根据1960-2017年吉林省21个气象站的逐日气温资料,采用5日滑动平均、气候倾向率、M-K突变检验等方法,分析了各热量要素的时空变化特征,结果表明:(1)近58年全省气温普遍增加,年均温、≥0℃和≥10℃积温气候倾向率分别为0.30℃/10 a、61.58℃·d/10 a和60.02℃·d/10 a;稳定通过≥0℃、≥10℃的持续日数普遍增多(2.54 d/10 a、2.23 d/10 a)、初日普遍提前(-1.47 d/10 a、-0.93 d/10 a)、终日普遍延后(1.12 d/10 a、1.27 d/10 a).(2)≥0℃和≥10℃积温序列突变年集中于20世纪90年代,突变特征同样反映持续日增加、初日提前和终日延后的变化趋势.(3)≥0℃和≥10℃积温的空间分布均具有两个增幅中心,即以西部平原区和东部山区的低地为高值中心.(4)≥2 500℃积温带的面积占全省80％以上,并在短期内仍有扩大趋势;对比突变前后,积温带有明显的北进东移趋势,其方向是由低海拔的西部平原指向更高海拔的东部山脉.

基于17块群落样地调查数据,对辽东山地老秃顶子石流坡地貌土壤-植物系统基本特征及分异性进行研究.结果表明:(1)石流坡地貌分布有落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、矮曲林和灌丛4种植被类型,针阔混交林占优势.(2)石流坡地貌落叶落叶林、针阔混交林、矮曲林、灌丛物种丰富度分别为(33.6±4.7)、(34.6±10.1)、(42.0±0)、(34.8±5.2).(3)石流坡地貌土层厚度为38.18 cm,土壤含盐率和电导率均属于中等变异性,表土层温度为弱变异性,氧化物含量比较均一.(4)石流坡地貌灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数与P2O5呈负相关(R=-0.549,P＜0.05,N=17);草本层物种丰富度与土壤中CO2含量呈负相关(R=-0.580,P＜0.05,N=17);Shannon-Wiener与土壤中CO2含量呈显著负相关(R=-0.726,P＜0.01,N=17),与土壤中P2O5含量呈正相关(R=0.496,P＜0.05,N=17).乔木层物种丰富度与土壤氧化物CaO含量呈正相关关系(R=-o.635,P＜0.05,N=13),乔木层的Shannon-Wiener 指数与CaO呈正相关(R=-0.597,P＜0.05,N=13);草本层Shannon-Wiener指数与CaO呈负相关(R=0.554,P＜0.05,N=17).

对辽东山地冰缘地貌上覆土壤沉积物进行磁化率及粒度的测试分析,结果表明:土壤沉积中亚铁磁性矿物含量较大,质量磁化率较高.细粒沉积中超顺磁(SP)、单畴(SD)和多畴(MD)晶粒混合存在,少数样品几乎不含超顺磁(SP)晶粒.土壤质地以粘土质粉砂为主,粉砂其次,偶见砂质粉砂.土壤粒级整体偏细,分选不好,正偏居多,峰态多为很窄峰.磁化率高低与粒径大小存在显著的相关关系,粒度越粗、原生矿物含量越大,质量磁化率表现越高;粒度越细、单畴、多畴、超顺磁颗粒组分越多,频率磁化率表现越强.受化学风化作用微弱的土壤对应磁学特征更明显,磁化率与粒度的组合特征对研究土壤质地、成壤水平具有积极意义.

[目的]研究老秃顶子冰缘地貌植物群落的多样性特征,为其上植被的保护提供科学依据.[方法]基于48个样地的群落调查数据,采用物种丰富度指数和α多样性指数,对石海、石河、石流坡3种冰缘地貌植物群落的多样性进行定量研究,并对其影响因素进行分析.[结果](1)植被划分为22个群系,6种植被类型,其中石河地貌上植被类型以落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林为主;石海地貌上以灌丛、灌草丛为主;石流坡地貌上以针阔混交林为主,22个群系对应分布于3种地貌,有些群系具有专有性,有些具有共有性.(2)3种冰缘地貌群落总体综合多样性指数大小依次为:石河＞石流坡＞石海,乔木层、灌木层综合多样性指数变化均次为:石河＞石流坡＞石海;草本层依次为石海＞石流坡＞石河.(3)不同植被类型、不同植物群系的物种多样性因所处的生境特征不同而出现差异.(4)地形因子中的海拔对植物群落物种多样性指数影响最大,且灌木层的物种多样性对海拔敏感程度最小.[结论]研究区植物群落的多样性特征较好,海拔是影响多样性指数的主导因子.

基于对24个样地的调查数据,采用物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数以及Jaccard相似性指数,对辽东山地老秃顶子石河冰缘地貌森林群落物种多样性及其影响因子进行了研究.结果显示:(1)石河冰缘地貌森林群落中落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和暗针叶林的物种丰富度指数平均值分别为41±10、34±5和31±7.森林群落物种丰富度变异系数均为中等变异性.(2)石河冰缘地貌森林群落中落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和暗针叶林的Shannon-Wiener指数平均值分别为1.67±0.32、1.50±0.18和1 29±0.25.(3)石河冰缘地貌森林群落间Jaccard相似性指数为0.037～0.530,且集中在极不相似和中等不相似区间.(4)相关性分析结果显示,石河冰缘地貌海拔高度与森林群落乔木层物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),与灌木层物种丰富度指数呈显著负相关(P＜0 05);土壤电导率和含盐量均与森林群落物种多样性指数呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);土壤pH值与灌木层物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);土壤CaO含量分别与乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度指数、乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).这表明海拔高度、土壤电导率、盐含量、pH值和CaO含量是影响石河冰缘地貌森林群落物种多样性变化的重要因素.

Based on survey data obtained from nine forest communities (20 m x 30 m),the species richness and oα and β diversity indices were used to quantify the bryophyte species diversity in different forest types of the ancient rock stream periglacial landform in the Liaoning Eastern Mountains,with the influencing factors determined by Pearson Correlation.The results suggested that epiphytic bryophytes in the periglacial landforms consisted of 26 families,46 genera,and 59 species.The α diversity and species richness indices of the rock and tree epiphytic bryophytes were ranked dark coniferous forest ＞ theropencedrymion ＞ broad-leaved deciduous forest.For the rock epiphytic bryophytes,the highest β diversity was found in the broad-leaved deciduous and theropencedrymion forests (0.44),whereas the lowest β diversity was found in the broad-leaved and dark coniferous forests (0.33).For the tree epiphytic bryophytes,the highest β diversity was recorded in the theropencedrymion and dark coniferous forests (0.40),whereas the lowest β diversity was recorded in the broad-leaved and dark coniferous forests (0.25).Correlation analysis showed that canopy and altitude were the most important ecological factors affecting the species diversity of the epiphytic bryophytes in the ancient rock stream periglacial landform of the Liaoning East Mountains.

为探究辽东山区冰缘地貌表层土壤的质地特征及侵蚀强度,对48个典型冰缘地貌的土壤样品进行粒度测试分析,结果表明:研究区土壤级配良好,且径级跨度较大,质地以黏土质粉砂为主,粉砂其次,偶见砂质粉砂.土壤粒度整体较细(粒度参数平均粒径Mz的φ值约6.45),分选差(标准偏差σⅠ约1.89),以正偏居多(约占58％),峰态多为很窄峰(约占83％);粒度频率分布包括单峰(25％)、双峰(50％)和多峰(25％);结合萨胡判据和南北坡土壤粒度不对称等特征,初步推测早期土壤沉积组分来自近源浅表风化和远源风成沉降,其混合组分经冰缘流水搬运改造后形成土壤沉积.根据分维值(约2.28)、级配比例及敏感组分的提取可知,沉积水动力不强,地表植被覆盖越优良,对流水侵蚀能力的消耗和抑制则越显著.供试样品的粒度特征反映流水侵蚀强度不大,植被覆盖发挥了重要的水土保持功能.

文章以大连市为例用格兰杰因果检验分析1997—2011年间大连市城镇化进程与农民人均纯收入的相互影响关系，得出城镇化发展是农民人均纯收入增加的格兰杰原因，表明城镇化水平对农民人均纯收入具有长期影响；通过偏离－份额动态分析法，分析了不同阶段大连市农民收入结构相对于辽宁省的偏离态势，结果表明：工资性收入和家庭经营收入对农民收入增长的贡献最大，总体上大连市各类农民收入增长都高于辽宁省，工资性收入的增长主要得益于结构优势的贡献，家庭经营收入增长区位竞争力优势较突出，财产性收入与转移性收入的增长结构优势的贡献作用要强于区位竞争力。

基于48个样地的群落调查数据,运用TWINSPAN分类方法,对辽东山地老秃顶子冰缘地貌植物群落类型进行了划分,并对群落结构、种类组成和生活型谱进行了系统研究.结果表明:老秃顶子冰缘地貌植被可划分为16个森林群系、6个灌丛群系,归并为落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、暗针叶林、矮曲林、灌丛、灌草丛6个植被型.其中,石海地貌主要发育灌丛和灌草丛,也有针阔混交林和矮曲林分布;石河地貌主要发育针阔混交林和落叶阔叶林,也有暗针叶林分布;石流坡地貌主要发育针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和灌丛,也有矮曲林分布.老秃顶子冰缘地貌植被由68科138属193种维管束植物组成;石海与石河间植物群落物种组成属中等不相似,而石河与石流坡间属中等相似.老秃顶子冰缘地貌植物群落中高位芽植物占38.0％,隐芽植物占36.3％,地面芽植物占21.8％,地上芽植物和一年生植物均很少,反映出辽东山地冰缘地貌区具有夏季温暖多雨、冬季寒冷漫长的气候特点.相对而言,石海、石流坡地貌中隐芽植物较多,石河地貌中高位芽植物较多,表明石海、石流坡地貌具有更为冷湿的小气候环境.

对辽东山地典型冰缘地貌上覆土壤的粒度、常微量化学元素进行测试分析,结果表明:土壤颗粒组成包括黏粒20.79％、粉粒69.54％和砂粒9.67％,平均粒径整体偏细,约为6.45Φ,不同土壤类型、地貌类型及坡向的粒度分布存在一定差异.土壤元素化学组成以SiO2 (45.60％),Al2O3(12.90％),Fe2O3(3.90％),K2O(2.17％)为主,最大比例可达73.36％.元素Ca,Na,P,Sr显著淋溶,而Mn,Ti,Cu,Zn则相对富集,其他元素迁移不甚明显.少数元素还表现出与粒度分布存在显著关联,其中K,Na,Sr,Ba多存在于砂质土壤中,而元素Ti则容易在粒度更细致的黏土颗粒中留存.化学风化指数CIA均值约为65.50,Rb/Sr约为0.70,反映风化程度较低,且长期经历干冷气候,A-CN-K三角模型表明,研究区土壤风化以脱钙钠、富铝为主,风化水平尚处于低等风化阶段中后期.

根据浙江省17个气象站点1959年-2010年逐日降水观测数据,采用z指数方法,并运用Morlet小波分析和Kriong空间插值法对浙江省近52年降水时空分布特征进行经验正交函数(EOF)方法对比分析.研究结果表明:从时间变化方面来看,1958年-2008年间的降水变化呈波动式下降趋势,减小趋势为0.643mm/a,年代际变化不大,年际变化幅度较大,且呈周期性变化,主周期约为12年,次周期为32年和3-4年;从空间变化方面来看,根据EOF分析,浙江省降水分布呈总体一致性,东南、西北近似对称.主体变化是由东南,东北沿海两个方向和西北向内陆递减,降水中心分布浙东南、浙东北和浙西南地区.

Investigation and study of periglacial landforms were done in the M t. Laotudingzi in the center of the Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve in eastern Liaoning Province. It is found that the extensively developing periglacial landforms in this region involve block streams,rock glaciers,rock block fields,and occasionally,rock forts,nivation swales,gelifraction collapses and taluses. The gravel is not uniformed in distribution size and shape,and its deposition mode is chaotic,which has potential mobility under surface runoff. The effect of weathering and eluviation is most remarkable within rock glacier. The block stream is good at pedogenesis and rich in nutritive element content. M oreover,there is a specific landscape,under which subsurface stream forms,above which the vegetation cover is various,which can be classified as deciduous broad leaved forest,coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest,dark coniferous forest,krummholz,shrub and shrub-meadow,changing with elevation successively in accordance to the complexity of periglacial landform. In viewof the severe environment,extremely tough vegetation succession in this region,human intervention is of utmost importance. It is suggested to consummate vegetation coverage and to promote succession process quickly,in order to improve the stability of this periglacial landform. It should be made it possible to maintain a balanced unity to protect environment,to promote the condition of vegetation and to stabilize the deposition of periglacial landform,so landform can be protected in a comprehensive way.

通过对辽东半岛坡积物、红色风化壳两类沉积物磁化率的测试,揭示了研究区晚新生代以来沉积物磁化率的垂向变化特征及空间分异特征,并初步探讨了其所反映的沉积环境及其古气候变化信息.研究表明:辽东半岛坡积物S1～S4剖面、红色风化壳S5～S6剖面的质量磁化率平均值分别为71.75×10-8、65.81×10-8、68.17×10-8、151.70×10-8和305.06 x 10-8、473.26×10-8m3/kg,频率磁化率平均值分别为10.77％、9.67％、9.46％、10.79％和14.44％、14.95％;辽东半岛坡积物的质量磁化率值的变化特征、辽东半岛坡积物和红色风化壳剖面的频率磁化率值的变化特征一定程度上反映了其形成时的古气候信息.

According to 21 meteorological stations' daily precipitation data from 1958 to 2008 in Liaoning province,using the Z-index method and the reginal flood grades we made an EOF analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of flood in Liaoning Province in recent 51 years by using Morlet wavelet and Kriging spatial interpolation.The results showed that from time variation perspective,there was a fluctuating downward trend in precipitation,in which the annual amplitude oscillated sharply,it had a decreasing trend of 1.96mm/a and appearing cyclical variation period for 9 years and the secondary period for 24 years and 3 years.The spatial distribution of precipitation showed that the main change trend appeared that the average annual precipitation decreased warp-wise progressively from the southeast coast of Liaoning to the northwest inland,the flood areas converned along the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the big or medium-scale rivers' in the northern and middle parts of northwest in Liaoning province.

Laomao mountainous area is a serious and frequent calamity region in south of Liaoning province.The essay selects Nancha river as the research object to make a simple analysis on incentive factors which affect the debris flow gully by using AHP method and taking the rainstorm for the primary factor of debris flow.The study has a relative with the fact of risk level assessing.It's credible to popularize this method in to the study of the south Liaoning debris flow researching.Some proposal of measure is presented for preventive treatment of debris flow disaster.

According to 21 meteorological stations' daily precipitation data from 1958 to 2008 in Liaoning province,analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of flood in Liaoning Province in recent 51 years were conducted by using the Z-index method and the flood rating for a region.The results show that: From the perspective of time variation,there is a fluctuating downward trend in the type of precipitation,which has a decreasing trend of 1.963 mm/a and appearing cyclical variation of which mainly period for 9 years and the secondary period for 24 years and 3 years;From the perspective of spatial variation,the average of annual-precipitation is decreasing warp-wise progressively from the southeast coast of Liaoning to the northwest inland.however,the spatial distribution of Floods disaster Frequently appearing no coincidence with the areas of Rainfall-Concentration,which converging along the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the big or medium-scale rivers' in the northern,middle,and parts of northwest in Liaoning province.The reasons accounting for it are that the highland in two flanks driving a good deal of rainfall toward the low-lying plains in the midland,and it result in varying degrees of flooding.

Through measuring and analysing the magnetic susceptibility of seashore in quaternary loess south Liaonan,it's revealed that the magnetic susceptibility datas of Malan loess is lower.In the late pleistocene epoch,the climate here was dry and cold,and the sedimentation rate was relatively higher,which affected by the last Glaciation,so it's weak in pedogenesis.When come to Lishi loess which formated in the earlier period,the datas reflect a moist climate with lower sedimentation rate and strong pedogenesis.The fluctuation of loess magnetic susceptibility curve reflected that there had been several paleoclimatic cyclical transformations,and the loess-paleosol sequences indicated that there clearly had been a dry-cold to warm-wet cyclical transformation,meanwhile,corresponding to the winter-summer monsoon cyclical transforming.According to regression equation of the temperature and precipitation based on the magnetic susceptibility datas,the Paleo temperature varies in a range of 5.85 ℃ to 13.0 ℃(+1.5 ℃) and the Paleo precipitation varies in a range of 403.22 mm to 735 mm,which is lower than nowadays level.It's inverting that during the Medio Pleistocene,the late pleistocene epochthe,the paleoclimatic of loess sedimentating in south Liaonan is relatively dry and cold,and undergoing multiple miniature dry-cold to warm-wet alternate transformation.