[目的]本文研究了不同抗性青稞品种在条纹病发生过程中生理特性的变化.[方法]本文以抗病品种“昆仑14号”和感病品种“Z1141”为试验材料,测定了2品种条纹病发生过程中叶片感病严重度、可溶性蛋白含量、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、相对叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性的变化.[结果]接种处理初期,“Z1141”发病严重度显著高于“昆仑14号”;“Z1141”可溶性蛋白显著降低,而“昆仑14号”显著升高;2品种相对电导率、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量都显著增加,但“昆仑14号”的增加幅度低于“Z1141”;2品种叶片Fv/Fm、NPQ、F'q/F'v、Fq/F'm值均降低,但“昆仑14号”的Fv/Fm、NPQ与对照组差异不显著;“Z1141”的F'v/F'm显著降低,而“昆仑14号”显著升高.整个发病过程中,2品种相对叶绿素含量逐渐降低,与对照组相比,发病后期“Z1141”叶绿素含量降低幅度显著高于“昆仑14号”.[结论]在条纹病害发生时,尤其是发病初期,不同抗性的青稞品种为抵御病害胁迫会做出不同程度的生理响应,抗病性强的品种比抗病性弱的品种自我调控能力强.

以藜麦、人参果为原料,研究藜麦人参果复配发酵酒的最佳工艺.以酒精度和感官评分为指标,采用单因素试验探讨酵母接种量、糖度、发酵温度、发酵时间对果酒品质的影响,在此基础上进行正交优化并通过SPME-GC/MS分析酒香气组成.结果 表明,藜麦人参果酒最佳发酵工艺参数为藜麦人参果配比2∶1,糖度25°Brix,接种量4％,发酵温度32℃,发酵时间9d,在此条件下成品感官评分89.11分,酒精度11.2％Vol.试验共鉴定出41种挥发性风味化合物,包括醇类(4)、酯类(17)、酸类(5)、醛类(4)、烯烃类(1)、酮类(3)、烷烃类(6)、胺类(1),其中酯类香气最丰富,而醇类相对含量最高.苯乙醇、己醇、异戊醇、己酸、2-甲基丁酸、乙酸异戊醇酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、壬醛等是藜麦人参果酒香气的主要成分.该产品色泽金黄澄亮,酒香和果香浓郁,口感清冽,具有藜麦、人参果典型风味.

该研究以黑粒青稞品种‘黑老鸦’籽粒为材料,克隆了青稞类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶基因(HvtUF3GT),获得1 449 bp序列.HvtUF3GT基因包含一个1 434 bp开放阅读框,编码478个氨基酸,理论等电点为5.45,预测蛋白分子量为52 912.58 Da.蛋白质序列分析表明,HvtUF3GT为亲水性的不稳定酸性蛋白,且在C-末端具有一段典型的44个氨基酸PSPG box,在空间结构中含有β-α-β-α-βRossmann折叠结构,属于UDP糖基转移酶基因GT-B型超家族成员.进化树分析表明,HvtUF3GT与小麦族的大麦、乌拉尔图小麦、山羊草和二穗短柄草的糖基转移酶聚为一个分支,且与大麦的亲缘关系最近,与稻族的籼稻和短花稻的亲缘关系较远.半定量和定量PCR结果表明,在‘INB0N-7’蓝粒青稞和‘昆仑12号’白粒青稞的籽粒灌浆后期HvtUF3GT基因不表达,而在黑粒青稞和紫粒青稞中的表达强弱依次为‘黑老鸦’(黑粒)＞‘昆仑17号’(黑粒)＞‘达章紫’(紫粒)＞‘涅如姆扎’(紫粒).研究推测,HvtUF3GT基因在青稞灌浆后期籽粒着色过程中发挥着重要作用.

针对青稞产业已进入粮饲兼用和加工增值两个新发展阶段的现状,选育成功适应不同生态区种植的粮草双高青稞新品种昆仑14号和昆仑15号,其中昆仑14号是青海省第一个通过国家鉴定的青稞品种,首次提出以"促蘖增穗"为核心的青稞粮草双高栽培技术模式,新品种及配套栽培技术已在青海省内外大面积推广应用;首次研究构建了青稞加工适宜性评价体系,研发青稞加工产品7个,建成全国最大的青稞原料生产基地,第一次完成全国最大的有机青稞基地认证;同时成立了青稞产业技术创新战略联盟,实现了青稞技术研发与成果转化应用的第一次联合与协作.

青稞产业的发展呈现三个方向:一是高产粮用,巩固青稞在保障青藏高原区域粮食安全方面的作用;二是同步提高青苗和秸秆产量,实现“粮苗草”三高,青稞“春放牧、秋收粮、冬补饲”,同时减轻草场负担,达到青稞生产“农牧生(态)”三结合的目标;三是加工专用,通过青稞产后加工促进青稞附加值的提高,带动整个青稞产业的发展.品种是实现和支撑青稞多元化利用的基础和关键因素之一,针对青稞不同用途对青稞品种的不同要求,提出不同用途青稞品种的育种目标,并对青海省近年育成的不同用途青稞品种进行了介绍.

Colored hulless barley are more suitable in food processing compared to normal (yellow) varieties because it is rich in bioactive compounds and produces higher extraction pearling fractions. Therefore, seed coat color is an important agronomic trait for the breeding and study of hulless barley.

Extraction conditions of quinoa saponins from Qinghai were investigated by single factor and orthogonal test on ultrasonic assisted solvents,the content of saponins and antioxidant capacity of different quinoas in Qinghai were analyzed.The results showed that:the volume fraction of ethanol was 90％,solid-liquid ratio was 1∶15 (g/mL),extraction time was 20 min,ultrasonic power was 400 W and extraction temperature was 45 ℃.Under these conditions,the saponins content of quinoa was 115.74 mg/100 g.The average content of saponins in 119 quinoa was (93.66 ± 18.34) mg/100 g,saponins content and antioxidant activities among different quinoas were great different.Among different grain colors,the content of saponins in red quinoas was the highest and the antioxidant activities was the strongest,the saponins content of white quinoas was the lowest and the antioxidant activities was the worst.119 quinoas were divided into three classes by Ward connection(square European distance) method based on DPPH· scavenging ability,iron ion reduction ability(FRAP) and ABTS + · scavenging ability.Class Ⅰ (inciuding 69 quinoas) showed relatively higher saponins content and antioxidant activities,while class Ⅱ (inciuding 33 quinoas)were midium,class Ⅲ (inciuding 17 quinoas)showed relatively low saponins content and antioxidant activities.Saponins content and antioxidant activities among the three classes were significant different(p ＜ 0.05).

彩色青稞作为一种特殊粒色的种质资源,其籽粒颜色的不同决定其品质的不同.为了解彩色(种皮)青稞营养品质(淀粉、膳食纤维、蛋白质)和抗氧化活性物质(总酚、黄酮、维生素E)含量与白色(种皮)青稞的差异,为彩色青稞在营养和保健食品加工中的应用提供数据支撑.淀粉含量参照GB 5009.9-2016测定、膳食纤维含量参照GB 5009.88-2014测定、蛋白质含量参照GB 5009.5-2010测定,总酚参照福林酚比色法、维生素E参照高效液相色谱法,分别对7份白粒、2份紫粒、6份黑粒青稞品种(品系)的基本营养品质指标和重要抗氧化活性物质成分进行了测定.结果表明:(1)不同参试青稞品种(品系)的营养品质存在差异,其中淀粉含量为31.90％～52.70％,膳食纤维含量为10.59％ ～ 15.39％,蛋白质含量为11.90％～17.30％,总酚含量为0.23％ ～0.35％,黄酮含量为0.15％～0.25％,维生素E含量为0.29％～0.85％;(2)不同粒色青稞品种(品系)营养品质存在显著差异,其中彩色品种(品系)的淀粉、膳食纤维和蛋白质平均含量分别比白色青稞品种高2.63％,3.66％,19.85％;抗氧化活性物质(除总酚外)存在显著差异,其中彩色品种(品系)的总酚、黄酮和维生素E含量分别比白色青稞品种高11.54％,7.10％,12.47％.彩色青稞在营养品质和抗氧化活性物质含量方面优于白色青稞,在功能性保健产品开发方面有较高的利用价值.

I-2-KI staining was used to phenotype 151 hull-less barley plants, which determined that five belonged to the waxy phenotype, namely 14-Z152, IG107028, Puebla, Hu Zhu Shuang Cao Ren, and APM-HC1905. Using the dual-wavelength method, the average amylose content of the 151 samples was 25.9%, ranging from 4.9 to 38.5%. The average amylose content of the five waxy varieties was 14.3%, ranging from 4.9 to 18.6%. Genomic DNA from 48 samples showing a significantly variable amylose content was used as template and PCR amplified using the primer pair P4. Statistical analysis indicated that the PCR product size positively correlated with amylose content. The Wx gene locus was determined to be polymorphic, and was positively correlated with amylose. Based on the electrophoresis results, the 48 samples were divided into 4 types. PCR product types I, II, III, and IV were 457, 481, 489, and 491 bp in length, respectively, with the respective amylose content ranges of 4.9-27%, 29-30%, 31-35%, and 36-38%. The primer P4 can be used as a complementary marker for the selection of hullles barley germaplasm with different amylose content.

为了解与藜麦产量相关的表型性状,进而为高产藜麦的选育提供理论依据,以HX1,HX2,NKY-S4,青藜2号、陇藜1号和青藜1号6个藜麦品种(系)作为供试材料,每个品种(系)挑选100个单株进行农艺性状考察,并运用SPSS进行相关性分析和主成分分析.结果表明:相关性分析发现单株产量与株高、茎秆长、有效穗数和千粒重有正相关关系,与主穗直径、穗色、杆色和穗型有负相关关系;主成分分析提取了可反映原变量信息82.793％的2个主成分,并据此给6个藜麦品种(系)做了综合评价.本研究筛选出青藜2号在参与分析的7个农艺性状上综合表现较好.

HVA1 , a member of LEA3 (late embryogenesis abundant protein, group 3), is closely related to water stress. However, the response of HVA1 to drought remains unknown in hulless barley. In this study, cultivars with high (Handizi), intermediate (Kunlun 12), and low (Dama) drought tolerance were selected from 28 hulless barley cultivars from the Tibet-Qinghai plateau to explore the drought response mechanism of HVA1 . Then, HVA1 was cloned and the expression of the three cultivars was studied using exposure to polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. HVA1s in the three hulless barleys were highly homologous at the nucleotide and amino acid levels with over 99% identity. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression level of HVA1 induced by PEG 6000 had a single peak curve in the three cultivars, but higher HVA1 transcript accumulation was seen in Handizi than in Kunlun 12 and Dama under the same drought stress. This result was also proved in eight hulless barleys. The expression level was a better predictor of drought resistance than the genetic structure of HVA1 .

藜麦原产南美洲因其全营养特性广受关注.青海海西州进行了藜麦引种,获得成功,但能否在青海省内各地都种植,需进行适应性鉴定,因此对适应性鉴定的方法进行了探讨,期望为藜麦在青海育种、引种及品种布局提供依据.

以青海省9个地区主栽的高产青稞品种为材料，研究了3种不同类型的青稞产量构成因素变化及其对产量的影响。结果表明，原粮高产型品种的产量高于粮草双高型和其他类型品种，并且其穗数显著高于其他品种。本试验条件下，相关分析表明原粮高产型、粮草双高型、其他类型青稞品种的穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量与产量的相关性均为正值，其相关性穗数大于穗粒数、千粒质量。偏相关分析表明所有供试品种、原粮高产型粮草双高型、其他类型的青稞品种穗数每增加1个单位（1万穗／hm2）产量分别增加1．292、1．140、1．108、1．133 kg／hm2；穗粒数每增加1个单位（1粒／穗）产量分别增加9．096、8．898、10．303、9．528 kg／hm2；千粒质量每增加1个单位（1 g）产量分别增加7．171、10.423、7．266、9．529 kg／hm2。通径分析表明，所有供试品种产量三因素对产量均有正向效应，其中穗数的贡献最大。原粮高产型品种产量构成因素对产量的间接作用有正值也有负值，而粮草双高型、其他类型品种的产量构成因素对产量的间接作用均为负值，说明粮草双高型、其他类型品种的产量三因子必须要高度协调、平衡发展才能获得理想的产量。综上所述，原粮高产型、粮草双高型、其他类型青稞品种只有在保证单位面积一定穗数的基础上，高度协调产量构成三要素之间的关系，才能获得理想的产量。

为了解我国主要产区青稞的营养品质状况,定量分析了来自青海、西藏、四川、甘肃、云南5个主产区38个不同粒色青稞品种的营养成分,比较了不同地区和不同粒色青稞品种间营养品质的差异.结果表明,参试青稞品种的蛋白质含量为8.14％～15.16％,总淀粉含量为49.14％～68.62％,直链淀粉含量为14.80％～30.05％,脂肪含量为1.42％～2.40％,膳食纤维含量为1.94％～3.47％,灰分含量为0.02％～1.22％,β-葡聚耱含量为3.88％～6.78％,品种间差异显著.产区之间比较,青海的品种蛋白质含量最高,西藏的品种β-葡聚糖含量最高,四川的品种总淀粉和灰分含量最高,云南的品种直链淀粉、脂肪和纤维含量最高.不同粒色比较,黑色品种的蛋白质、直链淀粉和纤维含量最高,蓝色品种的总淀粉和脂肪含量最高,白色品种的灰分含量最高.西藏品种、蓝色籽粒品种的蛋白质营养品质较好.青稞蛋白质的第一限制性氨基酸仍是赖氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸是异亮氨酸,第三限制性氨基酸是苏氨酸.采用组间联接(平方欧式距离)法将38个青稞品种分为3大类,第Ⅰ类包括33个品种,第Ⅱ类包括2个品种,第Ⅲ类包括3个品种.

Hulless barley belongs to the genus Hordeum in the family Gramineae, and it is the mutation of cultivated barley in botany. It is also called naked barley because its lemma and palea are separated from caryopsis and its grain exposes. Hulless barley is the most characteristic crop on the Tibetan Plateau, and it has a high value in nutrition and health care. In addition to some well known functional ingredients, like dietary fiber andβ-glucan, hulless barley also contains a variety of phenolic compounds, such as tocol, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. As important dietary antioxidant components, these substances play a prominent protective effect on human cardiovascular disease, diabete, obesity and cancer. The content of phenolic compounds in barley is much higher than other cereals. Currently, researches on hulless barley are mainly focused on the feed industry, traditional food processing industry, wine making industry andβ-glucan. Phenols, which are important functional components, have not received enough attention, so the related studies about the phenolic in hulless barley are of great significance. Free form, soluble combined form and insoluble combined form are the 3 main states of polyphenols in grain, and combined form is the most common state of polyphenols in grain. Research found that when respectively using acid and alkaline hydrolysis to extract combined phenols from lychee, different type and content were obtained, and the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the former were higher than the latter; a similar result was also obtained when using wheat as raw material, but related researches on combined phenol of hulless barley have not yet been reported. In order to further develop the most characteristics crop on the Tibetan plateau, taking hulless barley as the raw material, central composite design was used to optimize the extraction process of combined phenols based on the single factor experiments in this paper. Different extraction reagents, NaOH, HCl and H2SO4were compared and H2SO4solution was selected as the best extraction reagent. Acid concentration, extraction pH value, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction temperature were studied with combined phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity as indices. Solid-liquid ratio, acid concentration and extraction temperature were selected as 3 factors when using Box-Behnken central composite design to optimize the extraction parameters. Results showed that the optimum extraction parameters should be as follows: solid-liquid ratio of 1:17 g/mL, acid concentration of 11.10%, and extraction temperature of 75℃. Under the condition, polyphenol content was 224.33 mg/(100 g) and DPPH radical scavenging capacity was 9 919.28μmol/(100 g) which were consistent with predicted values and significantly better than rice, wheat and oat. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect this optimum extract and 8 kinds of phenolic acids and 8 kinds of flavonoids were found using acid method , such as, gallic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, rutin, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, naringin, hesperidin, benzoic acid, adjacent coumaric acid, myricetin, quercetin, veratric acid, naringenin, kaempferol, and total content was up to 325.104 mg/(100 g). By comparing the difference of different reagents in the extraction of combined phenol from hulless barley and optimizing the extraction parameters, this paper provides a scientific basis and method for the developing and utilization of hulless barley as health food.

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa)是青海新兴的作物,虽引进种植时间不长但种植面积迅速上升,加之其营养丰富,有望成为新的主粮作物.分析了藜麦在青海的发展优势,并对藜麦的大面积生产中存在一些问题进行了分析探讨,展望了藜麦在青海的发展.

以青稞品种“肚里黄”成熟胚为外植体,设置不同成熟胚切割方式、不同基础培养基、不同激素及配比、不同碳源,研究对成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及绿苗分化的影响,以期为进一步实现青稞的遗传转化奠定基础。结果表明,将刮碎的成熟胚接种在以麦芽糖为碳源,附加6 mg/ L 的2,4- D 的 MS 培养基上最为合适,愈伤质量最好；添加1.5 mg/ L 6- BA 和1.5 mg/ L KT 对愈伤组织的分化效果最佳,绿苗率达44.5%。研究结果表明,通过愈伤诱导和分化的优化,肚里黄的愈伤组织诱导率和分化率均可以达到较高水平,适合于作为遗传转化的受体材料。

The hundred grain weight, hundred grain length and hundred grain diameter of wolfberry, the two cultivars Ningqi No.7 and Ningqi No.1, are measured, and it is shown that the highest are in the earliest picking period (August 10) , followed are in the later picking period (September 1) , the final picking period (September 22) are the lowest, and its overall appearance quality as picking period of delay is reduced. The fresh fruit polysaccharide content in the Ningqi No.1 is measured, and it is shown that the highest is the later picking period, the final picking period is the next, and the earliest picking period is the lowest. In the Ningqi No.7, the final picking period is highest, the later picking period is the next, and the earliest picking period is the lowest. The flavonoids content is measured, and it is shown that two varieties both are the lowest in the earliest picking period, followed are the later picking period, the final picking period are the highest, and its flavonoid content as picking period of delay is increased.