This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of celastrol, a natural compound with multiple bioactivities, on multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis (ON) in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in Sprague Dawley rats using myelin basic protein, and the animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of celastrol or vehicle for 13 days. The EAE rats showed abnormal neurobehavior and inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cord. Significantly upregulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-17 and downregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 were found in the spinal cord of EAE rats. In the study of ON, severely inflammatory responses like in the spinal cord were also seen in the optic nerve, as well as obvious microgliosis. Furthermore, activation of nuclear factor kappa-B and upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase was observed in the optic nerve. In addition, apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and dysregulation of apoptotic-associated proteins in the optic nerve were found in EAE rats. Treatment of celastrol potently restored these changes. In most of the indexes, the effects of high dose of celastrol were better than the low dose. Our data conclude that administration of celastrol attenuates multiple sclerosis and ON in EAE via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. These findings provide new pre-clinical evidence for the use of celastrol in treatment of multiple sclerosis.

差示扫描量热法(DifferentialScanning Calorimetry),作为一种多用途、高效、快速、灵敏的分析测试手段,已广泛用于研究物质的物理变化和化学变化过程.这些变化是物质在加热或冷却过程中发生的,它在热流曲线上表现为吸热或放热的峰或基线的不连续偏移.差示扫描热量仪(简称DSC)是一种多功能的量热仪器,可测定物质的熔融热、相变热、结晶热、氧化过程等,也可用于新材料热韧性和化学性质的测定.

Objective To explore the effect of whole course nursing intervention on reducing adverse reactions of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods Totally 120 DR patients with FFA in Qunli Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University were enrolled from August 2013 to February 2016.The patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group with 60 patients in each group.The control group was treated with routine nursing care for FFA examination;the observation group was treated with whole course nursing intervention based on behavioral nursing,psychological nursing and health education.Adverse reactions were recorded after angiography.Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were evaluated before and after angiography;Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was evaluated after angiography.Results All patients finished FFA examination.Incidences of dizziness,vomiting,fever and urticaria in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group after angiography[3.3％ (2/60) vs 11.7％ (7/60),1.7％ (1/60) vs 10.0％ (6/60),0.0％ (0/60) vs 6.7 ％ (4/60),0.0％ (0/60) v s 6.7 ％ (4/60)] (P ＜ 0.05).Scores of SAS and SDS after angiography were significantly lower than those before angiography in both groups [observation group:(30 ± 11) scores vs (45 ± 11) scores,(31 ± 7) scores vs (46 ± 7) scores;control group:(39 ± 9) scores vs (46 ± 10) scores,(36 ± 7) scores vs (46 ± 8) scores] (P ＜ 0.05) and the scores in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Scores of interpersonal sensitivity,obsessivecompulsive,somatization and hostility in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group after angiography [(18 ± 3) scores vs (26 ± 4) scores,(19 ± 4) scores vs (28 ± 3) scores,(19 ± 3) scores vs (26 ±3)scores,(18 ±4) scores vs (28 ±4)scores] (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Whole course nursing intervention for DR patients with FFA can reduce adverse reactions,relieve anxiety and depression and improve the quality of life.

E-cadherin, β-catenin and N‑cadherin serve key roles in the epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) that leads to human lens epithelial cell (LEC) transdifferentiation and subsequent cataract formation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of E‑cadherin in LEC transdifferentiation. SRA01/04 human LECs were transfected with E‑cadherin short interfering (si)RNA (E‑cadherin siRNA group), negative control siRNA (NC group) or the transfection regent Lipofectamine 2000 (blank group). Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was used to detect mRNA expression levels of E‑cadherin, N‑cadherin and β‑catenin, and western blot analysis was performed to measure the protein expression levels in the three groups. SRA01/04 cells transfected with E‑cadherin siRNA exhibited a significant decrease in the mRNA expression level of E‑cadherin (P<0.05) and N‑cadherin (P<0.05), whereas no significant changes were identified for β‑catenin expression (P>0.05). Consistent with the results of RT‑qPCR, western blotting demonstrated that the protein expression levels of E‑cadherin and N‑cadherin were notably decreased in E‑cadherin siRNA‑transfected cells, whereas the protein expression level of β‑catenin remained unchanged. Results from the present study indicated that E‑cadherin may be involved in human LEC transdifferentiation by affecting N‑cadherin expression.

·AIM: To study the effect of synthetic borneol on transcorneal permeability of dexamethasone. The ocular irritation was also evaluated. ·METHODS:The freshly excised corneas,whole corneas or de-epithelialized corneas, were immediately mounted in perfusion cells. Dexamethasone containing free -borneol or borneol was added into the deliver chamber respectively in each group. At different time point after addition of solution, 50μL of the receptor solution was removed. The concentration of dexamethasone was determined and the apparent&nbsp;permeability coefficient ( Papp ) was calculated. Hydration level of cornea was measured and irritation test was observed. ·RESULTS: The Papp for dexamethasone in whole cornea increased by 2. 40 fold in borneol group ( P<0. 05). The Papp for dexamethasone in de-epithelialized cornea did not increased apparently (P>0. 05). Synthetic borneol did not increase hydration level and irritation of cornea(P>0. 05). ·CONCLUSION: Synthetic borneol can improve the corneal permeation of lipophilic drug dexamethasone and do not damage corneal tissue.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of olopatadine combined with sodium hyaluronate eye drops in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis and the preventive effect of ophthalmoxerosis. Method From November 2012 to November 2015, 184 cases (186 eyes) of patients with allergic conjunctivitis in Qingdao Municipal Hospital were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, 92 cases (93 eyes) in each group. Patients in control group were treated with olopatadine. Patients in experimental group were treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops on the basis of control group. Observed and compared with symptoms and signs changes, tear film break time (BUT), Schirmer Ⅰtest, fluorescein staining and adverse reactions before and after treatment between the two groups of patients. Result Compared with before treatment, patients of both groups with symptoms and signs changes, BUT, SchirmerⅠtest and corneal fluorescein staining scores were significantly improved (P<0.05), the improvement of above indexes in experimental group were more significant than control group (P<0.05). During the treatment, patients of both groups did not complaint about aggravation, eye itching, irritation and other adverse reactions. Conclusion Olopatadine combined whth hyaluronic acid sodium eye drops has better clinical e?cacy and safety in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis , worthy of popularization and application.

目的 了解青光眼患者的住院费用情况及其主要的影响因素,为控制住院费用的不断增长提供合理化建议.方法 收集黑龙江省某三甲医院2010-2014年的青光眼患者病例共828例,采用描述性分析、f检验、单因素方差分析和多元线性回归方法进行分析.结果 青光眼患者的平均住院费用是19660.58元,住院费用的主要影响因素是住院天数、是否手术、入院时间.结论 合理用药减少药品费用,缩短住院天数提高有效住院时长是控制青光眼患者住院费用的有效途径,同时要提高医务人员劳动价格以提高其积极性.

AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of vitamin B12 eye drops for vision fatigue caused by visual display terminals (VDT). <br> METHODS: Totally 50 patients (100 eyes) with vision fatigue caused by VDT were averagely divided into two groups. The control group were treated with normal saline,the treatment group were treated with vitamin B12 eye drops, 3 times per day, one drop each time, continuous for 60d. Accommodative parameters and Schirmer Ⅰtest were measured and analyzed before and after treatment. <br> RESULTS: After treatment, the results of Schirmer Ⅰtest, accommodative amplitude and accommodative facility of the treatment group were higher than those of the control group ( all P < 0. 05 ). And the results of accommodation lag of the treatment group were lower than those of the control group (P<0. 05). <br> CONCLUSION: Vitamin B12 eye drops can lessen symptoms of dry eye, improve accommodative function and treat vision fatigue caused by VDT.

目的:评价基于数据库管理平台的仿生模拟训练在眼底病实习教学中的应用效果.方法:四个班级随机分为对照组和实验组,分别采用传统方式和仿真模型教学,课后进行考核及问卷调查.结果:实验组成绩优于对照组(P＜0.05).多数实验组学生对授课方式满意.结论:基于数据库管理平台的仿生模拟训练能够提高眼底病教学质量.

The permeability of most drugs through the eyes is very limited, so finding safe and effective penetration enhancers is of high importance in current ophthalmology research. In this paper, we use a new approach that integrates Chinese and Western medicine to improve the corneal permeability of baicalin, a water- and fat-insoluble target drug, in vitro. Rabbits were divided into three groups. The first group was dosed with borneol (0.05%, 0.1%). menthol (0.1%, 0.2%), or Labrasol (1%, 2%) individually, the second was dosed with a combination of Labrasol with either borneol or menthol, and the third group received a control treatment. Compared with the control treatment, borneol, menthol, or Labrasol alone clearly improved the permeability of baicalin in vitro. Furthermore, the penetrating effects were significantly increased by combining the application of Labrasol with menthol or borneol. Among the various combined penetration enhancers, 0.1% borneol with 2% Labrasol achieved the best apparent permeability, approximately 16.35 times that of the control. Additionally, the calculation of corneal hydration level and the Draize test demonstrated the safety of these penetration enhancers to the rabbit corneas in vivo. This study confirms that the combined use of borneol or menthol, compounds both derived from Chinese herbs, with Labrasol can improve the corneal permeability of water- and fat-insoluble drugs.

目的 探讨展神经损伤后展神经核内神经再生的情况.方法 选用健康成年Beagle犬22只,分为对照组(2只)和实验组.实验组又依据展神经损伤后1d、3d、7d、14d、28 d分为五组(各4只),对照组和实验组经颞底入路显微手术,解剖、暴露展神经脑池段,仅实验组行展神经切断,术后测定展神经功能.对照组和实验组术后每条犬静脉注射BrdU 50 mg·kg-1,每天2次(早7:00和晚7:00),连续7d.1d组术后1d给予注射BrdU,3d组术后连续3d注射BrdU,其他以此类推.术后1d、3d、7d、14 d、28 d分别灌注取材,行nestin/BrdU、DCX/BrdU、GFAP/BrdU免疫荧光双标检测.结果 实验组Beagle犬眼球呈内斜视,损伤侧展神经核内可见nestin/BrdU阳性神经前体细胞,DCX/BrdU阳性新生神经元前体细胞以及GFAP/BrdU阳性星形胶质细胞,BrdU阳性细胞术后3d为高峰,术后7d后逐渐下降,术后28 d时仍可以找到再生的神经细胞.对照组及实验组健侧展神经核内未见相关阳性细胞.结论 展神经损伤后展神经核内出现神经再生现象.

The aim of this study was to optimize reverse iontophoretic (RI) extraction of ferric/ferrous ions from the cornea.

Objective To study the microanatomy of the sympathetic nerves in the intracranial internal carotid artery system.Methods Thirty adult cadaveric heads fixed by vascular perfusion were selected.The course of sympathetic nerve of intracranial internal carotid artery system and its anatomic relationship with adjacent structures were observed,and the data of relative anatomical structures were measured.Results The sympathetic nerve usually ran in the form of two nerve bundles within internal carotid canal,including the thick bundle located in the frontal side while the thin one in the occipital side.Among the nerve bundles in the frontal side,71.7%(43/60) samples of the nerve bundle had only one bundle,and 28.3%(17/60) were composed of two thinner bundles.However,96.7%(58/60) samples of the nerve bundle in the occipital side had only one bundle.The occipital and frontal bundles entered the cavernous sinus and formed the parasellar sympathetic trunk,the length of which was 1.32±0.56 mm,then divided into the abducent nerve branch and internal carotid branch.The abducent nerve branch joined in oculomotor nerve,trochlear nerve,trigeminal nerve and abducent nerve.The internal carotid branch ran forward to form two nerve plexus,the medial and lateral plexus,which ran together with the internal carotid artery.Conclusions The sympathetic nerve in intracranial internal carotid artery system has complex course and adjacent relationship and high variability.The microanatomical study of the sympathetic nerve system can reduce injury from intracranial surgery.

Objective To study the microsurgical anatomical structure of the lacrimal gland artery.Methods Thirty adult cadaveric heads fixed by vascular perfusion were selected.The origin,relations to surrounding tissues,course and types of the lacrimal gland artery were observed and the related data was measured.Results In this study,96.7%(2/60) lacrimal gland artery originated from the ophthalmic artery and 3.3%(2/60) from middle meningeal artery,including from the angle of the ophthalmic artery in 35 sides,from the curvature of the ophthalmic artery in 11 sides,from the first segment of the lacrimal gland artery in 7 sides and from the second segmen of the lacrimal gland artery in 5 sides.The outer diameter of the lacrimal gland artery was(0.89 ± 0.21) mm.The glandular branch of the lacrimal nerve located on the upper part of the lacrimal gland artery in 65.0% samples and the glandular branch of the lacrimal gland artery governed the lacrimal gland with one to two branches in 88.3% samples.Conclusions The origin and course within the orbit of lacrimal gland artery are often varied.Studies of anatomical structure of the lacrimal gland artery can reduce hemorrhage and injury during biopsy or excision of the lacrimal gland.The injury of lacrimal gland artery should be avoided in neurosurgery.

Objective To provide anatomic data of the cranio-orbital foramen and the lateral orbital sulcus for the skull base surgery.Methods One hundred dry adult skulls(200 sides) and 30 cadaveric heads(60 sides) were observed and measured,for exploring anatomic features and variations of the cranio-orbital foramen and its adjacent structures.Results Incidence of the cranio-orbital foramen was 65.5%(131 sides).The cranio-orbital foramen located on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone,or on the frontal bone,at or near the spheno-frontal suture.Usually,1-3 foramens could be observed.Incidence of the lateral orbital sulcus was 24%(48 sides).No artery was observed to pass through the sulcus of cadaveric heads.The course of the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery could be divided into 3 types.For typeⅠ,the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery entered the orbit through the cranio-orbital foramen and anastomosed with the lacrimal artery.For typeⅡ,the paired orbital branches of the middle meningeal artery entered the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and the cranio-orbital foramen and anastomosed with the lacrimal artery.For type Ⅲ,the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery entered the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and anastomosed with the lacrimal artery.Conclusions The cranio-orbital foramen,the lateral orbital sulcus,and their adjacent structures are complex and variable,which need to be taken notice during the surgical procedure in this area.

Because of the variety of factors affecting glioma prognosis, prediction of patient survival is particularly difficult. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks have been considered with regard to how their spatial characteristics relate to glioma. However, the dynamic nature of PPIs in vivo makes them temporally and spatially complex events. Integration of prognosis-specific co-expression information adds further dynamic features to these networks. Although some biomarkers for glioma prognosis have been identified, none is sufficient for accurate prediction of either prognosis or improved survival. We have established co-expressed protein-interaction networks that integrate protein–protein interactions with glioma gene-expression profiles related to different survival times. Biomarkers related to glioma prognosis were identified by comparative analysis of the dynamic features of the glioma prognosis network, particularly subnetworks. Four significantly differently expressed genes (SDEGs) are upregulated and ten SDEGs downregulated as lifetime is extended. In addition, 97 enhanced differently co-expressed protein interactions (DCPIs) and 99 weakened DCPIs were associated with glioma patient lifetime extension. We propose a method for estimating glioma prognosis on the basis of the construction of a dynamic modular network. We have used this method to identify dynamic genes and interactions related to glioma prognosis. Among these, enhanced MYC expression was related to lifetime extension, as were interactions between E2F1 and RB1 and between EGFR and p38. This method is a novel means of studying the molecular mechanisms determining prognosis in glioma.

Objective To investigate the microscopic anatomic structures of posterior ciliary arteries.Methods Thirty cranium specimen(60 sides) were selected to take vascular perfusion of red emulsion,blue emulsion or silicone rubber.The origin,branches,courses and adjacent structures of the posterior ciliary artery were observed and measured.Results Posterior ciliary arteries derived from the 1st ophthalmic artery segment,the angle of the ophthalmic artery,the 2nd ophthalmic artery segment,the ophthalmic artery bend and the 3rd ophthalmic artery segment.The patterns of branching of the posterior ciliary arteries were medial-lateral and medial-lateral-superior.The most frequently observed posterior ciliary artery was medial-lateral pattern.Medial posterior ciliary artery derived from ophthalmic artery bend.Lateral and superior posterior ciliary arteries derived from ophthalmic arteries angle.The diameters of medial,lateral and superior posterior ciliaries artery were(0.71±0.24)mm,(0.69±0.22)mm and (0.63±0.19)mm,respectively.Conclusions The variations in origin and course of posterior ciliary arteries are much.The anatomical study of the posterior ciliary arteries can reduce bleeding and injury in operation and avoid the loss of vision caused by ischemia of optic nerve in rabbits.

Background: Cationic polymers have great potential in improving the permeability through cornea of eye drug. Sperminated derivations are new generation of cationic polymers. Objective: This study intended to evaluate the effect of sperminated pullulans (SP) on transcorneal permeability of fluorescein sodium and examine the relationship between the amino groups and the enhancement in vitro. The ocular irritation of SP was also tested both in vivo and in vitro. Methods: A total of 9 clean New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group, Sperminated pullulans(SP)-L group and SP-H group and 6 corneas were included in each group. The freshly excised corneas were immediately mounted in modified Franz perfusion cells under the mixing condition with the corneal epithelium toward the deliver chamber and the endothelium toward the receptor chamber. Fluorescein sodium solution containing free-SP, 0.2% SP with 0.124 mmol/g amino (SP-L) or 0.2% SP with 0.578 mmol/g amino (SP-H) was added into the deliver chamber respectively in each group. At 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 minutes after addition of fluorescein sodium solution, 100 μL of the receptor solution was removed. The concentration of fluorescein sodium was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Hydration level of cornea was calculated at the end of each permeation run by the usual gravimetric method. A modified Draize test was carried out to evaluate the eye irritation in vivo. Results: The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) for fluorescein sodium increased by 2.12 fold in SP-L group and 6.87 fold in SP-H group. Fluorescein sodium transcorneal permeation parameters were significantly enhanced in SP-L and SP-H in comparison with control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), respectively, and that in SP-H group was the more effective enhancer than SP-L group (P < 0.05). The corneal hydration value was less than 83%. No evident difference was found in corneal hydration value among control group, SP-L group and SP-H group (F = 2.650, P = 0.130). The scores of Draize test were all lower than 4, indicating that no irritation response of eye occurred after addition of 0.2% SP-L and 0.2% SP-H. Conclusion: As a safe and effective permeability enhancer, SP can improve the corneal permeation of hydrophilic drug. The promoting permeation effect of amino in SP is proved to be dose-dependent.

Purpose: Both borneol and danshensu are bioactive substances derived from traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, the effect of borneol on the distribution of danshensu to the eyes in rabbits via oral administration was investigated.Methods: The rabbits were injected danshensu (1.0 g/kg) into the auris dextra vein 15 min after intragastric administration of borneol and the danshensu concentrations in plasma, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Draize test was used to examine the eye irritation.Results: Compared with the administration of danshensu alone, danshensu concentrations co-administrated with borneol in plasma were between 60.99 and 722.90 mu g/ml. Peak times (T-max) in both groups appeared at 0 min; however, compared with the control group, the values were not statistically significant although they differ (P > 0.05). The concentrations of danshensu in aqueous humor and vitreous humor in test group are higher than that in control group. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). T-max in both groups appeared at 25 min. Neither irritation nor inflammatory reaction was found during the examinations.Conclusion: The results suggest that the promoting effect of borneol on the permeability of drugs through the blood-ocular barrier in vivo is obvious, which indicates that borneol has the potential to be used as an ocular penetration enhancer.

目的:观察颅脑损伤患者眼内压与颅内压的关系。方法:压陷式眼压计测量眼内压,腰穿法测量颅内压,分析眼内压与颅内压的相关性。结果:眼内压与颅内压之间存在正相关关系,相关系数r=0.822。结论:颅脑损伤患者监测眼内压可以在一定程度上了解颅内压的变化,是一种无创性监测方法,具有临床应用价值。