: In this study, sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7) was used as an inhibitor to exploit the electron-withdrawing capability of boron atoms, it locks the activated lone pair electrons of hydroxyl oxygen and blocks the formation of the first intermediate, thereby inhibiting acyl migration. Under the optimized conditions of pH 6.0, temperature 60 °C, enzyme addition 0.02%, Na2B4O7 addition 0.8%, and reaction time of 4 h, the phosphorus content in crude soybean oil was reduced to 12.1 mg/kg, while the FFA content increased to 1.05 g/100g. Compared to conventional enzymatic degumming, the FFA content was reduced by 0.19 g/100g, and the acyl migration rate was decreased by 17.0%. Liquid chromatography analysis confirmed that the addition of the inhibitor achieved moderate enzymatic degumming of crude soybean oil.

Soybean crude oils (SCO) were detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-definition mass spectrometry (UPLC-HDMS) for discovering novel compounds. Numerous chromatographic peaks in ESI+ and ESI- modes showed that SCO was rich in numerous compounds. A total of 215 potential compounds with accurate mass-to-charge ratio, MSMS spectrum and CCS value were detected in SCOs. Among them, 105 compounds (47 known and 58 novel compounds) were identified and other 110 compounds weren't identified. Compared to peanut, sesame and olive oils, 65 compounds (genistein, foeniculoside X, 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone) were only detected in SCO; the types of fatty acids (32) and flavonoids (8) were higher in SCO. SCO was rich in fatty acids, fatty acid amides, flavonoids, stigmasterol, tocopherol, and soybean phospholipids. Overall, numerous novel and unique compounds with biological functions were first found in SCOs by UPLC/HDMS. Our results suggested the higher potential nutritional value of soybean oil.

To explore the effect of the refining process on the compounds of soybean oil, three different refined grade soybean oils were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-high-definition mass spectrometry and chemometrics for finding the differential compounds. The results of PCA and PLS-DA showed that three different refined grade soybean oils had the clear separation trend and the number and content of compounds in soybean crude oil (SCO) gradually reduced with the increased process of the refining. Our result indicated that the refining processes reduced the number and content of compounds in SCO. The decreased trans fatty acids and other unfavorable quality compounds (free fatty acids) suggested that the refining process was necessary. But, 108 compounds with potential function in SCO were significantly reduced during the process of the refine. Most of these compounds (daidzein, linoleamide, and stearamide, etc.) were reduced during the process of the third-grade refine and were even not detected after the first-grade refine. In addition, 16 compounds were not found in SCO and were detected in the refined soybean oil and increased during the refining processes. Our results suggest that refining diminishes the quantity and concentration of compounds with potential function in SCO and should be improved.

Sn-Glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (GPC) was prepared by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) catalyzed by phospholipase A1 (PLA1). Nitrogen flow assisted the esterification of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and GPC to produce conjugated linoleic acid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC - CLA). The effects of different reaction conditions on the PC conversion and acyl migration rates were investigated, and the acyl migration mechanism under acidic and alkaline conditions was studied. In addition, the optimum conditions for the esterification of CLA and GPC were selected. The optimal condition for the hydrolysis of PC was an enzyme loading of 5 %, pH of 5, reaction temperature of 50 celcius, and reaction time of 3 h. The results also showed that the maximum esterification rate reached 82.37 % at an enzyme loading of 15 %, CLA/GPC molar ratio of 50:1, and vacuum pressure of 13.3 kPa. This study not only improved the bioavailability of PC but also effectively increased the content of LPC CLA.

To produce edible films with excellent antioxidant properties, soy protein isolate (SPI) was pretreated using ohmic heating (OH) to create more catechin binding sites. Compared with untreated SPI, ohmic heating-pretreated SPI (OH-SPI) had a looser secondary structure, higher fluorescence intensity, more free sulfhydryl groups, higher hydrophobicity (H0), and lower protein particles, all of which facilitated covalent binding be-tween SPI and catechin. The binding equivalent of OH-SPI and catechin increased from 128.90 to 237.43 nmol/ mg protein. The above results proved that ohmic heating pretreatment benefited the covalent binding between SPI and catechin and the development of the antioxidant film. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that catechin-modified OH-SPI (OH-SPI-CC) films had a rough and aggregated structure. As the concentration of catechin increased, the mechanical properties of the film improved while the barrier properties slightly decreased. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the cross-linking be-tween catechin and OH-SPI was covalent. In application testing of OH-SPI-CC film, OH-SPI-CC film at a catechin concentration of 4.0 mg/mL (OH-SPI-CC-4) showed the best DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging rate and the highest cumulative release in food simulators. Therefore, cross-linking catechin with OH-SPI was an effective method for preparing antioxidant films.

Using sunflower oil as the oil matrix, the antioxidant effects and types of interactions of three natural components, α-tocopherol, β-carotene and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were investigated and the kinetic model of oxidation reaction was established. The results showed that the ability of the three antioxidants to scavenge DPPH radicals was ranked as EGCG > β-carotene > α-tocopherol in the concentration range of 0~100 mg/kg. 15 samples were obtained by combining two of three natural components. When the concentration ratios of β-carotene and EGCG were 1:20 and 1:7.5, α-tocopherol and EGCG were 1:13.3, 1:6, and 1:2, and α-tocopherol and β-carotene were 1:0.2 and 1:0.05, the type of interaction was synergistic, while the rest of the samples showed antagonistic effects. The sample with a 1:13.3 concentration of α-tocopherol and EGCG showed the longest induction period, the lowest oxidation rate constant, the highest activation energy, the best oxidative stability, and the longest shelf life at different temperatures. This compounded natural antioxidant was the most favorable for the stability of sunflower oil. This provides some theoretical basis for the development and application of compounded natural antioxidants in vegetable oils.

To replace the application of reducing agents for protein alkylation, electrochemical reduction techniques have been considered. In this study, a custom-made electrochemical reactor was used to alkylate rice bran protein (RBP). The structure, morphology, and emulsification properties of RBP were investigated under different voltages. When treated at 35 V, the content of the α-helix and β-sheet of RBP decreased at first and then increased, whereas the content of the β-turn and random coil increased steadily. The CH3 group of RBP was exposed and S-S decreased. The endogenous fluorescence spectral curve exhibited a redshift. The free sulfhydryl (-SH) content increased. The average particle size of the modified RBP decreased by 69.35 %, and its zeta potential decreased to -21.8 mV. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the treated protein particles dispersed more evenly and their roughness (Rq) decreased. The contact angle, water holding capacity (WHC), fat holding capacity (FHC), and solubility were enhanced. The emulsification capacity increased to 65.82 m2/g and emulsification stability increased to 36.34 min. These results demonstrated that the RBP was alkylated by the electrochemical reactor and the modified RBP showed improved emulsification properties compared to the untreated RBP.

In order to achieve better degumming of crude soybean oil and reduce the phosphorus content in oil, a method of multipoint immobilized phospholipase A1 (PLA1) was proposed for degumming. PLA1 with a high enzymatic load and good stability was magnetically immobilized on a modified aldehyde-rich chitosan carrier by changing the pH. The aldehyde content of the activated carrier reached 288 mu mol/g. The optimal conditions of the magnetic carrier and PLA1 multi-point covalent binding were as follows: PLA1 additive amount 6000 U/ml, group ratio 7:1, reaction at 50 degrees C for 3.0 h. According to the characterization analysis, PLA1 was essentially spherical with good dispersion, the particle size was 83 nm, and the XRD pattern was similar to the conventional one. After functional group analysis, spectral peaks, such as C--O and Fe-O, appeared, which proved that PLA1 was suc-cessfully fixed on the carrier with a saturation magnetization of 23.68 emu/g. The optimum temperature of covalent and multipoint immobilized PLA1 was 60 degrees C, with an optimum pH of 7.0 and 6.5 and an enzyme loading of 115 and 128 mg/g, respectively. The phosphorus content was 35.09 mg/kg by multipoint immobilized PLA1. After eight cycles of repeated use, the relative activity of the immobilized PLA1 was still more than 80%.

The existing methods for the determination of phosphorus content are unable to regulate the addition of acid and base in the refining process of crude soybean oil through real-time monitoring.Therefore,a novel rapid method for determining the phosphorus content of crude soybean oil based on near-infrared spectroscopy was proposed in this study.It was found that standard normal variate transformation was more effective than two other spectral preprocessing methods evaluated for denoising the spectral data indicative of the phosphorus content in soybean crude oil.The characteristic absorption band of phosphorus was optimized by synergy interval partial least squares(SiPLS).A back propagation(BP)neural network prediction model of the phosphorus content in crude soybean oil was established with learning efficiency of 0.005 and 108 training cycles.The determination coefficient(R2),root mean square error(RMSE)and relative standard deviation(RSD)for the correction set were 0.979 7,0.859 3 and 1.89％,respectively.The R2,RMSE and RSD for the validation set were 0.978 5,0.963 8 and 2.15％,respectively.The above results showed that NIR spectroscopy can achieve rapid,accurate and non-destructive detection of the phosphorus content in,and provide a feasible method for the refining of crude soybean oil.

Grape seed oil, as a high-linoleic acid type, can be used for the production of conjugated linoleic acid, which cannot be synthesized by the human body, through isomerization under the action of catalysts. Improving the activity of the catalyst is an effective way to obtain conjugated linoleic acid-rich edible oils. In this study, the Ru-Ni bimetallic catalyst was activated by high-voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) catalyst modification. The results showed that the specific surface area, pore size distribution, and average particle size of the Ru-Ni bimetallic catalyst were enhanced when the treatment condition was 180 s, the power at both ends of the plate was 150 W, and the gas composition was 5% H2/95% He. The catalyst characterization showed that the dispersion of the HVACP-treated Ru-Ni bimetallic catalyst was enhanced, which elevated the catalytic performance of the catalyst. Linoleic acid in grape seed oil was isomerized by the HVACP-treated Ru-Ni bimetallic catalyst, and grape seed oil rich in conjugated linoleic acid was obtained. The conjugated linoleic acid content, trans oleic acid content, peroxide value, and p-anisidine value were 42.52%, 0.63%, 5.01 mmol kg-1, and 12.41, respectively. Quantum chemical analysis further predicted the reaction sites and clarified the rationality of the isomerization reaction. This method provided a scientific basis for producing high-quality functional oils.

将磁性纤维素微晶复合物作为乳化剂稳定O/W型Pickering乳液,考察磁性纤维素微晶复合物添加量、油水比及均质次数对Pickering乳液的影响.结果 表明:Fe3O4粒子的平均粒径约为10 nm,纤维素微晶经过Fe3O4修饰后平均长度约为14.2 μm,表面形态由光滑棒状转变为粗糙形态;纤维素微晶的傅里叶变换红外光谱表明在565 cm-1处出现Fe-O键的吸收峰;Fe3O4、纤维素微晶和磁性纤维素微晶复合物的接触角(θ)分别为46.67°、42.48°、69.58％稳定Pickering乳液的最佳条件:磁性微晶复合物的添加量1.5 g/100 mL,油水比3∶7,均质次数2次;磁性微晶复合物初始磁化强度值为56.8 emu/g,经5次重复使用后磁化强度值降为4.2 emu/g.

本研究以大豆浓缩磷脂为原料,从生产中将卵磷脂(PC)副产物磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)进行纯化,并在超临界CO2条件下进行氢化,后与聚乙二醇单甲醚2000酰氯培化,得到稳定性高的甲氧基聚乙二醇2000-氢化大豆磷脂酰乙醇胺(MPEG2000-HSPE).采用95％的乙醇,在料液比为1∶3,温度为-13℃的条件下去除副产物中的残余PC,再用90％的石油醚,在料液比为1∶4,温度为30℃的条件下进行萃取,去除肌醇等其他磷脂,使PE纯度达到91.28％,得率为86.83％.在总压力为11 MPa(CO2分压7 MPa、氢气分压4 MPa),Pd/c催化剂用量为4％,氢化温度为60℃,氢化时间为120 min,搅拌速度为300 r/min时,碘值和反式脂肪酸含量显著降低.当氢化磷脂酰乙醇胺(HSPE)与聚乙二醇单甲醚2000酰氯比例为3.5∶1,三乙胺添加量为3 mL时,反应温度50℃,反应时间4 h,产物转化率为84.63％.通过红外光谱分析发现,发现原料中的—NH2消失,产物中出现—NH基团,产物吸光度为0.631、碘值为23.27 gI/100 g、水-正己烷两相分开10 mL时间为392 s,所得产品分散性好、稳定性高.

为了得到快速、便捷、准确的食品中胆碱含量的检测方法,该文探究用于测定胆碱含量的光敏电极上胆碱氧化酶(choline oxidase,ChOx)固定化方法,采用壳聚糖包埋和戊二醛交联相结合固定化ChOx,通过单因素试验和响应面分析研究壳聚糖浓度、戊二醛浓度以及固定时间对ChOx活力的影响,优化出最佳的ChOx固定化条件,研究结果表明,在壳聚糖质量分数1％、戊二醛质量分数0.55％、固定时间1 h时,固定化ChOx的酶活力最高,可达17.2 U.扫描电镜表明光敏电极表面成功固定ChOx,此外固定于光敏电极的ChOx重复利用10次后酶活力保持在83％,贮存20 d后酶活力保持在86％,具有良好的重复利用性和贮存稳定性.该方法初步探究了测定食品中胆碱的光敏电极研制过程,为食品中胆碱的快速检测奠定一定的理论基础.

To provide a new, safe, and efficient way to produce hydrogenated oils, a loaded Pd/MWCNTs catalyst is studied and applied to the catalytic transfer of soybean oil under ultrasound conditions. Pd is loaded onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by impregnation, and the Pd loading is approximate to 0.8%. Through X-ray diffraction analysis, it is found that the characteristic emission peaks of Pd appear at the 2 theta = 40.3 degrees, 46.7 degrees, and 68.2 degrees locations. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy reveals that the catalyst is uniformly dispersed and less agglomerated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra show that Pd is successfully loaded onto MWCNTs. Pd/MWCNTs catalyst is then applied to the catalytic transfer of hydrogenated soybean oil. The results show that when ultrasonic power is 100 W, catalyst concentration is 2.0% w/w, hydrogenation temperature is 80 degrees C, donor concentration is 0.32 mol/50 mL H2O, the maximum hydrogenation conversion is 31.97%, and the content of trans-fatty acid is only 1.52%. Pd/MWCNTs catalyst can be recycled for four times in catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil, and the activity of the catalyst decreases to 78.5% at the fourth time.

Soybean meal is a by-product of soybean oil extracted from soybean after proper drying and heat treatment. It is the main raw material for making livestock feed, and its quality determines the nutritional value. There are many problems with existing soybean meal quality detection methods, such as the use of toxic chemical reagents, complex operation, long analysis time, so they cannot meet the needs of rapid detection and control in the production process. This paper proposes a multicomponent detection method of soybean meal quality based on near infrared spectroscopy for on-line detection and control of product quality. 449 soybean meal samples were collected from the soybean oil processing line. The chemical values of moisture, protein and fat were determined by 105 degrees C oven method, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method and Soxhlet extraction method, respectively. The diffuse reflectance spectra of samples were collected by the Swiss Buchi NIRMaster Fourier Transform near-infrared spectrometer. Firstly, the Mahalanobis distance method was used to remove abnormal samples, and then the spectral denoising was processed by various methods. The results show that the wavelet denoising effect is the best. KS and SPXY algorithms were used to determine the optimal sample partition of different components. In order to investigate the NIR absorption characteristics of soybean meal components, eliminate spectral redundancy and reduce the computational complexity of the model, interval Partial Least Squares (iPLS) was used to extract the features from the whole spectrum of 4 000 similar to 10 000 cm(-1). The optimized characteristic absorption bands of moisture, protein and fat were 4 904 similar to 5 200, 4 304 similar to 4 600 and 4 304 similar to 4 600 cm(-1), respectively. Finally, a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model was established to predict the component contents of soybean meal. In order to reduce the input variables and the network scale improve the operation speed, PLS was used to reduce the dimension of spectral data, and the principal factor score was extracted as the input variable of GRNN. The PLS-GRNN prediction models of soybean meal multi-component contents were established by optimizing the smooth factor spread through the cross-validation and compared with the classical PLS and BP models. The results show that the PLS-GRNN models are good, the prediction determination coefficients (R-2) of moisture, protein and fat are 0. 976 9, 0. 940 2 and 0. 911 1, the Root-Mean-Square Errors of Prediction (RMSEP) are 0. 091 2, 0. 383 4 and 0. 113 4, the Relative Standard Deviations (RSD) of prediction are 0. 79%, 0. 83%, and 8. 53% respectively. Although the prediction error for fat is relatively large, it is also within the available range of the model evaluation criteria. The results show that the near infrared spectroscopy analysis based on PLS-GRNN is feasible to detect soybean meal quality and can be used for quality monitoring in the actual production process.

High voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) is a novel catalyst modification technology. In this study, a ruthenium/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Ru/MWCNTs) catalyst was activated by HVACP instead of the thermal reduction method. The results showed that HVACP activation under the conditions of 180 s discharge time, 150 W discharge power, and 2.5 cm electrode spacing at 25 degrees C could effectively decrease the activation temperature and time. At this time, the Ru dispersion was 20.1% and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) yield was 43.0%. Catalyst characterization proved that the HVACP-treated catalyst did not aggregate and had a good activation effect. The catalyst was applied to the isomerization reaction of safflower seed oil to obtain CLA-rich safflower seed oil. The total CLA content was 43.02%, the trans-oleic acid content was 1.34%, the iodine value (IV) was 133.50 gI2/100 g, and after reusing five times, the relative activity of the catalyst remained at 77%, which provided the conditions for the preparation of functional oil.

In this study, rice bran protein-chlorogenic acid (RBP-CA) emulsion was subjected to an ultrasonic-assisted treatment technique. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of chlorogenic acid (CA), and the morphology, particle size, zeta (zeta)-potential, atomic force microscopy image, viscosity, turbidity, and interfacial protein content of the emulsion under different ultrasonic power were investigated. The results revealed that the emulsion exhibited an encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of 86.26 +/- 0.11% and 17.25 +/- 0.06 g/100 g, respectively, at an ultrasonic power of 400 W. In addition, the size of the emulsion droplets decreased and became more evenly distributed. Furthermore, the viscosity of the emulsion decreased significantly, and it exhibited a turbidity and interfacial protein content of 24,758 and 9.34 mg/m(2), respectively. Next, the storage, oxidation, thermal, and salt ion stabilities of the emulsion were evaluated. The results revealed that the ultrasonic-assisted treatment considerably improved the stability of the emulsion.

本文旨在对稻米油脂脱色、脱臭工序进行有益的研究,根据脱除物质的特性进行针对性的脱除,避免了过度加工.在一定温度下,硅藻土添加量为油重的0..2％,除去其中大部分热敏性物质,在温度为110℃左右的条件下,白土添加量为油重的1..1％,稻米脱色油的色泽为Y20 R2..0.在残压1 mbarr条件下,先将脱色稻米油脂加热到170℃左右,脱除易挥发的物质,然后再将油脂加热至240℃,脱除难挥发的物质,脱臭时间60 miin,经稻米油脱蜡及脱脂后,精炼油中TFAs为0..31％,三氯丙醇酯甾醇为231 mg//kg.

我国是大豆的原产地,豆制品在我国有着悠久的食用历史.大豆中不仅有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等营养物质,而且还含有磷脂、甾醇、异黄酮、皂甙、低聚糖、维生素E、多肽、膳食纤维等多种生物活性成分,是功能性因子的宝库.随着研究的不断深入,生物活性物质的功能性已逐渐清晰,这些物质的分析和检测方法也在逐步的完善.特别是最近几十年,随着色谱、质谱、光谱技术的不断发展和进步,大豆中生物活性物质的检测取得了很大进展,检测手段更加先进,定性和定量的检测方法也更加科学、严谨、高效.检测技术的进步,必将促进大豆中生物活性物质的深度开发和利用,让大豆为人类的营养和健康做出更大贡献.本文主要对大豆中生物活性成分的种类和功能性以及生物活性成分检测技术的研究进展情况进行综述,为大豆生物活性物质未来的质量安全控制和更加深入的科学研究提供参考.

本试验以壳聚糖(CS)为修饰材料,利用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)和胆碱氧化酶(ChOx)修饰丝网印刷电极(SPE)开发出电化学生物传感器来检测大豆毛油中的残磷量.双酶SPE在ChOx(3 U)添加量为10 μL、HRP(4 U)添加量为6 μL、pH 7.5时对卵磷脂(PC)具有明显的电化学响应,采用双酶SPE检测大豆毛油中PC、磷脂的含量,加标回收率控制在90％～110％和RSD控制在小于5％,表明具有实际检测意义.将油脂加热至55℃,加入NaOH溶液及30 mg/kg的PLA1,经高速混合后将油泵入酶反应罐搅拌反应,取样进行磷脂含量快速检测,当磷脂含量低于500 mg/L后,确定生物反应终点,经后续适度加工,大豆油中TFAs为0.23％,缩水甘油酯为97 μg/kg,三氯丙醇酯为213 mg/kg.