本文介绍了国内8家实验室研究基于图像处理的烟丝宽度测量方法及ISO 20193:2019的精密度及检测效率.结果表明:(1)基于图像处理的烟丝宽度测量方法得到的精密度与ISO 20193:2019处于同一数量级,重复性标准差(S r)与烟丝宽度的比值小于5％,再现性标准差(S R)与烟丝宽度的比值小于8％;(2)基于图像处理的烟丝宽度测量方法比ISO 20193:2019的检测效率高.

[目的]了解恒温恒湿调节箱内的气流分布,验证不同规格卷烟样品在调节箱内的调节效果.[方法]改变在恒温恒湿调节箱内卷烟样品的数量、堆积方式和摆放位置,使用热敏风速仪检测调节箱内特征点的强制气流速度;使用ISO 3402标准规定的平衡判定方法,对不同规格的卷烟调节效果进行了验证.[结果](1)行业常用的卷烟恒温恒湿调节箱内气流分布并不均匀,各个位置气流速度差异较大,某些位置甚至无法检测到强制气流;(2)卷烟在恒温恒湿调节箱的调节过程中,改变样品数量、堆积方式和摆放位置时,对箱体内各位置的气流强度有一定影响,影响效果并无明显规律,且对箱内整体气流分布均匀度没有明显影响;(3)当调节时间满足48 h时,烟支规格对卷烟调节至平衡并无影响,卷烟样品均能达到标准规定的平衡要求,3 h内重量变化不大于0.2％的判定方法符合国内卷烟调节的实际情况.[结论]该研究结果对生产企业以及实验室研究人员在使用卷烟恒温恒湿调节箱和卷烟样品平衡的验证都具有一定的指导意义.

本文针对ISO 3402:1999(GB/T 16447-2004)中规定的强制气流对卷烟进行调节平衡进行了研究,平衡效果采用标准规定的相对重量变化率进行判定.结果表明:施加额外的紊乱强制气流可以加快高含水率和低含水率卷烟样品平衡的速率,但对于常规卷烟样品并无明显效果.当调节时间满足标准规定的时间(48h),无论是否施加强制气流,卷烟样品都能达到标准规定的平衡要求.该研究结果对于相关标准的修订以及企业和研究人员对于标准的使用都具有重要的指导意义.

Summary Conditioning is a very important procedure for tobacco and tobacco products before their corresponding chemical and physical analysis. For cigarettes, forced air flow is generally required during the conditioning procedure. A special wind tunnel was designed to investigate how the forced air flow affects the conditioning of cigarettes in a constant climate laboratory. Two types of cigarettes with blended (including flue-cured and burley tobacco strands) and pure flue-cured tobacco strands were selected as test samples. It was found that the conditioning time to achieve the equilibrium could be shortened from 23 h without forced air flow to 7 h with a forced air flow rate of 2m/s. This is mainly due to the exchange of water molecules between cigarette samples and atmosphere being accelerated by applying the forced air flow. It was concluded that a 48 h conditioning period using the described forced air flow rate setup was unnecessary to attain the equilibrium for cigarettes. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 28 (2019) 224–229]

为探讨国产基质是否可用于卷烟引燃倾向的测试,选择了两种国产基质(0.2 mm不锈钢和0.3 mm铝合金)和一种进口基质(进口0.2 mm的302不锈钢),按照ISO12863:2010的方法对卷烟的引燃倾向进行对比研究.结果表明,使用0.2 mm的302不锈钢测试时获得的结果与使用滤纸基质测试的结果一致,国产不锈钢可以作为卷烟引燃倾向测试基质的研究对象.

Laws and regulations on Low Ignition Propensity (LIP) cigarette of different countries and regions were reviewed. It was found that less than 25% of cigarette specimens to be tested burn through their whole length when tested using ASTM E 2187. Some countries or regions have requirement on packaging and labeling, certification, low permeability bands of LIP. There exist controversy on some test methods and hence will influence the drafting of laws and regulations. China needs to plan ahead so as to address this issue and to prepare for future regulations.

Fifteen samples were tested to study stability and correlation of ISO/CD 3550-3、ISO 3550-1 and ISO 3550-2 results. Bootstrap numeric simulation method, correlation analysis and multi-factor analysis of variance were adopted to analyze data. Results showed that stability of the three methods was at the same level, and ISO/CD 3550-3 result showed a significant positive linear correlation with that of <br> ISO 3550-1 and ISO 3550-2, respectively. Different methods can significantly affect testing results.

为了研究滤纸作为卷烟引燃倾向测试基质的缺陷,探索新的替代基质,测试了不同批次Whatman 2号滤纸的质量、厚度、透气度,卷烟与滤纸存在间距时的全长燃烧百分比,分析了不锈钢基质的底部温度场,比较了标样卷烟SRM1082在不同基质上的全长燃烧百分比.结果表明:①不同批次的滤纸存在差异,卷烟与滤纸的间距会影响引燃倾向测试结果;②0.2 mm厚302不锈钢上附一层滤纸做基质时,标样卷烟的引燃倾向测试结果可以到达SRM1082的标准值(12.6±3.3)％,可以作为引燃倾向测试方法替代基质的主要研究对象.

Development of four smoking regimes including ISO,FTC,Massachusetts and Canadian Intense were introduced.The controversy on ISO/FTC smoking regimes,as well as WHO’s perspective and research carried out by ISO/TC 126 on smoking regimes for cigarettes were also discussed.

The concept and significance of cigarette smoldering rate are introduced.A smoldering rate test device is designed with appropriate choices of industrial camera,camera lens and illuminant.The device can monitor the combustion performance of cigarettes,identify the location of cigarette samples,track the cigarette burning line,calculate the cigarette smoldering rate by using appropriate algorithms.Two kinds of cigarettes are tested respectively by using this device and by manual.The experimental result demonstrates that this experimental device can reduce the impact of human factors on test result.

基于ISO 12863中的测试方法,设计了一款卷烟引燃倾向自动测试装置.该装置由箱体、滤纸升降、自动点火、卷烟夹持及抽吸、自动探测和核心控制六大模块组成,实现了自动点烟、夹持、抽吸和自动跟踪烟支燃烧状态等功能,避免了人为因素对实验结果的影响.

Current existing ASTM E2187,the standard method which adopts full length burn rate as the unique index for measuring cigarette ignition propensity was proved lower discrimination by some studies.Three sets of experiments were conducted and statistic results showed that smoldering length ratio and full length burn rate are relevant in low ignition propensity cigarettes.It indicated the smoldering length ratio could be used as an assistant parameter for better assessment of the ignition propensity of cigarettes.

In view of that the testers for determining tobacco loss from cigarette end based on a rotating box method now available are mostly manually operated,an automatic tester was designed based on Windows CE embedded operating system.It is composed of a mechanical movement system,a controlling and processing unit,a high-precision weighing unit and an input-output unit.The tester determines the tobacco loss from the ends of cigarettes for up to 5 cigarette samples simultaneously and fulfills the functions of weighing,statistical,analysis,data storage,printing,and communication.Test results showed that comparing with the imported testers of the same type,the new designed tester could shorten 27 minutes for completing a test run,and there was no significant difference between test results.The tester features high automation and efficiency,and rapid determination.

In order to investigate the difference of results determined by rotating cubic box method and rotating cylindrical cage method,37 cigarette samples of different brands were tested.The relationship between these two methods was analyzed by calculating the correlation coefficient.The results showed that though presented good correlation,the difference between the two results was so obvious that they were not convertible.

The voting on international standard in the tobacco industry takes a lot of paper works in China.A WEB-based voting system was designed by adopting B/S structure,involving the management of data about voting,subjects and experts.Voting could be conducted at any time and any place,which is convenient to either experts or the secretariat.The practical application showed that the system was reliable.Votings on more than 20 international standard subjects have been carried out through this system,received over 600 votes from more than 20 domestic experts and 18 tobacco industrial companies.

This paper discusses how to design and implement this filtering system,a general model of content and url based security filtering is put forward.It discusses the theory and implementation methods,including the system architecture,the communicate technology between management machine and monitor terminal,the data structure of the communicate packet.This system runs on Windows 98 or Windows 2000/XP operating system,it shows that system performance is stable,the sensitive information can be filtered effectively according to rule-database,and achieves the anticipated design.

A method for determining density variation ratio(DVR) of strips in a case was established basing on X-ray attenuation,and the accuracy(correctness and precision) of the method was investigated.The results showed that:1) the fluctuation of X-ray intensity and strips density indications of the device was less than 1% in 24hours,which meets the requirements of strips density test;2) the precision range of strips density(Sρ,r) determined by X-ray was from 0.012 kg/m3 to 0.301 kg/m3,and its relationship with strips density was ln(Sρ,r)=-6.31+2.15ln(ρ);3) the absolute value of relative error was less than 5% when strips density in the case was over 200 kg/m3,and it would decrease with the increase of strips density;the precision of DVR(SDVR,r) was 0.0141%-0.0719% and independent of DVR;4) comparing with the method of sampling from 9 points,the density determined by X-ray device was higher,and the value of DVR was lower and more accurate.

在参考大量国内外文献的基础上,从自由基反应角度探讨多环芳烃的形成机理及反应途径,试图为从源头上减少多环芳烃的形成提供理论依据。

In view of the demerits of low efficiency and possible errors caused by manual operations associated with existing tester for determining tobacco loss from cigarette end with a rotating cylindrical cage,an automatic tester incorporated automatic weighing technology and computer control technology was developed,YDL-Ⅲ is composed of a rotating cage,a weighing unit,a driving unit,and a monitoring unit;once test cigarettes are loaded in the rotating cage,the tester can complete all the procedures automatically from weighing the tobacco loss from cigarette end to data collecting,analyzing,saving and printing.The tester features higher test efficiency,less manual operation,and higher accuracy.Comparing with E44 Tester from Borgwaldt-KC,there is no significant difference between their test results.

The critical flow orifice was used for controlling the airflow in ZZZ - 1 ventilation meter. The minimum sectional area of jet throat was calculated through the analysis of the steady flow characteristics of air, the relation-ship between air velocity and passage geometry, and the air velocity and volume passing through the jet, the standard constant flow orifice was determined. The material selection and airflow measurement of the standard constant flow orifice were described. Comparing ZZZ - 1 ventilation meter with imported instrument, all performance and technology indexes were in accordance with the industrial standard.