Background: Total wrist arthroplasty is an effective treatment for end-stage wrist arthritis from all causes. However, wrist prostheses are still prone to complications such as prosthesis loosening and periprosthetic fractures after total wrist arthroplasty. This may be due to the wrist prosthesis imprecise matching with patient's bone. In this study, we designed and developed a personalized three-dimensional printed microporous titanium artificial wrist prosthesis (3DMT-Wrist) for the treatment of end-stage wrist joint, and investigated its safety and effectiveness. Methods: Total wrist arthroplasty was performed using 3DMT-Wrist in 14 cases of arthritis between February 2019 and December 2021. Preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale scores, QuickDASH scores, wrist range of motion, and wrist grip strength were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed using the paired samples t-test. Results: After 19.7 ± 10.7 months of follow-up, visual analog scale decreased from 66.3 ± 8.9 to 6.7 ± 4.4, QuickDASH scores decreased from 47.4 ± 7.3 to 28.2 ± 7.6, grip strength increased from 5.6 ± 1.4 to 17.0 ± 3.3 kg. The range of motion improved significantly in palmar flexion (30.1° ± 4.9° to 44.9° ± 6.5°), dorsal extension (15.7° ± 3.9° to 25.8° ± 3.3°), ulnar deviation (12.2° ± 3.9° to 20.2° ± 4.3°) and radial deviation (8.2° ± 2.3° to 16.2 ± 3.1). No dislocation or loosening of the prosthetic wrist joint was observed. Conclusion: Total wrist arthroplasty using 3DMT-Wrist is a safe and effective new treatment for various types of end-stage wrist arthritis; it offers excellent pain relief and maintains the range of motion.

Objective:To investigate the effect of flap combined with 3D printed microporous titanium(tantalum)prosthesis in the treatment of lower extremity soft tissue defect with large bone defect.Methods:From January 2019 to December 2020, 2 patients with large soft tissue defects on dorsal foot together with large metatarsal bone defect and 4 patients with soft tissue defects of calf with large tibial bone defect were treated. The areas of soft tissue defect were 5.0 cm×8.0 cm-15.0 cm×10.0 cm. The length of the bone defect were 3.8 cm to 7.0 cm, 5.75 cm in average. In the first stage, metatarsal bone defect or tibial bone defect was filled with vancomycin blended bone cement, meanwhile, soft tissue defect was repaired with anterolateral femoral flap(ALTF) with vascular anastomosis in 2 cases of feet, and local fascia flap was trans-positioned in 4 cases of lower extremity defects. The sizes of repairing flap were 6.0 cm×8.5 cm-16.0 cm×11.0 cm. Two to 7 months after the initial surgery, the customer designed microporous titanium prostheses were used(5 cases with microporous titanium and 1 with microporous tantalum) to repair the bone defects. The wound healing, the integration of metatarsal and tibial fractures with 3D printed microporous titanium(tantalum) prostheses, and the walking condition were observed after surgery. The follow-up lasted from 6 to 25 months, with an average of 12.7 months.Results:The wound healing in 5 patients was good. The patients stood on the foot in 2 months after surgery, started to walk with the assistance of crutch in 3 months after surgery, and took walk without assistance in 5-6 months after surgery. Good osseous integration were achieved. One diabetic patient had infection of foot wound 3 months after surgery. After removal of microporous titanium prosthesis and replacement of vancomycin blended interstitial substance of bone cement, the wound healed and the patient resumed walking.Conclusion:It is an effective method to encourage the patients to take early ambulation after the surgery for lower extremity soft tissue defect with large bone defect that was repaired by a flap and 3D printed microporous titanium(tantalum)prosthesis. Further observations are required to investigate the long-term efficacy, and the reduction of prosthesis infection rate requires further exploration.

Objective:To design the method of 3D printing microporous titanium artificial wrist joint by ourselves, and observe the clinical effect after approval by the ethics committee of the hospital.Methods:From February 2019 to November 2020, four cases of rheumatoid carpal arthritis, one case of open part defect of carpal joint caused by gunshot wound, and one case of osteoarthritis of carpal joint were treated with individualized 3D printing microporous titanium artificial wrist joint replacement. Inclusion criteria: obvious pain in carpal arthritis, complete wrist joint fusion, severe ischemic necrosis and collapse of carpal bone. Exclusion criteria: wrist tuberculosis or suppurative infection, poor systemic condition, combined with serious complications. Preoperative and postoperative assessments measured wrist pain using visual analogue scale(VAS), wrist range of motion (flexion and extension, radioulnar deviation, and rotational range of motion), and grip strength.The paired data were compared by rank sum test for statistical analysis.Results:The postoperative follow-up period was 12.5(2.7, 19.5)months. VAS score decreased from 47.5(45.0, 60.0) to 0(0, 2.5)(Z=-2.232, P<0.05). The preoperative grip strength increased from 7.0(3.0, 9.0) kg to 17.5(11.5, 20.0) kg(Z=-2.201, P<0.05) after operation. Flexion, ulnar deviation and radial deviation of wrist range of motion were significantly improved (Z =-2.214, -2.041, -2.333, all P <0.05), but dorsiflexion, pronation and supination were not significantly improved (P>0.05). There was no loosening or dislocation of the prosthesis.Conclusion:The clinical effect of 3D printing microporous titanium artificial wrist joint is good and the patients are satisfied.

目的 探讨术前计算机断层扫描血管造影(CTA)精准定位胫后动脉穿支皮瓣在手部创面中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2017年3月—2019年6月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二〇医院骨科收治的8例手部软组织缺损患者临床资料,男性6例,女性2例;年龄20～55岁,平均35.6岁.致伤原因:机器绞伤4例,切割伤3例,电击伤1例.依据术前CTA观测胫后动脉穿支数量及穿出点位置,设计并切取游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部创面,测量皮瓣切取面积,观察皮瓣移植术后成活情况,记录供区创面闭合方式,观察手功能恢复效果.结果 下肢CTA可观察到胫后动脉穿支平均数量为:左侧3.3支,右侧3.9支,每个穿支以距内踝距离精确定位.依据CTA观测结果设计胫后动脉穿支皮瓣,皮瓣均顺利切取,皮瓣切取面积:2cm×4cm～6cm×10cm,小腿供区6例直接缝合,2例植皮.术后皮瓣均存活,无血管危象、皮瓣坏死发生,供区创面均顺利愈合,手功能恢复良好.结论 术前CTA精准定位能准确观察并测量胫后动脉穿支血管走形、位置,为皮瓣设计提供了影像学依据.游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣不牺牲主干血管,厚度适中,是修复手部创面理想的选择之一.

目的 探讨3D打印、逆向工程技术结合体外模拟手术辅助寰枢椎置钉治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折的准确性和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月—2018年3月接受椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗的23例Ⅱ型齿突骨折患者临床资料.其中12例常规徒手置入C1,2椎弓根螺钉(徒手组);11例在利用3D打印和逆向工程技术实施体外模拟手术成功后,术中利用导航模板辅助置入C1,2椎弓根螺钉(导航组).记录手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及置钉偏差率.手术前后采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分和美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级评估疗效.结果 所有手术顺利完成,术中无脊髓损伤、椎动脉损伤等严重并发症发生.所有患者随访超过6个月.导航组手术时间、术中出血量及置钉偏差率均低于徒手组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组术后6个月VAS评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).徒手组术前ASIA分级D级4例、E级8例,导航组术前D级3例、E级8例,术后均为E级.结论 3D打印、逆向工程技术结合体外模拟手术辅助寰枢椎置钉治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折,置钉方案完全个性化,提高了置钉的准确性和安全性,是一种安全有效的辅助置钉手段.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of Ilizarov technique for infected-bone defect in lower extremity.Methods From January 2013 to December 2016,data of 31 consecutive patients with lower limb infected bone defect were retrospectively analyzed.There were 23 males and 8 females,with an average age of 35.8 years (range,5-57 years).16 cases of infected bone defect were on femur while the other 15 were on tibia.The infected bone defects were developed from blood-borne osteomyelitis in 3 cases,from open fracture (according to Gustlio classification,Gustilo Ⅱ 8,Ⅲ a 5,Ⅲ b 4) surgery in 17 cases (12 cases after external fixation and 5 cases after internal fixation),and from closed fracture surgery of plate or intramedullary nail fixation in 11 cases.Soft-tissue defects were observed in 5 cases,including 1 femur and 4 tibia.The previous operations were performed with an average operation time of 3.2 (range,2-5 times) and treatment duration of 9.6 months (range,3-21 months).The operation process was one stage debridement,external fixation,combined with bone osteotomy and transportation.Bone transportation started 7 to 10 days after osteotomy with a speed of 1 mm/d,and 0.25 mm/time.Healing rate and complications were recorded during the follow-up period and were assessed by Paley fracture healing score.Results The length of bone defect after debridement was 6.9 cm (range,3-13.5 cm).There were 27 cases positive in bacterial culture,who were treated by sensitive antibiotics.The other 4 cases were negative and treated by broad-spectrum antibiotics.The bone lengthening speed was 0.76 mm/d (range,0.56-0.86 mm/d).All bone and soft-tissue defects healed,with average bone healing time of 11.5 months (range,6-18.5 months).All patients were followed-up for 12 to 48 months (average,25.5 months).Pin infection appeared in 11 cases (8 cases on femur and 3 cases on tibia)who were cured by oral antibiotics,serial dressing and debridement.Axial displacement was presented in 4 cases on femur and were corrected by external fixation adjustment.No recurrent infection was observed and the limb length restored normal.Postoperative complications in femur were 106.3％ (17/16) comparing 46.7％ (7/15) in tibia.According to Paley fracture healing score,12 cases were excellent,14 were good and 5 were fair,yielding an excellent to good rate of 83.9％ (26/31).Conclusion Ilizarov technique is an effective way in the treatment of infected-bone defects.The complication rates on femur observed in this study were slightly higher than that on tibia.

目的 探讨胫骨双处截骨纵向搬移治疗胫骨干大段感染性骨缺损复合软组织缺损的疗效及并发症情况.方法 回顾性分析2009年5月至2016年5月收治的31例胫骨干大段感染性骨缺损复合软组织缺损资料,男27例,女4例,年龄2～58岁,平均33.4岁.胫前软组织缺损面积7 cm×8 cm～24 cm×12 cm,胫骨缺损长度6.5 cm～18.2 cm,平均11.4 cm.术后随访时间1～8年,平均32个月.随访观察骨及软组织愈合和并发症情况.结果 31例感染均愈合,骨缺损及软组织缺损创面全部愈合.4例出现骨断端延迟愈合,植骨后愈合,3例出现骨延长区伤口感染及成骨不良,经放置万古霉素骨水泥棒2个月及“手风琴”技术处理后愈合;其余骨缺损与软组织创面均顺利愈合.软组织愈合时间为65 d～190 d,平均70 d,骨愈合的时间为14～35个月,平均21.6个月;28例患者肢体长度完全恢复,3例患者患肢较健侧短1.5 cm.结论 对于8 cm以上的胫骨骨与软组织复合缺损,双处截骨纵向搬移可缩短治疗时间.主要并发症为骨会师端延迟愈合、成骨不良和胫骨力线偏移,经处理后恢复正常.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and complications of one-or two-site tibial osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis for treatment of massive infectious compound defects of the tibia.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of the 41 cases of massive infectious compound defects of the tibia which had been treated from May 2009 to May 2016 at The Traumatic Orthopedic Research Institute of PLA,Kunming General Hospital.They were 37 males and 4 females,aged from 2 to 58 years,with an average age of 33.4 years.The defects were located at the proximal tibia in 11 cases,at the middle tibia in 25 and at the lower tibia in 5.The defects of the anterior tibial soft tissue ranged from 7 cm × 8 cm to 24 cm × 12 cm in area;the tibial defects ranged from 6.5 cm to 18.2 cm (average,11.4 cm) in length.Metaphysis osteotomy of the tibia was performed at one site in 11 cases and at two sites in 30 cases.Bone and soft tissue healing and complications were observed.Results The postoperative follow-up periods ranged from one to 8 years,with an average of 32 months.Infections were all cured with no relapse of osteomyelitis,and all the bone defects and soft tissue wounds healed.Delayed healing at the docking site was observed in 4 patients but healing was eventually achieved after bone graft.Wound infection and poor osteogenesis appeared at the bone lengthening area in 3 patients which responded to placement of vancomycin bone cement rods for 2 months and "accordion" technique.Tibial line deviation was detected in 4 patients but disappeared after symptomatic treatment.Conclusions For a tibial defect from 6 to 8 cm combined with soft tissue defects,one-site tibial osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis can lead to fine healing;for a tibial defect from 8 to 20 cm combined with soft tissue defects,two-site tibial osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis can lead to fine therapeutic effects,due to reduced time for bone and soft tissue healing.

目的 探讨Ilizarov技术在治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损的临床疗效,分析该技术最佳适应症.方法 对2013年1月至2017年1月收治的15例胫骨感染性骨缺损手术患者进行回顾性分析.骨缺损长度4～7cm,平均5.6 cm.均行一期清创、Ilizarov外固定架固定、截骨、骨搬运.记录患肢术后愈合率、并发症及功能等情况,并采用Paley骨折愈合评分标准进行评价.结果 所有患者均获11 ～ 42个月随访,平均28.4个月.术后定期行X线摄片检查评估骨愈合情况,愈合时间5～ 13个月,平均8.6个月.无胫骨感染复发.7例出现针道感染,2例延长过程中出现骨端对位不良.肢体长度恢复良好,邻近关节功能良好.Paley评分,优7例,良6例,优良率86.7％.结论 采取Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨感染性骨缺损可获得较好的疗效,该技术较适于胫骨大段感染性骨缺损、骨髓炎及合并软组织缺损的患者.

Objective To evaluate the techniques of bifocal corticotomy and bone transport for large segmental defects of the infected tibia and soft tissue and their complications as well.Methods From May,2009 to May,2014,25 patients with large segmental defects of the infected tibia and soft tissue were treated at our center.They were 23 males and 2 females,from 2 to 52 years of age (average,31.2 years).All the cases were Gustilo type Ⅲ B.The defect size of the soft tissue ranged from 8 cm ×4 cm to 24 cm × 12 cm;the length of tibia defects was from 8.5 cm to 18.2 cm,averaging 12.3 cm.After debridement,the tibia was fixated with Ilizarov external fixator.Bifocal corticotomy was performed on the proximal and distal tibial metaphyses simultaneously.The transporting speeds for proximal and distal tibial segment were 1 mm/d and 0.6 mm/d initially,and lowered to 0.5 ～ 0.6 mm/d later until the 2 bone segments connected.The bone transport lasted for 40 to 150 days,averaging 69.6 days.Results The patients were followed up for 12 to 72 months (average,26.6 months).The soft tissue wound healed uneventfully and the bone defects were reconstructed.Of the 25 cases,22 obtained primary bone union.Nonunion of the bone segments occurred in one,wound infection and osteogenesis imperfect in bone lengthening area occurred in one,and cut and pull-out of K-wires in the osteoporotic tibial ends occurred in one.These complications were treated accordingly before bone union was achieved.The other complications were also treated accordingly,including serious pin tract infection in 2 cases,re-fracture after removal of the external fixator in one,and shift of the tibial alignment in 2 cases.Conclusions Bifocal corticotomy can decrease bone transport time for large segmental defects of the tibia and soft tissue.During the long treatment period,a surgeon must pay much attention to the technical details and management of complications.