A two-stage insect-assisted system using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) followed by Protaetia brevitarsis larvae (PBL) was developed to enhance humification of chicken manure. BSFL treatment reduced electrical conductivity and labile organic matter, indicating efficient hydrolysis and detoxification. A dry-weight-normalized mass balance revealed that humic acid (HA) decreased during the BSFL stage but increased significantly after PBL processing, confirming true humification enhancement rather than a concentration effect. Fluorescence analysis further indicated increased structural complexity of humic substances in the PBL stage, while seed germination assays demonstrated reduced phytotoxicity and improved agronomic quality. Multi-omics analyses showed a functional shift from GH-dominated depolymerization to AA-associated oxidative metabolism , accompanied by microbial succession toward Actinobacteriota and enrichment of aromatic-related pathways. Correlation analyses suggested that BSFL-derived intermediates may shape subsequent microbial assembly, although causality remains to be validated. Overall, the BSFL-PBL relay system promotes humus stabilization through coordinated hydrolytic and oxidative processes, providing a mechanistic basis for sustainable organic waste valorization.

With the completion of genome sequencing of the black soldier fly (BSF), an increasing number of researchers are focusing on elucidating its robust digestive and absorptive capabilities through genetic and molecular biology methods to enhance its growth performance. However, most genetic and molecular biology studies require gene expression analysis, and the stability of reference genes may change under different experimental conditions. To identify optimal reference genes, we evaluated 11 candidate reference genes ( GAPDH , β‐actin , GST , Tubulin α‐1A , Tubulin α‐4A, Tubulin β , RP49 , RPL13 , EF1‐α , 18S RNA , and 28S RNA ) across various developmental stages, tissues, sexes, and 3 distinct genotypes of Hermetia illucens using RefFinder software, which integrates the statistical algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt. The results recommend that β‐Actin , 18S RNA , and RPL13 are suitable for analyzing different developmental stages; RPL13 , GST , and RP49 are optimal for different tissues; EF1 , RPL13 , and GST work best for different sexes; and RPL13 , GAPDH , and 18S RNA are ideal for different genotypes. Notably, this study is the first to evaluate the stability of reference genes across 3 BSF genotypes originating from different regions. The findings offer valuable references and fresh insights for molecular biology research on H. illucens .

Microorganisms are a "double-edged sword" for humus (HS) formation in compost. Their degradation activity provides precursors for HS formation, but also leads to HS degradation in nutrient-limited environments. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of chitosan (CTS) on HS stabilization in compost by inhibiting microbial degradation, taking advantage of CTS's high adsorption efficiency and antibacterial properties. Compared to the control group (CK), the HS contents in the CTSQ group (0 d) and CTSH group (8 d) increased by 9.26 mg/g and 12.91 mg/g, respectively, with the CTSH group showing a significantly better effect on HS content (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CTS significantly reduced the abundance of 18 microbial species capable of degrading aromatic compounds, including Ulvibacter and Brevibacterium, suggesting a possible mechanism by which CTS protects HS from microbial decomposition. These findings provide valuable insights for the practical application of HS stabilization technologies in composting, highlighting the potential of CTS as an effective agent for improving HS preservation.

为了解决餐厨/厨余垃圾在存放、收集、转运及处置过程中存在的问题,利用黑水虻转化率高、周期短和产品附加值高等特点,设计了一种餐厨/厨余垃圾分布式昆虫转化就地处理设备.该设备具有占地面积小,便于分布式建设;自动化养殖,智慧化运营管理,就地资源化循环利用;便于复制推广等优点.通过应用该设备,既解决了餐厨/厨余垃圾收集与转运难题,又节省了收运费用,无论是小区居民及物业,还是垃圾收运单位和处理单位,都可以大大节约成本、降低能耗,并缩短处理流程降低了管理风险,符合"节能减排"、"低碳循环"和"人居环境整治"等国家发展战略政策,具有很好的经济、社会和生态效益.

试验旨在研究不同蛋能比饲料对黑水虻幼虫生长发育及种群生命发育的影响.选取1 800只黑水虻幼虫,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复100只.A1组、A2组、A3组、A4组、A5组、A6组分别饲喂蛋能比为11.23、12.01、14.03、14.54、15.12、16.09 g/MJ的饲粮.幼虫全部变为预蛹时停止试验.结果表明,A4组黑水虻粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05).各组黑水虻幼虫的疏水性氨基酸含量约为40%.A4组、A5组黑水虻幼虫体内缬氨酸、亮氨酸及组氨酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),黑水虻净增殖率(R0)显著高于其他组(P<0.05).研究表明,当饲粮蛋能比为14.54、15.12 g/MJ时,可增加黑水虻粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,改善幼虫体内氨基酸组成,有利黑水虻繁衍.

黑水虻Hermetia illucens作为一种新型资源环境昆虫,其幼虫可以处理餐厨垃圾、畜禽粪便、蔬菜残体等各种有机废弃物.幼虫富含蛋白质和油脂,可以作为水产饲料的蛋白来源.本研究探索黑水虻幼虫处理餐厨垃圾过程中其养分组成与消化酶活性变化之间的关系.通过黑水虻幼虫自由取食餐厨垃圾,每日采集样品用于物质养分和消化酶活性的测定.结果显示:黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白含量呈现先下降后上升的变化规律,而幼虫总糖含量呈现先上升后下降的变化规律,粗脂肪含量维持上升的趋势.幼虫处理餐厨垃圾过程中,体内蛋白酶在初期迅速上升,第6天后逐渐下降,而淀粉酶呈现出先缓慢上升再迅速上升最后下降的变化规律.脂肪酶在黑水虻幼虫处理餐厨垃圾前期保持较高的活性然后缓慢下降.同时,通过相关性分析,黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白含量变化与蛋白酶活性没有相关性,而总糖与粗脂肪含量变化分别与淀粉酶、脂肪酶有相关性.因此,部分消化酶活性变化与黑水虻幼虫养分组成具有一定的联系,本研究结果为工厂化养殖黑水虻提供一定的理论基础.

The experiment was to investigate the different CP/ME ratios diets on growth performance and development of Hermetia illucens and the life development of population. A total of 1 800 Hermetia illucens were selected and randomly divided into six groups, with three replicates in each group and 100 Hermetia illucen in each replicate. A1 group, A2 group, A3 group, A4 group, A5 group and A6 group were fed with 11.23, 12.01, 14.03, 14.54, 15.12 and 16.09 g/MJ diet, respectively. Test was stopped when all larvae became prepupate. The results showed that crude protein and crude fat content of Hermetia illucens in A4 group were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The content of hydrophobic amino acids in each group were about 40%, and the content of valine, leucine and histidine in Hermetia illucen in A4 group and A5 group were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05), the net proliferation rate (R0) of Hermetia illucen in A4 group and A5 group were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that when the feed to egg ratio is 14.54 and 15.12 g/MJ, it can increase the crude protein and crude fat content of Hermetia illucen, improve the amino acid composition of improve, which is favorable to Hermetia illucen reproduction.

为提高单位养殖面积收获更多黑水虻商品虫的可行性,在前期试验优化出的曝气与填料组合调控措施基础上,以原餐厨打浆物为原料,采用实验室模拟试验,研究不同的投虫密度工况(150000、200000、250000 Larvae/m2和300000 Larvae/m2)对黑水虻养殖虫料特性和生产性能的影响,为提高单位养殖面积处理废弃物能力和提升黑水虻养殖项目投入产出效益提供支撑.结果表明:①在曝气与填料组合调控措施工况下,通过提高投虫密度可实现提升单位养殖面积幼虫生产性能的目的;②随着投虫密度的增加,对养殖料温的影响较大;经黑水虻转化后残余物料的有机质、总氮、总钾和总养分含量均逐渐降低,总磷含量却有不同程度增加;而黑水虻幼虫平均虫长与虫重均逐渐降低,且直接导致虫体中粗脂肪和总氮含量逐渐降低,但对虫体总磷和总钾影响不大;③随着投虫密度的增加,黑水虻幼虫存活率和料虫比逐渐降低,但单位面积收虫量和物料减量率均逐渐提高,可以缩短餐厨垃圾处理周期,提升转化效率.以投虫密度为300000 Larvae/m2时生产性能为最佳,餐厨垃圾转化时间为9 d,单位面积虫产量为23.4 kg/m2,物料减量率84.06%,料虫比为3.22.该结果可为构建黑水虻转化餐厨垃圾标准化生产技术参数体系奠定基础.

近年来,利用黑水虻转化餐厨垃圾并生产饲料蛋白已经成为餐厨垃圾处理的重要途经.为了评估黑水虻养殖过程中气体排放对环境的影响,采用气体动态吸收采集方法考察不同初始物料含水率、碳氮比(C/N)对黑水虻幼虫转化餐厨垃圾过程中NH3、温室气体释放的影响.结果表明,提高初始物料含水率、C/N均可明显抑制NH3的释放,NH3的总释放量最高分别可降低53.71％、61.95％.物料含水率、C/N对CH4、N2O释放的影响较小,不同养殖条件下的CH4、N2 O释放量均较低.CO2的释放速率与虫体生长发育紧密相关,当C/N为20.00时,CO2的释放速率峰值可达(3242.69±67.09)mg/h.从虫体生长角度看,当物料含水率为70％、C/N为10左右时更有利于幼虫生长,最佳条件下的总虫质量可达(1.16±0.01)kg,与C/N为30.00的处理组相比,总虫质量提高了70.59％,幼虫粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量分别达到(35.36±0.21)％、(30.97±0.27)％.通过分析餐厨垃圾的基础理化特性对黑水虻养殖过程中气体排放的影响发现,不同初始物料含水率、C/N对养殖过程中气体排放及幼虫生长的影响显著,研究结果可为大规模黑水虻养殖过程中环境影响评估和臭气控制技术开发提供理论支撑.

以获得黑水虻(black soldier fly)转化餐厨垃圾的养殖饲喂工艺参数为目标,采用规模化盒养方式进行黑水虻养殖试验,以经过脱油脱水后的餐厨细渣为试验原料,研究不同投料次数(1次、2次、3次和4次)对黑水虻转化餐厨细渣生产性能的影响规律,并对黑水虻幼虫及虫粪营养成分进行了测定.结果表明,采用多次投料方式,随着投料次数增加,对转化物料料温波动影响较大;在投虫密度和饲喂量一样的情况下,经过12 d的转化,3次投料处理组幼虫粗蛋白含量(32.57%)与2次投料处理组差异不显著(P>0.05),但与1次、4次投料处理组有显著差异(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量(除4次投料处理组外)(23.91%)和有机质含量(91.97%)与其他处理组有显著差异(P<0.05),转化后的虫粪pH为6.19、有机质含量为73.48%,总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)为4.05%(>4%),符合有机肥料标准;通过生产性能分析发现,3次投料处理组幼虫的体长(19.12 mm)、体重(204.44 mg)、单位面积虫产量(12.16 kg/m2)及料虫比(4.94)均为最优,从高效率处理餐厨垃圾和投料回报效果两者角度综合分析,以3次投料为最佳.而养殖环境温度的波动同样会导致养殖物料温度发生变化,从而影响到幼虫生长和生产性能,因此要保证黑水虻规模化养殖幼虫生长的一致性,需研发与黑水虻生活习性相匹配的养殖环境控制系统.该结果可为黑水虻规模化标准化养殖提供理论支撑.

有效处理农村有机生活垃圾(rural organic household waste,ROW)对美化农村环境具有重要意义,在对其进行高浓度厌氧发酵时容易出现酸化和氨氮抑制现象,导致系统稳定性差.目前尚缺乏ROW不同共发酵底物和进料总固体(total solids,TS)浓度对厌氧发酵的影响研究.为提高厌氧发酵性能,减少环境保护压力,本文对ROW不同共发酵底物配比和不同进料浓度下厌氧共发酵特性进行研究,从而优化农村有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵工艺.文中对取自江苏徐州沛县的农村有机生活垃圾和江苏省农业科学院六合动物实验基地的猪粪(PM)、水稻秸秆(RC)进行厌氧共发酵.当发酵底物为ROW和PM时,甲烷产量随着进料总固体含量TS的升高而增加,最高为257.38mL/g VS;当发酵底物为ROW和RC,或者发酵底物为ROW、PM和RC时,进料TS质量分数从8％增加到12％时,甲烷产量随之增加,最高分别为339.59mL/g VS、322.16mL/g VS,当进料TS质量分数继续升高到15％时,二者产量均出现降低且均低于其他实验组,分别为231.17mL/g VS、194.67mL/g VS.在本文所设置实验条件下,最优共发酵进料为:发酵底物为ROW和RC,生活垃圾与挥发性固体(VS)质量比为1:1,进料TS质量分数为12％,甲烷产量为339.59mL/g VS.

以江苏省扬州市广陵区奶牛场和江苏省睢宁县奶牛场为研究对象,采用生命周期评价(LCA)对达标排放和还田利用2种处理模式对环境的影响进行评价.结果表明,达标排放模式每处理1t奶牛粪污产生的温室效应潜势(GWP,以CO2计)、酸化潜势(AP,以SO2计)、富营养化潜势(EP,以PO3-4计)分别为189.34、0.64、0.11 kg.而还田利用模式每处理1 t奶牛粪污产生的温室效应潜势(GWP)、酸化潜势(AP)和富营养化潜势(EP)分别为79.22、0.064、0.00162 kg,达标处理模式对环境的综合影响是还田利用模式的7.33倍.利用成本-效益分析对2种模式的经济效益进行评价,达标排放处理模式的奶牛场净收益为-0.167万元/(年·头),而还田利用处理模式的奶牛场净收益为0.0234万元/(年·头).总之,无论是环境可持续还是经济效益对比方面,还田利用模式均更占优势.

以获得黑水虻Hermetia illucens转化有机废弃物的养殖投喂工艺参数为目标,采用实验室小试模拟试验,以餐厨垃圾为试验原料,研究不同投料方式(1次、2次、3次和4次投料)对黑水虻转化餐厨垃圾过程中幼虫生长性能的影响.结果表明,采用多次投料方式,随着投料次数增加,对转化物料料温波动影响较大,不利于幼虫快速生长;在投虫量和投料量相同条件下,养殖周期为10 d,其中以1次投料处理组的收虫体重、体长、单位面积虫产量为最高,料虫比为最低,与2次投料差异不显著(P>0.05),但与3次、4次投料处理组差异显著(P<0.05);黑水虻转化废弃物前期较低的物料含水率更加有利于虫体生长,而后期物料含水率较高则更为有利.通过生产性能分析发现,从投料回报效果角度考虑生产性能以1次投料为最佳,而从高效率处理餐厨垃圾和投料回报效果两者角度综合分析,生产性能以2次投料为最佳.该结果可为构建黑水虻转化餐厨垃圾标准化生产工艺参数技术体系奠定基础.

The roles of microorganisms in enhancing crop production have been demonstrated for a range of cropping systems. Most studies to date, however, have been confined to a limited number of locations, making it difficult to identify general soil biotic and abiotic characteristics underpinning the yield-promotion across various locations. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to harness soil microbiome to improve crop production. Here we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to investigate the common features of bacterial community composition, ecological networks and physicochemical properties in six yield-invigorating and adjacent yield-debilitating orchards. We found that yield-invigorating soils exhibited higher contents of organic matter than yield-debilitating soils and harbored unique bacterial communities. Greater alpha diversity and higher relative abundances of Planctomycetota and Chloroflexota were observed in yield-debilitating soils. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that yield-invigorating soils displayed a greater number of functionally interrelated modules (meta-modules) and a higher proportion of negative links to positive links. Chloroflexota was recognized as a keystone taxon in manipulating the interaction of bacterial communities in yield-invigorating soils. Altogether, we provide evidence that yield-invigorating soils across a range of locations appear to share common features, including accumulation of soil organic matter, higher microbial diversity, enrichment of key taxa like Chloroflexota and maintaining a competitive network. These findings have implications for science-based guidance for sustainable food production.

采用座谈交流、问卷调查、采样监测等方式,对江苏省主要奶牛养殖地区的26家规模奶牛场粪污处理利用情况进行调研分析,旨在摸清奶牛粪污处理利用现状,进而梳理优化提升环节,并提出建议措施.结果发现:当存栏量≥1000头时,85.7％的奶牛场采用机械刮板清粪工艺,92.9％的奶牛场进行粪污固液分离;当存栏量<1000头时,83.3％的奶牛场采用人工干清粪或吸粪车工艺,50％的奶牛场进行粪污固液分离;粪便堆肥利用和粪水还田利用比例分别为88.5％和76.9％,是应用最广泛的技术模式;73.1％的奶牛场将挤奶厅污水与牛舍粪污水混合处理.奶牛场粪污处理利用存在节水减排措施不足、粪水无害化程度不够、农田施用不科学等薄弱环节,建议后续加强粪污减量技术、粪水水生植物净化工艺以及粪水安全还田管理技术的研究与应用.

畜禽养殖业是农业碳排放的重要来源,也是气候变化的重要贡献者.为了量化畜禽养殖业的碳排放,为畜禽养殖业的碳减排提供依据,寻找合适的畜禽养殖业碳排放计算方法成为目前的研究热点.从碳排放到碳足迹,国内外畜禽养殖业的碳排放计算方法正朝着全面化和完整化的方向发展.参考国内外有关畜禽养殖业碳排放的相关文献,介绍OECD(经济合作与发展组织)法、IPCC(联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会)系数法、质量平衡法3种畜牧养殖业碳排放的计算方法及投入产出法、生命周期评价法2种碳足迹计算方法.在3种碳排放方法中,IPCC系数法相较于OECD法具有更全面且准确的优势,而IPCC系数法在计算排放设备更换频繁、自然排放源复杂的情况下没有质量平衡法准确.研究发现,在2种碳足迹的计算方法中,基于过程的生命周期评价法是目前计算碳足迹的主流方法,该方法体现了较高的系统性和完整性,适用于畜禽养殖业碳足迹的计算.

Abstract. The roles of microorganisms in enhancing crop production have been demonstrated for a range of cropping systems. Most studies to date, however, have been confined to a limited number of locations, making it difficult to identify general soil biotic and abiotic characteristics underpinning the yield-promotion across various locations. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to harness soil microbiome to improve crop production. Here we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to investigate the common features of bacterial community composition, ecological networks and physicochemical properties in six yield-invigorating and adjacent yield-debilitating orchards. We found that yield-invigorating soils exhibited higher contents of organic matter than yield-debilitating soils and harboured unique bacterial communities. Greater alpha diversity and higher relative abundances of Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi were observed in yield-debilitating soils. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that yield-invigorating soils displayed a greater number of meta-modules and a higher proportion of negative links to positive links. Chloroflexi was recognized as a keystone taxon in manipulating the interaction of bacterial communities in yield-invigorating soils. Structural equation modelling showed that soil organic matter, beta diversity of bacterial community, and network connector (Chloroflexi) were key factors supporting high-yield pear production. Altogether, we provide evidence that yield-invigorating soils across a range of locations appear to share common features, including accumulation of soil organic matter, higher microbial diversity, enrichment of key taxa like Chloroflexi, and maintaining a competitive network. These findings have implications for science-based guidance for sustainable food production.

为解决有机废弃物预处理后依然存在高盐分、腐熟不完全以及存在有害物质等问题,探究利用蚯蚓堆肥处理餐厨垃圾与黑水虻虫粪的可行性.试验利用蚯蚓处理餐厨垃圾与黑水虻虫粪,对不同处理的蚯蚓生物学性状以及物料养分的变化情况进行比较分析.结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥处理后,处理组蚯蚓的日增质量倍数以及日增殖倍数均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);2种物料的pH值趋于中性,并且电导率显著下降(P<0.05);餐厨垃圾和黑水虻虫粪的有机质、铵态氮含量等均显著下降(P<0.05);总磷、总钾、腐殖酸的含量均显著上升(P<0.05).黑水虻虫粪的总氮含量上升,而餐厨垃圾的总氮含量下降;黑水虻虫粪和餐厨垃圾的种子发芽指数分别为86.67％、81.33％.通过对物料腐殖酸与种子发芽指数的测定,表明2种物料经过蚯蚓处理后,可用于农用.

沼液产量大,所含养分浓度较低,制约了沼液商业化生产的发展.膜浓缩技术可同时实现沼液减量化和无害化,有利于推动整个沼液产业化的发展,成为沼液处理未来发展方向.而沼液高悬浮物的特性导致膜污染严重,缩短膜寿命,增加运行成本,因此,膜前预处理技术是实现沼液膜浓缩技术应用的关键环节.为了考察沼液膜前组合预处理技术效果,本文以经过自然沉降处理后的沼液为对象,研究石英砂、火山岩单级过滤、石英砂与火山岩组合多级过滤方式对沼液中悬浮物的去除效果,并对预处理后的沼液开展纳滤膜浓缩工艺参数优化研究.结果表明,石英砂滤料对悬浮物的去除效果较好,火山岩滤料对氨氮的去除效果较好,但综合分析认为以石英砂与火山岩组合滤料对沼液过滤效果为最优;通过对纳滤膜不同浓缩倍数运行比较研究发现,沼液的最佳浓缩倍数为6倍,沼液体积缩减了5/6,养分氮、磷、钾浓度分别提高了2.06、3.10和3.70倍,该结果为获得较好的沼液膜前预处理技术方案和纳滤膜浓缩工艺方案提供技术支撑.