A two-stage insect-assisted system using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) followed by Protaetia brevitarsis larvae (PBL) was developed to enhance humification of chicken manure. BSFL treatment reduced electrical conductivity and labile organic matter, indicating efficient hydrolysis and detoxification. A dry-weight-normalized mass balance revealed that humic acid (HA) decreased during the BSFL stage but increased significantly after PBL processing, confirming true humification enhancement rather than a concentration effect. Fluorescence analysis further indicated increased structural complexity of humic substances in the PBL stage, while seed germination assays demonstrated reduced phytotoxicity and improved agronomic quality. Multi-omics analyses showed a functional shift from GH-dominated depolymerization to AA-associated oxidative metabolism , accompanied by microbial succession toward Actinobacteriota and enrichment of aromatic-related pathways. Correlation analyses suggested that BSFL-derived intermediates may shape subsequent microbial assembly, although causality remains to be validated. Overall, the BSFL-PBL relay system promotes humus stabilization through coordinated hydrolytic and oxidative processes, providing a mechanistic basis for sustainable organic waste valorization.

Microorganisms are a "double-edged sword" for humus (HS) formation in compost. Their degradation activity provides precursors for HS formation, but also leads to HS degradation in nutrient-limited environments. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of chitosan (CTS) on HS stabilization in compost by inhibiting microbial degradation, taking advantage of CTS's high adsorption efficiency and antibacterial properties. Compared to the control group (CK), the HS contents in the CTSQ group (0 d) and CTSH group (8 d) increased by 9.26 mg/g and 12.91 mg/g, respectively, with the CTSH group showing a significantly better effect on HS content (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CTS significantly reduced the abundance of 18 microbial species capable of degrading aromatic compounds, including Ulvibacter and Brevibacterium, suggesting a possible mechanism by which CTS protects HS from microbial decomposition. These findings provide valuable insights for the practical application of HS stabilization technologies in composting, highlighting the potential of CTS as an effective agent for improving HS preservation.

Initiating aerobic fermentation under low temperature is the main challenge for winter livestock manure composting. This study aims to address this issue by applying black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass as a co-composting additive to enhance the low-temperature composting process. Specifically, this work explored the effects of chicken manure and BSFL frass co-composting on the temperature, humus content, and microorganisms with fresh weight ratio of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 (w/w) at 6 degrees C. The result showed frass could rapidly rise the temperature to 50 degrees C and significantly increased the humus content by 15.6 % similar to 26.3 %. Moreover, microbial analysis revealed that Sphingobacteriaceae accelerated temperature rise via low-temperature reproduction, creating proper temperature for thermophilic bacteria (Truepera and Georgia). Additionally, Cellulomonas and other bacteria promoted organic matter degradation and participated in humus formation. This study presents a novel solution for low-temperature composting, providing practical insights for improving manure management in winter.

The application of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology could convert rural organic waste (ROW) into renewable energy such as methane, which can help to mitigate the scarcity of fossil fuels and positively impact the global environment. However, the inhibition of ammonia nitrogen remains a significant obstacle to the methane production process with high concentrations of AD. Hence, in this study, three adsorption materials for ammonia nitrogen, namely FeMn-MOF, FeMn/MOF-CFs, and FeMn/MOF-CFC, were synthesized through distinct protocols. Their ability to mitigate the effect of ammonia nitrogen inhibition was investigated in a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) with total solid (TS) concentration of 10% under a semi-continuous operation of ROW digestion system. The results show that the addition of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) material substantially mitigated the inhibition of ammonia nitrogen and enhanced methane production. Compared with the control group, FeMn/MOF-CFC exhibited the best performance, with a 40.21% decrease in ammonia nitrogen concentration and 66.96 L/L-reactor cumulative methane production. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms underlying microbial community characteristics were explored, indicating that the addition of FeMn/MOF-CFC to AD provides the optimal enhancement of methane production. The addition of FeMn/MOF-CFC can enrich Methanosarcina, enhance the acetoclastic pathway for methane production, and increase the relative activity of coenzyme F420, achieving a 193.68% increase.

This study investigated the effect of using nanofiber membrane composites containing Prussian blue-like compound nanoparticles (PNPs) with a stainless steel mesh as the carrier (NMCs) to relieve ammonia nitrogen inhibition of rural organic household waste during high-solid (total solid content of 15 %) anaerobic digestion (AD) and increase methane production. NMCs with different PNP contents were added to high-solid AD. When NMC with 15 % PNPs was added, the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen were lower than those of the blank control group, and the methane yield was the highest (301.31 mL/g volatile solids [VS]), at 2.8 times higher than that of the blank control group. The R2 value of the modified Gompertz equation was 0.997. During digestion, the activities of extracellular protease and coenzyme F420 were higher than those of the control group. NMCs were successfully recovered at the end of the experiment, and confocal scanning three-dimensional electron micrographs indicated that NMC with 15 % PNPs of NMCs had stronger biological activity; microbial community structure analysis indicated increased abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in this group. The study provides a new solution for improving the efficiency of biogas production and the recycling of exogenously added materials.

The role of plant genotype in determining the assembly of soil microorganisms is widely accepted; however, the effects of cropping with different cultivars of perennial crop plants on the composition of soil microbial communities are not fully understood. In the current study, high-throughput amplicon sequencing and real-time PCR were used to investigate the major features of bacterial community composition, ecological networks, and soil physicochemical properties in three replicate pear orchards, each planted with monocultures of pear cultivars Hosui (HS) or Sucui (SC) of similar ages. A distinct difference in the composition of microbial communities was observed between soils of HS and SC orchards. A significantly greater relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Alphaproteobacteria whereas a significantly lower relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria were found in soils of HS cropped orchards than that in SC orchards. Sphingomonas sp., belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, was recognized as a key species in the co-occurrence network of the microbial interactions. Moreover, redundancy analysis, the Mantel correlation test, and random forest analysis showed that soil pH was the dominant driver in determining microbial community composition in HS soils, whereas soil organic matter was the primary factor determining microbial community composition in SC soils. Altogether, we provide evidence that soils in HS orchards harbor unique microbial communities enriched with respect to microbial groups associated with nutrient cycling, whereas soils in SC orchards are dominated by a group of beneficial microbes exhibiting plant growth promotion. These findings have implications for science-based guidance for manipulation of the soil microbiome to achieve sustainable food production.

为实现畜禽粪污的资源化利用,降低环境污染风险,设计了沼液氮50％替代化肥氮、沼液氮75％替代化肥氮、沼液氮100％替代化肥氮以及农户习惯施肥4个处理,研究了不同沼液施用量对水稻产量及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,与常规施肥相比,合德镇和临海镇水稻试验田沼液氮50％和75％替代化肥氮处理能维持或显著提高水稻产量,沼液氮不同比例替代化肥氮处理土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾含量虽然出现了一定程度的增加,但均未达到显著差异,有效磷含量在临海镇水稻田土壤中有一定程度的增加,而在合德镇水稻试验田显著增加.

黑水虻Hermetia illucens作为一种新型资源环境昆虫,其幼虫可以处理餐厨垃圾、畜禽粪便、蔬菜残体等各种有机废弃物.幼虫富含蛋白质和油脂,可以作为水产饲料的蛋白来源.本研究探索黑水虻幼虫处理餐厨垃圾过程中其养分组成与消化酶活性变化之间的关系.通过黑水虻幼虫自由取食餐厨垃圾,每日采集样品用于物质养分和消化酶活性的测定.结果显示:黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白含量呈现先下降后上升的变化规律,而幼虫总糖含量呈现先上升后下降的变化规律,粗脂肪含量维持上升的趋势.幼虫处理餐厨垃圾过程中,体内蛋白酶在初期迅速上升,第6天后逐渐下降,而淀粉酶呈现出先缓慢上升再迅速上升最后下降的变化规律.脂肪酶在黑水虻幼虫处理餐厨垃圾前期保持较高的活性然后缓慢下降.同时,通过相关性分析,黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白含量变化与蛋白酶活性没有相关性,而总糖与粗脂肪含量变化分别与淀粉酶、脂肪酶有相关性.因此,部分消化酶活性变化与黑水虻幼虫养分组成具有一定的联系,本研究结果为工厂化养殖黑水虻提供一定的理论基础.

微纳米气泡(micro/nano bubbles,MNBs)因其广泛的应用领域及良好的应用前景而备受关注.在厌氧消化(AD)领域,MNBs具备的高气体转移效率、产生ROS、高zeta电位、高表面电荷以及固有的微曝气能力(空气或O2-MNBs)等特性,可以提高AD过程的性能和效率,改善限速步骤(水解和产甲烷),这为AD工艺的改进提供了新的方向.近年来,越来越多的研究将不同MNBs以不同方式用于AD中,这些研究主要集中于利用富有纳米气泡的纳米气泡水来提高AD反应器性能,而有关微气泡在AD中的应用研究相对较少.考虑到纳米气泡和微气泡都拥有改善AD的潜能,本文从MNBs的特性、制备方法和设备、其在AD中的研究现状和可能的作用机理方面开展综述,并探讨了未来可能的应用方向,旨在为进一步利用MNBs增强AD的研究提供参考.

为探明规模奶牛场污水产生来源,提出源头减量有效措施,对江苏省两家规模奶牛场生产用水情况进行了周年运行监测,结果表明:①奶牛饮水、挤奶厅用水全年占比分别为58.83%、11.52%,喷淋水在夏季占比达到20.63%;②单位产奶量的泌乳牛饮水量为(4.6±1.7)L/kg牛奶,单位产奶量的总生产用水量为(13.1±6.0)L/kg牛奶;③奶牛场污水生化处理过程使用絮凝剂会额外消耗配制用水,进一步增加污水量.通过分析规模奶牛场生产用水构成发现,将挤奶厅地面冲洗废水、饮水槽清洗废水收集进行循环利用,传统喷淋改为红外感应喷淋等方式,千头规模奶牛场每年预计可节水减排超过3 000m3.

以江苏省扬州市广陵区奶牛场和江苏省睢宁县奶牛场为研究对象,采用生命周期评价(LCA)对达标排放和还田利用2种处理模式对环境的影响进行评价.结果表明,达标排放模式每处理1t奶牛粪污产生的温室效应潜势(GWP,以CO2计)、酸化潜势(AP,以SO2计)、富营养化潜势(EP,以PO3-4计)分别为189.34、0.64、0.11 kg.而还田利用模式每处理1 t奶牛粪污产生的温室效应潜势(GWP)、酸化潜势(AP)和富营养化潜势(EP)分别为79.22、0.064、0.00162 kg,达标处理模式对环境的综合影响是还田利用模式的7.33倍.利用成本-效益分析对2种模式的经济效益进行评价,达标排放处理模式的奶牛场净收益为-0.167万元/(年·头),而还田利用处理模式的奶牛场净收益为0.0234万元/(年·头).总之,无论是环境可持续还是经济效益对比方面,还田利用模式均更占优势.

以获得黑水虻Hermetia illucens转化有机废弃物的养殖投喂工艺参数为目标,采用实验室小试模拟试验,以餐厨垃圾为试验原料,研究不同投料方式(1次、2次、3次和4次投料)对黑水虻转化餐厨垃圾过程中幼虫生长性能的影响.结果表明,采用多次投料方式,随着投料次数增加,对转化物料料温波动影响较大,不利于幼虫快速生长;在投虫量和投料量相同条件下,养殖周期为10 d,其中以1次投料处理组的收虫体重、体长、单位面积虫产量为最高,料虫比为最低,与2次投料差异不显著(P>0.05),但与3次、4次投料处理组差异显著(P<0.05);黑水虻转化废弃物前期较低的物料含水率更加有利于虫体生长,而后期物料含水率较高则更为有利.通过生产性能分析发现,从投料回报效果角度考虑生产性能以1次投料为最佳,而从高效率处理餐厨垃圾和投料回报效果两者角度综合分析,生产性能以2次投料为最佳.该结果可为构建黑水虻转化餐厨垃圾标准化生产工艺参数技术体系奠定基础.

Using biogas slurry to cultivate microalgae can simultaneously obtain microalgal biomass and allow nutrient recovery. Mixotrophic microalgae are widely recognized for their high biomass accumulation and low light dependence, making it possible to overcome the drawbacks of photoautotrophy. In this study, three complete metabolic modes of photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy and two incomplete metabolic modes with the addition of diuron and rotenone were applied to investigate Chlorella pyrenoidosa growth in biogas slurry. The results showed that the mixotrophic group obtained 1.15 g/L biomass, 30 % starch content, 99.40 % ammonium removal and 81.69 % total phosphorus removal, which were highly promoted compared to the others. The decline in chlorophyll, the simultaneous downregulation of Rubisco and citrate synthase and the increase in the actual quantum yield of PSII under mixotrophy revealed a synergistic effect: the complementation of photo-phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation greatly contributed to maximizing energy metabolism efficiency and minimizing energy dissipation loss.

采用座谈交流、问卷调查、采样监测等方式,对江苏省主要奶牛养殖地区的26家规模奶牛场粪污处理利用情况进行调研分析,旨在摸清奶牛粪污处理利用现状,进而梳理优化提升环节,并提出建议措施.结果发现:当存栏量≥1000头时,85.7％的奶牛场采用机械刮板清粪工艺,92.9％的奶牛场进行粪污固液分离;当存栏量<1000头时,83.3％的奶牛场采用人工干清粪或吸粪车工艺,50％的奶牛场进行粪污固液分离;粪便堆肥利用和粪水还田利用比例分别为88.5％和76.9％,是应用最广泛的技术模式;73.1％的奶牛场将挤奶厅污水与牛舍粪污水混合处理.奶牛场粪污处理利用存在节水减排措施不足、粪水无害化程度不够、农田施用不科学等薄弱环节,建议后续加强粪污减量技术、粪水水生植物净化工艺以及粪水安全还田管理技术的研究与应用.

为解决有机废弃物预处理后依然存在高盐分、腐熟不完全以及存在有害物质等问题,探究利用蚯蚓堆肥处理餐厨垃圾与黑水虻虫粪的可行性.试验利用蚯蚓处理餐厨垃圾与黑水虻虫粪,对不同处理的蚯蚓生物学性状以及物料养分的变化情况进行比较分析.结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥处理后,处理组蚯蚓的日增质量倍数以及日增殖倍数均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);2种物料的pH值趋于中性,并且电导率显著下降(P<0.05);餐厨垃圾和黑水虻虫粪的有机质、铵态氮含量等均显著下降(P<0.05);总磷、总钾、腐殖酸的含量均显著上升(P<0.05).黑水虻虫粪的总氮含量上升,而餐厨垃圾的总氮含量下降;黑水虻虫粪和餐厨垃圾的种子发芽指数分别为86.67％、81.33％.通过对物料腐殖酸与种子发芽指数的测定,表明2种物料经过蚯蚓处理后,可用于农用.

沼液产量大,所含养分浓度较低,制约了沼液商业化生产的发展.膜浓缩技术可同时实现沼液减量化和无害化,有利于推动整个沼液产业化的发展,成为沼液处理未来发展方向.而沼液高悬浮物的特性导致膜污染严重,缩短膜寿命,增加运行成本,因此,膜前预处理技术是实现沼液膜浓缩技术应用的关键环节.为了考察沼液膜前组合预处理技术效果,本文以经过自然沉降处理后的沼液为对象,研究石英砂、火山岩单级过滤、石英砂与火山岩组合多级过滤方式对沼液中悬浮物的去除效果,并对预处理后的沼液开展纳滤膜浓缩工艺参数优化研究.结果表明,石英砂滤料对悬浮物的去除效果较好,火山岩滤料对氨氮的去除效果较好,但综合分析认为以石英砂与火山岩组合滤料对沼液过滤效果为最优;通过对纳滤膜不同浓缩倍数运行比较研究发现,沼液的最佳浓缩倍数为6倍,沼液体积缩减了5/6,养分氮、磷、钾浓度分别提高了2.06、3.10和3.70倍,该结果为获得较好的沼液膜前预处理技术方案和纳滤膜浓缩工艺方案提供技术支撑.

The industrial utilization of straw from the field is an important way to achieve its comprehensive utilization. Construction of an efficient collection system is the premise and foundation for the efficient utilization of straw resources. It has become an urgent problem to reduce the cost of storage and transportation of straw from the field. In order to construct an indexing system and method of regional suitability evaluation of straw storage and transportation technology model, a model based on regional suitability criteria for straw storage and transportation technology has been constructed by using literature analysis. The evaluation method of the straw storage and transportation technology model is briefly discussed. This method provides a quantifiable basis for screening, evaluation, integration, and popularization of the straw storage and transportation technology model.

为实现沼液的还田利用及梨树的精准施肥,以4年生苏翠1号梨树为研究对象,研究沼液不同施用方式对梨园土壤及梨果产量品质的影响.共设置常规施肥、沼液水肥一体化及沼液漫灌3个处理.研究结果显示,相较于沼液漫灌处理,沼液水肥一体化处理梨果产量及品质显著提高,且土壤氮养分累积显著减少;沼液水肥一体化相较于常规施肥可节约43％的化肥,并能减少土壤氮养分累积;但不同施肥处理梨树一年生新稍数量及叶片叶绿素含量没有显著性差异.梨树沼液水肥一体化不仅实现了沼液的轻减化、精准化施用,也显著提高了梨果产量及品质,为梨树的精准施肥提供了一种经济有效的施肥模式.

为实现基于梨叶营养诊断的科学施肥,拟构建江苏省苏翠1号梨叶养分标准值.在江苏省不同地区采集苏翠1号梨叶样品,分析测定其养分含量,然后采用概率分级法构建其养分标准值.偏度及峰度正态性分布检验结果显示叶片中N、P2O5、K2O、Ca、Mg含量符合正态分布,而微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量则为偏正态分布.对于符合正态分布的养分采用概率分级法进行叶养分标准值的确定,偏正态分布的元素则采用ln函数将养分数据转换为正态分布后进行概率分级,再将分级数据转换为养分数据.最终初步确定江苏省苏翠1号梨叶N的适宜范围为2.09％～2.32％,P2O5为0.10％～0.13％,K2O为1.18％～1.41％,Ca为2.19％～2.65％,Mg为0.25％～0.31％,Fe为261～369 mg/kg,Mn为38～75 mg/kg,Cu为2～5 mg/kg,Zn为32～50 mg/kg.本研究采用概率分级法制定的梨叶养分标准值平均值与传统高产园法所制定的养分标准值平均值相比,仅Mn和Cu分别存在29.2％和12.5％的差异,其他元素的差异均小于10％.

随着农村产业结构的调整、农村生活条件的改善,秸秆区域性、季节性、结构性过剩现象激增,随意丢弃和露天直接焚烧的现象严重,不仅造成资源浪费、地力损伤、环境污染,甚至导致火灾及交通事故频发.为了进一步推进高邮市农作物秸秆的综合利用发展,本文对高邮市秸秆产生、利用现状、工作成效和存在问题进行综述,并提出进一步发展的对策建议,以期为秸秆处理利用提供理论支撑.