环孢子虫病是一种肠道寄生虫病，人体通过食入被环孢子虫卵囊污染的水和食物而感染，摄入的卵囊通过侵犯小肠上皮细胞进入人体，尤以空肠为主，进而出现慢性肠炎的临床表现。本例患者以腹水为主要表现，血、腹水和骨髓检查结果均提示嗜酸性粒细胞水平增高明显，曾拟诊为"嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎"，并予以糖皮质激素治疗，患者腹胀症状一度出现好转，但在停药3个月后再次出现腹水，最终通过小肠黏膜病理和粪便直接涂片法在光学显微镜下找到环孢子虫卵囊确诊，服用复方磺胺甲噁唑得以痊愈。

近年来，非艾滋病相关隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床诊治引起了极大关注，特别是我国非艾滋病相关隐球菌性脑膜炎的发病率呈明显上升趋势，总患病数是艾滋病相关隐球菌性脑膜炎的2倍，给隐球菌性脑膜炎的诊治带来了更大挑战。采用胶体金免疫层析法检测隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原，操作简便、快捷，具有较好的灵敏性和特异性，为临床早期诊断提供了可能。关于隐球菌性脑膜炎的治疗，中国经验与国际指南虽然存大同留小异，但在临床实践中如何积极合理治疗仍有许多值得探讨之处。

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose fluconazole alone or combined with flucytosine as initial therapy for cryptococcal meningitis(CM)in non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-related patients.Methods Twenty-five non-HIV-infected patients with CM from June 2015 to September 20 18 in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University,who were initially treated with high-dose fluconazole with or without flucytosine for at least seven days were retrospectively reviewed.Clinical features and antifungal(600-800 mg/d)regimens were recorded,clinical responses and drug-related adverse events were evaluated.Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact probabilities test were applied to compare variables between groups.Results of the 25 patients enrolled in this study,15 had predisposing factors.Headache(25 cases),fever(21 cases),vomiting(13 cases)and neck stiffness(13 cases)were common manifestations.Abnormalities of cranial computed tomography(CT)scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)were found in 22 cases.Nineteen patients were treated with high-dose fluconazole plus flucytosine for initial therapy,and six patients were treated with high-dose fluconazole alone.The course of initial regimens with high-dose fuconazole was 42(29,120)days.At the end of initial therapy,partial response in 20 patients,stable response in three patients and death in two patients were observed,and the overall effective rate was 80％(20/25).In treatment failure group of initial treatment,the proportion of patients with baseline cerebrospinal fuid opening pressure over 300 mmH2 O(1 mmH2O=0.009 8 kPa)and with altered mental status were both significantly higher compared with those in treatment Success group.Fluconazole related adverse drug events were observed including elevated transaminases(one case),gastrointestinal symptoms combined with hypokalemia(two cases),and systemic rash(three cases).Except for three patients with rash reduced the dosage of fluconazole.no other patients were given dosage adjustment.Conclusion High-dose fluconazole alone or combined with flucytosine is effective and safe for the initial therapy of non-HIV-related CM patients.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of high-dose caspofungin (70 mg/d)as initial or salvage treatment for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.Methods Twenty-one patients with proven or probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis from June 2014 to October 2017 in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University were retrospectively reviewed.According to the anti-fungal treatment before high-dose caspofungin application,patients were divided into initial treatment group and salvage treatment group.Patients' clinical data and laboratory data were collected.The characteristics,clinical efficacy,adverse reactions,one-year survival rate and the overall effective rate were evaluated.The prognosis of the two groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results Twenty of the 21 patients opportunistic acquired invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during the treatment of underlying diseases.Five patients were initially treated with high-dose caspofungin for 68 (62) days.At week 12,one patient achieved complete response,3 patients achieved partial response,and the overall effective rate was 80％ (4/5).Sixteen patients received caspofungin as salvage therapy for 66.50 (58) days,of which one patient got complete response at week 12,10 had partial response,and the overall effective rate was 68.75％ (11/16).One-year follow-up showed that no patient died in the initial treatment group,and the one-year survival rate was 100％ (5/5).In salvage treatment group,3 patients died of pulmonary bacterial infections and the one-year survival rate was 81.25％ (13/16).During treatment,one patient had elevated total bilirubin,which was possibly associated with high-dose caspofungin.Conclusions High-dose caspofungin regimen has good efficacy and safety,both for initial treatment and salvage therapy in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

>曲霉菌病是感染曲霉菌引起的一类真菌病,是免疫缺陷者致死的重要危险因素,可累及多器官系统,以肺和鼻窦最为多见 [ 1]。为了更好地了解肺曲霉菌病（pulmonary aspergillosis,PA）的PET/CT影像特征,笔者就21例PA患者的 18 F-脱氧葡萄糖（fluorodeoxyglucose,FDG）PET/CT图像特征及临床资料进行回顾性分析。

Cryptococcal meningitis is a common and refractory central nervous system infection,with high rates of mortality and disability.The experts of the Society of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association have reached this consensus after a thorough discussion.Based on the current situation of cryptococcal meningitis in China,the management of cryptococcal meningitis includes 6 aspects:introduction,microorganism identification,clinical manifestations and diagnosis,principles of antifungal therapy,treatment of refractory and recurrent meningitis,treatment of intracranial hypertension.There is not a separate consensus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.This article focuses on different antifungal regimens and reducing intracranial pressure by reference to Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines.The importance of early diagnosis,combined long-term antifungal therapy,control of intracranial hypertension are emphasized.

Objective To investigate the 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging characteristics and PET metabolic characteristics of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC).Methods A retrospective study was performed in 22 patients with PC (16 male and 6 female;34-81 years old),confirmed through etiology or pathological examination from March 2011 to October 2015.To analyze the clinical data,CT patterns (single nodule,multiple nodules,pneumonia type,and mixed type),CT signs (vessel convergence sign,spiculation sign,halo sign,air bronchogram,and lobulation),and FDG metabolic patterns(hypermetabolism and hypometabolism) of PC were analyzed.Results PC was characterized by single nodule(9/22),multiple nodules(7/22),pneumonia type (1/22),and mixed type (5/22) for the 22 patients with PC.Most of the nodules were found in the inferior lobe of the lung.There were 15 cases(15/22,68.18％) involving one or both inferior lobe of the lungs,of which 9 cases(9/22,40.91％) involving the right inferior lobe,2 cases(2/22,9.09％) involving the left inferior lobe.Vessel convergence sign(12/21) was the most common sign,followed by spiculation(l0/21),halo sign(8/22),air-bronchogram sign(6/21),and lobulation(4/21)with nodules on CTscan.The maximum standardized uptake value of PC was from 1.00 to 12.67 on 18F-FDG PET/CT scan,and hypermetabolism type (20/22) was the predominant pattern.Six patients with single nodule were misdiagnosed as malignant tumors.Conclusions Most cases of PC were characterized with single and multiple nodules.A relative high rate of misdiagnosis was obtained using 18F-FDG PET/CT scan with varied standardized uptake value.Diagnosis of single nodule with high FDG metabolism in lung cancer should differentiate from PC.

The present paper aims to investigate the clinical characterization of Talaromyces ( Penicillium ) marneffei cases in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV ) patients . Nine patients diagnosed as Penicillium marneffei infection at the Department of Infectious Diseases , Huashan Hospital , Fudan University ,from January 2007 to August 2017 were retrospectively enrolled . The literatures published during the same time were also reviewed . The clinical presentation , laboratory results , diagnosis and treatment were analyzed .Some patients were immunocompetent .The clinical presentations of Penicillium marneffei infection were similar in non-HIV patients and HIV patients ,but most cases had a slow onset ,and less fungemia .Pathology was characterized by granuloma and suppurative inflammation .Most patients were diagnosed by culture (8/9) ,and one patient was diagnosed by pathology and next-generation sequencing . The results suggest that Penicillium marneffei infection in non-HIV patients was increasing , and the physicians should pay more attention .

Coccidioidomycosis , an infection caused by Coccidioides spp ., is traditionally recognized as an endemic fungal disease mainly restricted in part of North America .However ,imported cases in non-endemic areas are increasingly reported ,indicating a paradigm shift on the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis .The clinical manifestations of coccidioidomycosis vary significantly , ranging from mild self-limited upper respiratory infection to severe disseminated ones , leading a challenge for the diagnosis of the disease . Although China is not an endemic area of coccidioidomycosis , it is important for domestic healthcare providers to stay alert of the disease . This review aims to summarize the current advances in the epidemiology and clinical aspects of coccidioidomycosis .

患者男,33岁,因"反复咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血1年",于2015年1月26日入住复旦大学附属华山医院.患者于2014年1月初出现咳嗽、咳黄痰,偶有痰中带血,伴发热,体温最高39.0 ℃.于当地医院就诊,实验室检查:白细胞计数14.85×109/L,中性粒细胞比例0.74;痰培养阴性.胸部CT示两肺多发结节、团片状高密度影,增强CT后部分病灶内可见液平,考虑肺脓肿可能.支气管镜检查见各段支气管黏膜轻度充血水肿.病灶处肺穿刺组织病理示凝固性坏死,抗酸染色阴性,予以抗菌治疗(具体不详)疗效不佳.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis.Methods Clinical features and outcomes of 46 proven cases of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis admitted in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University from January 2009 to December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.Results Of the 46 patients enrolled,left sphenoid sinus,ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus were affected in 24,23 and 20 cases,respectively,while right maxillary sinus,ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus were affected in 18,16 and 15 eases,respectively.Left and right frontal sinus were affected in 9 and 6 cases,respectively.The central nervous system and orbit were the most commonly affected sites in external nasal involvements,noted in 22 cases respectively.Left sphenoid (17 cases) and ethmoid sinus (15 cases) involvements were most common in central nervous system affected patients.Left sphenoid (14 cases) and ethmoid sinus (13 cases) involvements were most common in orbit affected patients.Aspergillus species were the primary pathogens observed in 42 eases.Zygomycete,candida and dark filamentous fungus were observed in two,one and one case,respectively.Pathologically,37 of the cases were chronic nongranulomatous type and the left 9 were chronic granulomatous type who were all immunocompetent hosts.The initial symptoms usually included headache,dizziness and nasal discomforts including nasal obstruction and purulent secretion.The chief complaints usually included headache,dizziness,and visual disturbances including blurred vision,vision loss or even blindness.Antifungal treatment combined with surgical interventions for removal or drainage focus lesions achieved significant effect,and 42 patients were cured.Conclusions Chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis should be taken into consideration in the presence of nasal discomforts or nonspecific symptoms such as headache and dizziness.The possibility of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis should be cautious after the emergence of vision abnormalities.

患者男,27岁.因双侧臀部疼痛伴咳嗽、咳痰2个月,发热12 d,于2015年2月5日入院.患者于2014年12月上旬出现右侧臀部疼痛,以右髋部疼痛为主,呈持续性针刺样痛,自服布洛芬疼痛不能缓解,5 d后出现咳嗽、咳白色泡沫黏痰,当地医院予泼尼松20 mg 每12 h一次,阿奇霉素250 mg,1次/d,口服5 d,右髋部疼痛完全消失,咳嗽减轻,但出现左侧髂后上棘疼痛,进行性加重,行走及改变体位疼痛加重,无发热.再次给予头孢克肟、多西环素、环苯扎林、氢溴酸右美沙芬、泼尼松等治疗,疗效不佳.腰髂部MRI示,多发性软组织肿块累及腰椎、骶椎和双侧髂骨,从第2腰椎左侧上端板延长外生性软组织肿块,患者曾在美国亚利桑那州居住一年,发病后于2015年1月22日回国,出现持续性发热,体温38.5~40.3 ℃,伴明显畏寒、寒战.外院实验室检查:白细胞计数12.4×109/L,中性粒细胞比例0.77,Hb 102 g/L,血小板计数239×109/L.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of cryptococcal meningitis (CM), and to improve its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Methods The clinical data of 27 cases with CM in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University were analyzed, retrospectively and the treatment experience were summarized. Results There were 24 cases (88.89%) had headache as the first symptom of cryptococcal meningitis;CSF glucose (1.81 ± 0.69 mmol/L) reduced significantly; optic and auditory nerve damages common if accompanied with cranial nerve damage; cerebral ischemic (37.04%) and leptomeningeal strengthening (59.26%) could be seen in CT or MR; all patients had increased intracranial pressure for certain degrees, etiological test turned out that the positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid ink staining accounted for 81.48%(22 cases), the rate of cryptococcal culture positive accounted for 74.07% (20 cases), while capsular polysaccharide antigen detection (latex agglutination test) was 100% positive; 100% (17/17) patients were cured or better after receiving the combined treatment of amphotericin B (AmpB) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), 3 among 4 patients were cured or better after treatment of AmpB combined 5-FC and fluconazole. Conclusions Cryptococcal meningitis could prone to be misdiagnosed at early stage, cerebrospinal fluid ink stain, fungi culture and cryptococcal latex agglutination test are beneficial to the diagnosis. The combination of AmpB and 5-FC is still the classic anti-fungal treatment options, the efficacy of AmpB and itraconazole needs clinical trials for huge samples. Effective control of fungal and intracranial hypertension is crucial to improve the prognosis in early stage, surgical intervention can be involved as soon as possible if necessary.

患者女，70岁，因反复左侧面部麻木、头痛4个月余，于2015年1月21日入住复旦大学附属华山医院。患者2014年8月中旬无明显诱因下出现左侧鼻根部、左眼内眦处、口唇及左侧面部麻木感，伴轻度肿胀。半月后出现左侧头痛，以左头顶部、颞部为主，呈针刺样、持续性疼痛，有麻木感，伴头晕，无发热、恶心、呕吐。1个月后开始出现嗅觉、味觉减退，鼻出血。11月2日起出现左眼视物重影，左眼球活动受限，左眼视力明显下降，眼睑下垂，查左眼外展、向上运动受限，见图1。2014年11月3日外院头颅增强 MRI 示，右侧侧脑室体旁及双侧额顶叶、左颞叶白质多发腔隙灶，双侧脑室周围脑白质变性，老年性脑改变；筛窦及上颌窦黏膜增厚，异常信号填充，见图2。2014年11月10日鼻内镜检查见鼻咽部黏膜稍充血、表面尚光滑，未见明显新生物。考虑左外展神经麻痹，予甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠及对症支持治疗8 d，症状无明显改善，激素改为醋酸泼尼松口服并在1周左右逐渐减量至停用。3周后鼻咽部增强 CT 示，两侧上颌窦、筛窦、蝶窦炎，未见明确占位征象。2014年12月11日鼻窦增强 CT 示，双侧后鼻孔顶软组织增生病灶，左侧著，涉及双侧翼腭窝及左后鼻腔、颞下窝、眶尖、眶下裂、海绵窦前端，可疑累及管内神经，左鼻咽顶侧壁软组织轻度增厚、强化，相应区颅底骨质硬化增厚及吸收破坏，左咽后小淋巴结，恶性肿瘤不除外（鼻咽癌待查）。2014年12月12日行鼻内镜下活组织检查，术中见坏死组织，病理提示（左鼻）黏膜重度慢性炎，间质内见多灶性坏死，内见霉菌菌丝，坏死边缘肉芽组织增生，见图3。考虑侵袭性霉菌病伴多发性霉菌性脓肿形成，遂转入复旦大学附属华山医院进一步诊治。

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of high-dose fluconazole (600-800 mg/d) used alone or combined with amphotericin B and/or flucytosine as salvage therapy for refractory cryptococcal meningitis (CM) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected patients.Methods Twenty HIV-uninfected patients with refractory CM who were treated with high-dose fluconazole for over 1 week from September 2011 to August 2014 in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University were retrospectively reviewed.Clinical features including clinical characteristics,clinical responses,drugrelated adverse events,and prognosis were evaluated.Results Of the 20 patients enrolled in this study,11 patients had predisposing factors.Headache (20 cases),fever (14 cases),vomiting (14 cases) and meningeal irritation (13 cases) were commonly seen.Abnormalities of head computor tomography scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging were found in 19 cases.The median course for salvage therapy was 80 d (28-440 d).At the end of salvage therapy,17 patients achieved partial response and 2 patients achieved stable response,while 1 patient died.The overall efficacy rate was 85 ％.At the end of antifungal therapy,complete response was achieved in 9 patients,partial response in 8 patients,stable response in 1 patient and death in 2 patients were observed,and overall success rate was 85％.In addition,11 drugrelated adverse events were observed in 7 cases treated with high-dose fluconazole,including abnormal liver function,hemocytopenia,gastrointestinal reaction,etc.However,all these reactions were tolerable and none of the patients endured dosage reduction or drug discontinuance.Conclusion Salvage therapy with high-dose fluconazole may be appropriate for the treatment of refractory CM in HIV-uninfected patients with good efficacy and safety.

患者女，65岁，因突发口齿不清伴发作性意识障碍、抽搐1周于2014年1月14日收入复旦大学附属华山医院。患者2013年6月出现反复低热，实验室检查：抗核抗体（ANA）1∶10000，抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体（ANCA）和抗髓过氧化物酶（MPO）阳性，拟诊为 ANCA 相关性小血管炎。予以口服甲泼尼龙24 mg／d，后逐渐减量至8 mg／d 维持治疗。2014年1月7日患者突发口齿不清，至当地医院就诊时突发肢体抽搐，伴牙关紧闭，口吐白沫及意识丧失，共抽搐3次，能自行缓解，最长一次持续约2 min，病程中无发热、头痛及呕吐，头颅增强 MRI 示左颞占位。体格检查：体温36．7℃、脉搏89次／min、呼吸17次／min、血压115／75 mmHg（1 mmHg＝0．133 kPa）；神志清楚，查体合作，对答切题，言语不利；两侧瞳孔等大、等圆，对光反射灵敏，颈软，无抵抗；全身皮肤、黏膜未见瘀点、瘀斑，未见皮疹或结节；浅表淋巴结未扪及明显肿大；心、肺听诊无异常；腹平软，无压痛及反跳痛；四肢及关节活动可，无压痛；生理反射存在，神经病理征阴性。实验室检查：HIV 抗体阴性，淋巴细胞亚群检测及胸部 CT 正常，头颅增强 MRI 示左侧颞顶叶多发性脓肿可能大。2014年1月24日全身麻醉下行左侧颞顶部脑脓肿切除术。病理诊断：光学显微镜下见多灶性脓腔，周围肉芽组织形成，外层胶质增生，脓液培养为奴卡菌。复查头颅 MRI 示颅脑术后，左侧颞顶叶见类圆形混杂高信号灶，为50．2 mm ×40．2 mm ×47．8 mm，增强扫描环形强化。予以头孢曲松钠2．0 g 每8 h静脉滴注，联合口服复方磺胺甲唑2粒／次，每日3次。4月4日头颅 MRI 示左侧颞顶叶见类圆形混杂高信号灶，为30 mm×21 mm，增强扫描轻度环形强化。加以口服利奈唑胺0．6 g／次，每日2次，并减复方磺胺甲唑至每日2次继续治疗，但患者出现明显恶心、呕吐，遂于4月11日停用利奈唑胺，继续头孢曲松联合复方磺胺甲唑治疗1个月后改为复方磺胺甲唑单药治疗。患者目前言语流利，6月5日复查头颅 MRI 示左侧颞顶叶见类圆形混杂高信号灶，为16 mm×21 mm，增强扫描轻度环形强化，病灶较4月4日检查结果缩小。患者目前定期门诊随访中。

中枢神经系统隐球菌感染在中枢神经系统真菌感染中最为常见，且病死率长期以来居高不下，目前其发病机制尚不十分明确。因隐球菌主要通过血运播散，透过血-脑脊液屏障进入中枢神经系统，因此如何透过血-脑脊液屏障是其致病机制的研究热点。血-脑脊液屏障是介于血液和脑组织之间紧密连接的网状结构，由脑微血管内皮细胞、星形胶质细胞、周细胞共同组成。这种特殊结构允许疏水性物质，如O2、激素、CO2等扩散至脑内，却限制微生物及大分子物质通过，以此来调节血源性物质的通透性，维持中枢神经系统微环境的稳定。近年来随着对隐球菌透过血-脑脊液屏障机制研究的不断深入，已初步阐明其跨细胞膜转运机制、“特洛伊木马”机制及细胞旁扩散转运机制。现就其跨越血-脑脊液屏障的分子机制作一综述。

This paper made reference to various studies on the basis and clinical application of micafungin at home and abroad performed by multi-discipline experts on the treatment of invasive fungal diseases and guid-ance recommended.Based on micafungin ’ s mechanism, antibacterial activity in vitro, functions on biofilm and drug resistance as well as its pharmacokinetic study, this paper comprehensively evaluated the clinical application experience and relevant prevention and treatment strategies for invasive fungal diseases, such as hematological disease or malignancies, severe illness, solid organ transplantation, respiratory and other infections.At the same time, the pharmacoeconomics of micafungin was introduced.

Due to complication factors such as blood-brain barrier (BBB), integrating high efficiency of brain target ability with specific cargo releasing into one nanocarrier seems more important. A brain targeting nanoscale system is developed using dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) as targeting moiety. DHA has high affinity with GLUT1 on BBB. More importantly, the GLUT1 transportation of DHA represents a "one-way" accumulative priority from blood into brain. The artificial micelles are fabricated by a disulfide linkage, forming a bio-responsive inner barrier, which can maintain micelles highly stable in circulation and shield the leakage of entrapped drug before reaching the targeting cells. The designed micelles can cross BBB and be further internalized by brain cells. Once within the cells, the drug release can be triggered by high intracellular level of glutathione (GSH). Itraconazole (ITZ) is selected as the model drug because of its poor brain permeability and low stability in blood. It demonstrates that the functionalized nanoscale micelles can achieve highly effective direct drug delivery to targeting site. Based on the markedly increased stability in blood circulation and improved brain delivery efficiency of ITZ, DHA-modified micelles show highly effective in anti-intracranial infection. Therefore, this smart nanodevice shows a promising application for the treatment of brain diseases.

Objective To investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of Dectin-2 and pulmonary cryptococcosis.Methods A total of 134 non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis and 464 healthy controls were included in this case control study.The peripheral leucocyte DNA was extracted and genotyping was performed by multiplex SNaPshot technology.The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)of rs11045418 located at 5′-flanking locus of Dectin-2 gene was genotyped.Patients without predisposing conditions were compared independently.The differences of gene polymorphism distributions compared between pulmonary patients and healthy control, and between patients without predisposing conditions and healthy control.All data were analyzed withχ2 tests.Results Among the total 134 patients,82 patients had no predisposing factors.Thirty two patients met the proven diagnosis criteria and 102 patients were probable pulmonary cryptococcosis.According to the site of infection, 72 patients had local infection in lungs and 62 patients had disseminated cryptococcosis.Three samples failed in genotyping,one of which was a patient without predisposing factor.Compared with the control group,there was a trend of increasing proportion of heterozygote rs11045418 CT in the 131 pulmonary cryptococcosis patients (59% vs 50%,P =0.069,OR=1.44,95%CI :0.97-2.13),and the heterozygote was significantly increased in 81 patients without predisposing conditions(64% vs 50%,P =0.017,OR= 1 .82,95 %CI :1 .11 -2.95 ).No significant difference of genotype distribution was found between the local and disseminated infection patients.Conclusion Our study shows that rs11045418 CT heterozygote in Dectin-2 is associated with the susceptibility of pulmonary cyrptococcosis among non-HIV-infected Chinese patients,which indicated that the change of Dectin-2 receptor may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary cyrptococcosis.