[目的]鉴定分析核桃(Juglans regia L.)分支酸变位酶(chorismate mutase,CM)家族基因,为解析莽草酸途径(shikimic acid pathway)代谢调控的分子机制提供参考.[方法]基于核桃全基因组数据,通过HMM搜索对CM家族成员进行筛选鉴定,并利用实时荧光定量PCR分析其在核桃不同组织中的表达模式.[结果]核桃基因组内共鉴定到7个CM家族基因,分布于6条染色体上,JrCM6与JrCM7位于同一条染色体,其余基因分别位于不同的染色体上.各基因均含有5～6个外显子,结构保守.预测表明,核桃CM均为亲水性蛋白且定位于叶绿体上,其中JrCM5含有信号肽.除JrCM4外,其余成员均无跨膜结构.蛋白质三维结构预测结果显示核桃CM家族蛋白与模板蛋白AtCM1间具有较高的相似性.系统进化分析显示,植物CM蛋白可分为4个大组,核桃CM蛋白聚集在第Ⅱ和Ⅳ分支上.其中JrCM2和JrCM5聚集在第Ⅱ支系,与胡杨CM同源蛋白Potri.T174200的亲缘关系较近;JrCM6、JrCM7、JrCM4、JrCM1及Jr-CM3聚集在第Ⅳ支系上;JrCM6、JrCM7和JrCM4与葡萄CM同源蛋白GSVIVG01010091001的亲缘关系最近;而Jr-CM1和JrCM3则与蝴蝶兰CM同源蛋白PEQU04269的亲缘关系最近.对启动子顺势作用原件的预测表明,除CAAT-box和TATA-box外,各基因启动子中共发现光响应、激素响应、胁迫响应、转录因子结合位点、生长和发育响应及昼夜节律等7大类调控元件,其中MYB、ERE、MYC、Box 4、G-box、ABRE、ARE、STRE、O2-site、TCA-element的数量最多,这与CM基因主要受到光照、逆境胁迫调控的结论较为一致.qRT-PCR定量检测结果表明,7个基因在核桃叶、茎、果柄和青皮中均有表达,且其表达量与趋势各不相同故具有组织特异性.[结论]在核桃基因组中,共计鉴定得到7个CM家族基因,该家族蛋白具有理化特征、三维结构上的保守性,启动子区域具有响应多种不同信号的顺式作用元件.研究结果为进一步阐明核桃CM基因在莽草酸途径中的生物学功能奠定了基础.

土地沙化是青海高原面临的最严重的生态问题之一.沙化土地主要分布在柴达木盆地、共和盆地、青海湖环湖地区、黄河源区和长江源区.其中青海湖周边地区沙漠化土地是生态建设的重点和难点.因此,在此区域开展治沙造林模式示范,人工植被与气候、土壤环境的相互作用机制等研究,不仅对青海湖周生态环境保护和建设有重要意义,而且对青海湖区社会经济发展的影响深远,同时可以为高寒沙区的防沙治沙提供技术支撑和科学依据,并为沙漠化防治规划提供理论支持.

本文对科技人才分类进行研究,根据青海农科院科技人才所从事的工作性质和岗位,将科技人才分为基础研究人才、应用研究人才、技术转化人才以及技术支撑人才,对四种科技人才的特点进行分析;结合人才发展实际情况,对四类人才的评价方法指标分别进行阐述.

为丰富黄河上游丘陵地农业面源污染拦截植物带所需的灌木树种,将苦水玫瑰从海拔1 400 m的庄浪河流域引种到2 550～2 800 m的湟水流域,观察其在高海拔区的适生性,结果表明:苦水玫瑰在引入地表现为抗旱、耐寒、较耐瘠薄和病虫害侵袭,适应性强,能够正常生长;定性二元性状、定性多态性状在高寒旱地栽培条件下一致性、稳定性好,植株和花蕾的多数数量性状一致性、稳定性差;玫瑰干花产品的总糖含量、蛋白质含量、淀粉含量和脂肪含量比引入地高,灰分含量与膳食纤维含量比引入地低,其产品特异性有待进一步研究.总体上,苦水玫瑰在湟水流域丘陵地有很好的适应性,具备生态保护利用价值和经济价值,可以作为湟水流域丘陵地的一种生态经济灌木树种加以利用.

调查柴达木盆地枸杞绿色标准有机标准两种种植模式投资、效益规律,分析产品品质,用于评判产业潜力,指导生产.采用连续9年定点数据采集,平行比较两种模式投资、收益以及鲜果外观品质和内在品质.结果表明:绿色模式和有机模式种植均为1～3年为投资期,第4年开始收益,第7年进入高产期;前期有机模式效益优于绿色模式,高产期绿色模式收益优于有机模式.高产期鲜果平均百粒长绿色组218.86cm,有机组216.25cm,差异显著;平均百粒直径绿色组94.67cm,有机组96.59cm,差异显著;平均百粒质量绿色组90.59g,有机组89.66g,差异不显著.鲜果平均甜菜碱含量绿色组1.45g/100g,有机组1.55g/100g,差异极显著;平均多糖含量绿色组5.80g/100g,有机组5.88g/100g,差异不显著.柴达木盆地枸杞种植前期有机组收益高于绿色组,高产期绿色组收益高于有机组.枸杞鲜果有机组比绿色组百粒长略短,百粒直径略宽,百粒质量相当;甜菜碱含量有机标准极显著高于绿色标准,多糖含量相当.

春小麦的苗期生长受到干旱的严重影响,进而影响其产量和品质.为了明确响应干旱胁迫的关键表达基因,本研究以PEG胁迫和相应对照春小麦苗期叶片为材料构建转录组测序文库,利用IlluminaHiSeq?2000进行测序,采用FPKM法计算基因表达量,对差异表达基因进行功能分类和KEGG通路分析.结果表明,样品测序均得到6.4G以上的碱基,每组样品Q30碱基百分比均大于88.73％.最终结果筛选到差异表达基因1217个,其中410个上调表达基因,807个下调表达基因,显著富集到谷胱甘肽和苯丙烷类等代谢途径.本研究结果为小麦等作物抗旱基因的挖掘和功能研究奠定了良好的基础.

文中为评价藜麦、皱叶酸模两种植物对农田土壤砷、镉的修复应用价值,进行田间试验.试验中施用尿素、磷酸二氢钾,其砷、镉携带量极小.藜麦、皱叶酸模农田年生物产量分别为27808kg/hm2、1875.8kg/hm2;对砷输出量分别为1.75×105mg/hm2、1.17×104mg/hm2;对镉输出量分别为4.14×104mg/hm2、1.36 ×104mg/hm2.以绿色标准为目标,用该方法修复土壤砷,需连续种植藜麦65.66a、皱叶酸模983.90a;修复土壤Cd,需连续种植藜麦13.00a、皱叶酸模40.16a.藜麦对土壤Cd修复期较短,有继续研究应用价值.

为了解柴达木盆地枸杞生产田中经常使用的11种农药中砷、镉对农田土壤及果实输入量的影响,通过采集土壤样品和枸杞果实对其含量进行了测定和分析.结果表明:11种农药都携带有砷,总量为2269.40 mg/hm2,其中10种携带镉,总量为25.26 mg/hm2;研究区20 cm表层土壤砷平均含量为16.29 mg/kg,镉平均含量为0.30 mg/kg;枸杞干果砷平均含量0.72 mg/kg,镉平均含量0.032 mg/kg.农药所携带砷、镉相对土壤中固有含量比例很低,短期内不足以对农田土壤及果实含量产生显著影响.

通过对青海省农林科学院专业技术职称现状的阐述,分析了农业科研单位现有职称评审体系中存在的问题,指出面临新机遇与挑战,农业科研单位要建立合理有效的职称评审制度,以激发科研人员的工作积极性,保证科研工作有效运行.

The hundred grain weight, hundred grain length and hundred grain diameter of wolfberry, the two cultivars Ningqi No.7 and Ningqi No.1, are measured, and it is shown that the highest are in the earliest picking period (August 10) , followed are in the later picking period (September 1) , the final picking period (September 22) are the lowest, and its overall appearance quality as picking period of delay is reduced. The fresh fruit polysaccharide content in the Ningqi No.1 is measured, and it is shown that the highest is the later picking period, the final picking period is the next, and the earliest picking period is the lowest. In the Ningqi No.7, the final picking period is highest, the later picking period is the next, and the earliest picking period is the lowest. The flavonoids content is measured, and it is shown that two varieties both are the lowest in the earliest picking period, followed are the later picking period, the final picking period are the highest, and its flavonoid content as picking period of delay is increased.

Objectives]Analysis of spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil is a foundation of evaluating soil environmental quality and heavy metal pollution.This study characterized and mapped the spatial distribution of total and available cadmium in original land ( native soil that had never been farmed) and farmland ( that had been cultivated for 50 years) soils in the Qaidam Basin using geostatistical methods.According to this, soil cadmium quality and impact of farming on the accumulation of cadmium in soil were evaluated.The primary agricultural sources of cadmium accumulation in soil were examined, including irrigation water, pesticides and fertilizers, and risk of cadmium accumulation in soils was predicted.[Methods]In study fields, original land and farmland were selected at the Nuomuhong farm in Qaidam Basin.The original land site has never been cultivated and thus can be considered to be free from fertilizer pollution.The farmland is irrigated and has been cultivated for 50 years.22 soil samples from original land and 50 soil samples from farmland were collected, and soil cadmium contents were analyzed.Irrigation water, pesticides and fertilizers which are the primary agricultural sources of cadmium accumulation in soil were also examined.Excel was used for data statistics, and inverse distance weighting ( IDW) interpolation was used in the spatial analysis.ArcGIS (9.3) software was used for image processing.We evaluated the soil cadmium quality using a single pollutant index method, Pi=Ci/Si ( Pi stands for the index of the single pollutant Cadmium, Ci denotes the test data, and Si is the evaluation standard) .The evaluation standards conform to the ‘Pollution-Free Food Medlar Production Technology Regulations’ ( NY/T 5249-2004 ) and the‘Green Food Original Place Environmental Technology Condition ’ ( NY/T 391-2000 ) , which are based on the original environmental standards issued by the National Ministry of Agriculture.Risk prediction of cadmium accumulation in soil due to agriculture: First, we calculated the statistical sum of all cadmium carried via irrigation water, pesticides and fertilizers, and then calculated the annual soil cadmium concentration.Second, we calculated the difference between the original land soil cadmium concentration and the standard, and calculated the time at which the agricultural cadmium accumulation would reach this difference.[Results]In the original land soils, the mean cadmium content is 0.30 mg/kg, which is about twice of the background level ( 0.14 mg/kg ) , and meet the related values in both the pollution-free food standard (0.60 mg/kg) and the green food standard (0.40 mg/kg) . In the farmland soils, the mean cadmium content is 0.43 mg/kg, about three times of the background level, and is lower than the pollution-free food standard, but higher than the green food standard.The cadmium content in irrigation water from river is 0.0036 ng/kg.Fifteen kinds of pesticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant hormones are detected.Seven kinds of fertilizers are analyzed.The most serious source of pollution is chicken manure, which contributes 2025 mg/ha per year, followed by compound fertilizer (576 mg/ha per year) , diammonium phosphate ( DAP) (432 mg/ha per year) , and organic fertilizer (360 mg/ha per year) .[Conclusions] A cadmium index was used to examine the small-scale distribution of cadmium pollution in Nuomuhong farm soils and to calculate statistics.The results indicate that the original land soils at the Nuomuhong farm meet the Pollution-Free Standard and the Green Food Standard.However, in land that has been farmed for more than 50 years, cadmium has accumulated.This land still meets the Pollution-Free Standard, but does not meet the Green Food Standard. Fertilization is an important source of cadmium accumulation in the Nuomuhong farm soils.Among the fertilizers used, chicken manure is the dominant contributor, followed by compound fertilizer, DAP, and organic fertilizer.If agricultural practices at the Nuomuhong farm do not change, the cadmium content in original land will exceed the green food standard’ s upper limit of 0.40 mg/kg after 76.3 years.

Redox condition and pH are the two most important factors affecting the arsenic (As) form. With changes of arsenic forms, desorption and migration of the soil As are likely to occur. In arid regions, the irrigation can result in the low soil gas permeability. It coupled with large amount of organic matter deposited in sediments can facilitate the formation of the reduction environment, in which iron and manganese oxides are easy to dissolve, and As can be converted into the dissolved forms that move with groundwater. The Qaidam Basin is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with the highest elevation in China. In the basin, there is little rain, the soil pH is 8, and it belongs to a typical arid region with sparse vegetation and high soil pH. The irrigation makes the agricultural cultivation possible here, but also changes the soil redox conditions, creating a good condition for soil As desorption and migration. It is necessary to clarify the influence of irrigation agriculture on soil As distribution and migration. This study aimed to investigate the soil As distribution and its influential factors. A 13.2 hm2 unreclaimed field was selected from the basin for the study. It was reclaimed for wolfberry cultivation. In the field, soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from 22 points for soil As content detection before the cultivation, and in 1, 2, and 3 years of cultivation. Meanwhile, the factors related with agricultural activities were investigated and the soil As content in these factors were determined. The results showed that the soil As content was 0-26.4 mg/kg withthe coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.47 before the cultivation, and about 45.5% of soil samples had soil As content exceeding the Green Food production standard of China (20 mg/kg). After 1-3 years of cultivation, the soil As content was clustered about an average of 15.50-15.88 mg/kg, and the numbers of soil samples points exceeding the standard decreased greatly. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial distribution map of soil As content revealed that the soil As content before the cultivation was high in the northwest and low in the southeast in the plot, an obvious decreasing trend from the northwest to the southeast. With the increase of farming years, the trend was still maintained but not obvious any more. It indicated that the soil arsenic content at depth of 20 cm was in a dynamic equilibrium with the increase of farming years. By calculating the soil As input from pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation water and output from wolfberry fruits and stalk, the study showed that the soil As net input per year was 250 g/hm2. However, the measured soil As did not increased after 3 years of cultivation. Therefore, soil As may have the other output ways other than fruits collection and stalk. Downward migration of soil As was likely an output way, which was needed for validation in future.

We selected two small sections of Lycium Barbarum cropland at Nuomuhong Farm in the Qaidam basin, western China: one had been farmed for only one year (original land), and the other had been farmed for many years (farm land). We tested surface soil samples for their content and distribution of six heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, and Cr). All six heavy metals appeared at medium levels in samples from both sections of cropland. We conducted an interpolation analysis and drew a spatial distribution map based on the inverse distance weight (IDW) method. The distribution graph revealed a relatively consistent distribution of the six heavy metals in soil samples, a different gradation in the original land, and areas of higher values in the farm land. These findings suggest that the soil had been polluted. According to the Pollution-Free Food Standard and the Green Food Standard, we calculated the integrate pollution index using the Nemerow index method to check whether the levels met Pollution-Free food Standard and Green Food Standards. The values were 0.5 and 0.7 (defined as ‘clean’) in samples from the original land, but were 0.6 and 0.9 in samples from the farm land, which may be considered excessive.

The topsoil arsenic of three wolfberry farmland in the Nuomuhong Farm located in the Qaidam Basin, western China,was detected in this study. The first farmland was an original land, which had never been farmed, the second one was a farmland which had been farmed for 20 years and the third one was a farmland which had been farmed for 50 years. The arsenic contents of those three farmlands were 16.29, 14.90 mg·kg-1 and 14.04 mg·kg-1, respectively. All of them were up to meet the Pollution-Free Food(25 mg·kg-2)and the Green Food(20 mg·kg-1) standards. Farming for many years did not cause the accumulation of farmland topsoil arsenic. Irrigation water was found to be free of arsenic. Fifteen kinds of pesticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant hormones contributed 4 513.59 mg·hm-2 of arsenic to the soil per year. Seven kinds of fertilizer contributed 258 015.24 mg·hm-2 of arsenic to the soil per year. Fertilization was thus a major source of arsenic pollution in the soil, the most serious source of pollution was DAP(50%), followed by compound fertilizer, chicken manure and organic fertilizer. Total 4 380 mg·hm-2 arsenic was output with crops per year. In the experiments of field irrigation simulation and dripping wet the soil, there were 245 230.65 mg·hm-2 arsenic output from 20 cm topsoil by irrigation dripping per year, but the same amount of arsenic were input topsoil with fertilizers and pesticides per year. Farmland topsoil arsenic was an input-output homeostasis state. The arsenic that output from the soil en-tered and accumulated in water system with irrigation water, ultimately affected the sustainable development of agriculture in the region.

Through the determination of hundred grain weight,hundred grain lengths and hundred grain widths of different Qaidam varieties of the fruit of Chinese wolfberry,their appearance properties are analyzed;Through the determination of polysaccharides and flavonoids content in the fresh fruit and dried fruit of different Qaidam varieties of Chinese wolfberry,their active ingredient contents are analyzed.The results show that: hundred grain weight of 1-0207 variety is the largest,depending on that its width is larger than other varieties;polysaccharides and flavonoids content of 4-Ning Chinese wolfberry NO.1 are both high among the four kinds of fresh fruit,reflects that active ingredients of the variety is the highest and the internal quality is the best among the four varieties;polysaccharides and flavonoids contents of 3-Meng Chinese wolfberry NO.1 are both high among the four kinds of dried fruit,reflects that active ingredient of the variety is the highest and the internal quality is the best among the four varieties.