PNI-negative patients [(75.79+6.38) months vs (88.46+2.41) months, P<0.05]. Furthermore, the overall survival time of PNI-positive patients was shorter than that of the PNI-negative [(84.32+2.96) months vs (94.50+2.38) months, P<0.05]. Conclusion:PNI in prostate biopsy can be used as one of the indicators to predict adverse prostatectomy outcomes.

患者,男,61岁.因左侧腹股沟坠痛1周,查体发现马蹄肾合并左肾占位5d于2012年9月24日入院.查体及实验室检查未见异常.B超检查:双肾下极向中线靠拢,于主动脉前融合,左肾中上部可见5.0 cm×3.6 cm中等回声结构,提示为马蹄肾合并左肾占位性病变.CT检查:双肾位置较低,下极可见融合,左肾中上部可见一不规则混杂密度灶,边缘欠清,向内推挤肾实质,最大断面5.0 cm×3.8 cm,平扫CT值30～ 34 HU,强化扫描后肿物呈不均匀强化,皮质期CT值60～ 100 HU,分泌期CT值72～ 80 HU;下腔静脉及腹主动脉周围未见淋巴结肿大.CT血管造影检查:肾段腹主动脉从L1上缘平面起向前、向右扭曲下行,到L2下缘平面再向后、向左扭曲下行,发出两支动脉支配左肾,肾肿物血供主要来自优势动脉,血供丰富.临床诊断为马蹄肾合并肾癌。

Objective To establish the xenograft model of human prostate cancer(PCa) by grafting patient-derived tissues beneath the renal capsule of intact male non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice.Methods Between October 2012 and August 2013,twenty NOD/SCID mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =5 each).Four patient-derived PCa specimens were collected and sent for frozen section analysis.A specimen of one patient corresponds to 5 mice.At 8-12 week after initial microsurgical implantation,grafts were harvested and fixed to be embedded with paraffin.For histopathology,routine hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed on these formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections.Immunohistochemical studies were performed for the expression of α-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR/P504S,prostate-specific antigen and P63 antigen on the sections.Results Taken rate of prostate cancer xenogtrafts in subrenal capsular was 95％ (19/20).The subrenal capsule xenografts are protruded the renal surface and embedded into the renal parenchyma with angiogenesis.Pathological sections showed disruption of the basal cell.There was significant increase in proliferation and anaplasia of malignant prostate epithelium cells at subrenal capsule xenografts.Xenografts were confirmed as human PCa tissues with the PSA (+)/P63 (-)/P504S (-) immunostain.Conclusions The patient-derived human prostate cancer xenograft model in NOD/SCID mice is successfully established by microsurgical technique.This model can keep the heterogeneity of prostate,which could demonstrated the characters of PCa cells.It has been shown to facilitate the investigation of etiology mechanism of PCa,new agents and individualized antineoplastic therapy.

Objective To establish the xenograft model of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by grafting patient-derived tissues beneath the renal capsule of intact male severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice.Methods Twenty SCID mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =5each).Four patient-derived BPH specimens were collected for frozen section analysis.Each sample tissue was cut into multiple 3 mm × 3 mm × 1 mm pieces to be xenografted.The fragments were simultaneously xenografted into the sub-renal capsule (experimental group) and subcutaneous tissue (control group) of one mouse.At week 8-12 after initial implantation,grafts were harvested and fixed to paraffin.For histopathology,routine H&E and immunohistochemistry staining was carried out.Results The survival rate of BPH xenogtrafts in experimental group was 90％ (18/20),and that in control group was only 40％(8/20).The sub-renal capsule xenografts were long out of surface and embedded into the renal parenchyma with angiogenesis.There was no significant increase in hyperplasia at sub-renal capsule xenografts.As compared with control group,atropic changes and transitional metaplasia were found in experimental group.Human BPH tissues were verified in experimental group by using the immunohistochemistry staining.Conclusion The human BPH xenograft model in SCID mice is successfully established.

Malignant rhabdoid tumors of the kidney (MRTKs) are extremely rare. Pure MRTKs in adult patients are particularly rare and have not been previously reported in China. Due to the non-specific clinical symptoms, it is difficult but also essential to be able to give a definite diagnosis. The present study reports a case of pure adult malignant rhabdoid tumor in a patient's left kidney with characteristic clinicopathological features. Considering the fact that the characteristic findings are often not observed in clinical symptom and imaging studies, the histological features, immunohistochemical staining and cytogenetic studies may aid in confirming the diagnosis of pure MRTKs. Although pure adult MRTKs remain extremely uncommon, it is necessary to consider this possibility when such types of renal tumors are encountered.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of metanephric adenoma(MA). Methods The clinical and pathological data of 8 cases of MA were analyzed retrospectively.The 4 males and 4 females aged from 41 to 74 years with an average age of 47 years.One patient had flank pain,and another one had gross hematuria.All of the 8 cases were diagnosed renal tumor by ultrasonography and CT scans.6 patients underwent radical nephrectomy and 2 patients underwent partial nephrectomy. Results All the patients were diagnosed as MA by pathological study postoperatively,and foci of papillary carcinoma was observed in one case.6 cases were followed up for 25.6 months(5 to 57 months)without recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions MA is a very rare primary renal tumor originating from epithelium.Surgical resection is recommended for the treatment of MA. Considering the uncertainty of the biological behavior and cellular origin of MA,a long-term followup is necessary.

Objective:This study aims to compare the difference in the expression and localization of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (bai-1) between human normal and clear cell carcinoma of kidney tissues at different clinical stages. this study also aims to explore the mechanism of bai-1-mediated inhibition of tumor endothelial cell proliferation. Methods:A total of 133 human normal and cancerous kidney tissues were obtained. the tissue localized more than 4 cm away from the cancerous kidney tissue was identified as the normal control kidney tissue. immunohistochemical staining was conducted to detect the expression of bai-1, vegf, mvd, and p53. the expression was detected with the respective antibodies for quantitative statistical analysis. fresh renal cell carcinoma tissue samples were obtained from 27 patients, and 15 tissue samples were obtained 4 cm away from the cancer. the expression of bai-1 in the renal cell carcinoma tissue was examined through western blot analysis. Results:The bai-1 expression level in the normal kidney tissues is much higher compared with that in the kidney cancer tissues, which ranged from low and moderate to high differentiated stages. statisti-cal analysis results revealed a correlation between the expression of bai-1 and vegf, mvd, and p53 proteins. Conclusion:The expression level of bai-1 in kidney cancer tissues is very low, even difficult to detect, compared with the increased expression of vegf and cd34. this finding suggests that bai-1 can inhibit tumor angiogenesis. the level of p53 is positively correlated with the expression of bai-1 ac-cording to the data derived with the spearman software, suggesting the existence of crosstalk between these two molecules.

The present study reports the novel case of an 81-year-old male with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PAC), whose histopathological study revealed a pure urothelial carcinoma (UC) that originated, however, from the prostatic glandular epithelium. The levels of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were extraordinarily high in this patient. An MRI scan indicated a prostatic neoplasm and no malignant changes were observed in the bladder or other areas of the urinary tract. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections revealed a diagnosis of pure UC with no other form of differentiation (typical adenocarcinoma or squamous differentiation). The immunohistochemical findings were positive for PSA and P504S, and negative for CK7, CK20, 34βE12 and p63. A diagnosis of primary PAC (solid carcinoma) originating from the prostate was made based on the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical observations. This case was susceptible to diagnostic errors, however, a novel subtype of primary PAC was identified and termed the UC-like subtype.