为了明确杀菌剂对水稻细菌性条斑病的防效以及不同药械对防效的影响,选用噻唑锌和氯溴异氰尿酸两种杀菌剂,分别采用无人机和电动喷雾器进行了防治细菌性条斑病药效试验.结果表明,无人机防治后7天的效果均大于90％,背负式电动喷雾器防治后7天的效果均大于85％,无人机的防效优于电动喷雾器的防效.无论使用何种药械,施药后7天,氯溴异氰尿酸,的防效均高于噻唑锌的防效,施药后14天,氯溴异氰尿酸的防效均低于噻唑锌的防效,方差分析达极显著水平.说明噻唑锌持效性较好,氯溴异氰尿酸的速效性较好.其结果为水稻病虫害绿色防控和化学农药减量施用提供了科学支撑.

三桠皮树因其独特的分枝性和开花习性而具有较高的观赏价值,所以发展三桠皮树种植具有较大的经济、生态和社会效益.随着大面积人工栽培,病害问题日益突出,常见病害有花叶病、缩叶病、白绢病和根腐病等,尤其是根腐病造成死株死苗,严重影响三桠皮的安全生产.本文针对安徽省潜山县实际栽培遇到的各种问题,通过相关的调查与分析,初步总结出一些预防、控制技术.

为有效防治瓜蒌根结线虫病,系统观察研究了瓜蒌根结线病发病基本规律,每年4～11月是该病主要危害时期,在潜山初侵染期在4月中旬,一年出现两次二龄幼虫高蜂期,应及时抓住侵染期进行施药防治,并在两次高峰期间适当补施药剂,巩固防治效果,并结合土壤翻晒、轮作、增施有机肥等方法综合控制。

The population dynamics and characteristics of the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)(WBPH) in a mixed cropping rice region in Qianshan,Anhui Province,were studied through systematic investigation of population density and female ovarian maturity from 2008 to 2010.The main causes for the generational and annual variation in population dynamics were analyzed in combination with data from daily light-trap catches and field surveys conducted since 2005.The following results were obtained:(1) WBPH had two main density peaks which occur in early August and mid September during the 3rd and 4th generations,respectively.The 3rd generation,which comprises the first peak of infestation,mainly damaged single-cropped rice fields whereas the 4th generation affected double-cropped,late-season rice fields.(2) The population characteristics of each generation of WBPH in single-cropped mid-season rice fields were different from those in double-cropped late-season rice fields.In the former,most WBPH were residents with some immigrants during the late stage of the 2nd generation and the early stage of the 3rd generation.However,during the late stage of the 3rd generation they were be mostly immigrants with a few residents.In contrast,in double-cropped late-season rice fields,the population was comprised predominantly of immigrants during the late stage of the 3rd generation and the early stage of the 4th generation.These insects bred and developed before finally emigrating during the late stage of the 4th generation.(3) The number of early immigrants was the key factor determining fluctuations in the abundance of the 2nd and 3rd generation,and the proportion of 3rd generation residents,in single cropped mid-season rice,and appears to be the key factor influencing population size in double-cropped late-season rice fields.Meteorological factors,such as rainfall and temperature,play an important part in determining the emigration or retention of the 3rd generation.

Qianshan County is located in southwest Anhui Province and is important to the northward and southward migration of the white-backed planthopper Sogatella fiucifera(Horváth)(WBPH) because it is both the area in which spring migrants settle and the source area for autumn emigrants.Understanding WBPH population processes in Qianshan will therefore provide scientific and technical support for regional forecasting and source suppression.Source areas of six immigration peaks of WBPH in Qianshan in 2009 and the formation of immigrant populations were analyzed using HYSPLIT,trajectory analysis software for the simulation of migration pathways,and MICAPS(Meteorological Information Compiling,Analyzing and Processing System).The population dynamics and characteristics of WBPH were studied by systematic field surveys and dissection of female ovaries.The following results were obtained:(1) The source areas of WBPH immigrants in Qianshan were,in early June western Jiangxi and the juncture between Hunan and Jiangxi(27.2°-28.7°N),in mid and late June,southern and southeastern Hunan(25.1°-26.7°N),in early and late July,eastern Hunan and Jiangxi(27.1°-28.5°N),in mid July,southeastern Hunan and southern Jiangxi(25.5°-26.8°N),and from the end of July to the beginning of August,northern and northwestern Jiangxi(28.1°-29.4°N).(2) The period of damage inflicted by WBPH on mid-season rice and late-season rice was extended by the massive retained population in 2009 which provided sufficient recruits to migrate back to source areas.(3) The population characteristics of each generation of WBPH in mid and late-season rice were determined by their ovarian developmental.The immigrants developed in mid-season rice,and most of the newly emerged adults(the 3rd generation) were trapped and retained by successive rainy days from late July to early August.These therefore stayed on the mid-season rice crops before latter moving to late-season crops to breed(late August to mid September).It was the 4th generation that migrated back to the south and the 5th generation of residents became victims of the coming winter.

自20世纪90年代以来,江南稻区北部(涉及江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖南、湖北六省)不同程度地开展了双季改单季的水稻种植制度的调整,为了阐明水稻种植制度变化对褐飞虱暴发种群形成的影响,2007、2008年在怀宁县和潜山县采用田间调查与卵巢解剖等方法研究了单季中稻、双季晚稻中褐飞虱的种群动态及世代虫源性质.结果表明:安庆地区单季稻大面积种植后,6月中旬至月下旬迁入的褐飞虱可以直接降落在单季中稻本田,并能连续繁殖,种群增殖倍数可高达数百倍,单季中稻褐飞虱的发生量高于双季晚稻;卵巢解剖确定了单季中稻及双季晚稻中褐飞虱各世代的虫源性质,单季中稻褐飞虱迁出盛期在8月下旬至9月中旬,可以为长江三角洲后期迁入提供虫源,也可以在本地作近距离的扩散迁移,加重对双季晚稻的危害.皖南地区单季稻种植面积的扩大,不但显著增加了本地单季中稻、双季晚稻中褐飞虱的种群数量和危害程度,而且也导致了近年来长江三角洲地区频繁出现褐飞虱的后期迁入.因此,水稻种植制度的变化对褐飞虱暴发种群的形成具有决定性的作用.

The main characteristics of the outbreak of brown planthoppers,Nilaparvata lugens Stl in Anqing in 2006 included large amount of immigrant pests with obvious immigration peaks,earlier occurrence of short-winged adults with large amount,rapid increasing of field population,great occurrence all over the city,breaking out in parts of city,and significant difference of population size among field patches. Based on the above,the main reasons of the outbreak of brown planthoppers were analyzed,which included abundant immigrant pest source as the foundation of the outbreak,the variation of biotypes of brown planthoppers,rich food conditions,the increasing planting area of single-harvest rice which provided good food and habitat conditions for brown planthoppers,and resistance of brown planthoppers to imidacloprid. It was also suggested to strengthen monitoring in different sites,monitoring insectiside resistance and field investigation.

在水稻主要害虫防治示范区于,2004-2007年实施"预防秧田期,防宽分蘖期、保护成穗期"的水稻病虫害防治策略,取得了良好的经济、社会、生态效益。

本文分析和比较了2005-2007年褐飞虱在安庆发生的虫源、气候、食料条件,认为初迁虫量的多寡在很大程度上影响当年的发生情况,但初迁量小的年份,并不意味着后来发生就轻;对六(4)代前峰而言,回迁虫源可作为补充虫源考虑,但对六(4)代后峰和七(5)代应作为重要虫源条件考虑。气候的适宜与不适宜只是相对的,稻田小生境的影响不容忽视。单季稻面积扩大,从食料和栖境上促成了褐飞虱早期虫量积累和提前暴发。本文还就虫源性质、防治策略、预测和分级标准等进行了探讨。

比较并分析安庆市1997,2005年和2006年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugehs（Stal）大发生的虫源、气候条件。1997年,迁入期偏早,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1228~8698头;7、8月份气温比历史均值低0.2~1.3℃,导致单季稻上基数适温协同暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较多,但9月份气温比历史均值低1.0℃,抑制了双季晚稻褐飞虱发生。2005年,迁入期较早,但初迁虫量低,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为200~3334头;7月中旬至8月份气温比历史均值低0.4~0.8℃,9月至10月中旬气温比历史均值高1.8~2.2℃,有利褐飞虱发生的气候条件长达3个月;同时,夏、秋季台风暴雨频繁,再迁补充虫源丰富,8月16日~9月25日每侯灯下≥1000头的回迁峰次多达5个,分别比1997年和2006年多1个和2个,导致多代连续重发。2006年,迁入期早,6月底以前的早迁虫量分别是1997年和2005年同期的6.4倍和2.1倍,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1595~7181头;虽然7、8月份气温比历史均值高1.0~2.0℃,但单季稻田间小气候适宜,构成单季稻基数暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较少,但8月底~9月初短期内大量集中迁入,9月下旬至10月份气温异常偏高,高于历史均值1.5~3.0℃,引起晚稻持续重发。

本文根据潜山县多年的历史资料,分析论述了2005年褐飞虱发生危害特点,近年的演变趋势,从气象、虫源、食料、水稻生育期、药剂等方面探讨了特大发生的原因,提出了综合治理对策。

褐飞虱与白背飞虱是相近的两种昆虫,由于二者存在诸多相似特点,长期以来生产上未能区别对待,统称为稻飞虱。但两者在田间发生时期、各代发生数量、短翅成虫出现频率、取食为害特性以及危害后对水稻造成损失等方面均存在差异。相应地在防治策略、防治方法、药剂选择等方面应区别对待。

本文分析了2005年褐飞虱发生危害特点、近年演变趋势,探讨了特大发生原因,并提出了综合治理对策。

作者以井冈霉素和三唑酮为对照药剂,进行了稻后安防治水稻稻曲病试验.试验结果表明,每666.7 m2施用稻后安30～50 g,对水稻安全;穗防效可达64.63%～83.17%,粒防效为65%～82.63%,稻谷增产率为10.64%～12.61%.试验者认为,为确保效果,每666.7 m2宜用稻后安40～50 g.

稻瘟病是水稻三大病害之一,用杀菌剂进行化学防治是控制稻瘟病流行的重要手段.20世纪早期,中国主要使用波尔多液等铜制剂,效果差,易产生药害.20世纪80年代,主要使用有机磷类的稻瘟净、异稻瘟净和有机杂环类的富士一号,后因抗药性等问题,自90年代开始使用三环唑进行防治,并出现多种混剂.本文报道75%硫磺·三环唑可湿性粉剂对稻瘟病的防治效果.

综合分析了潜山县近20年稻纵卷叶螟测报资料,认为2003年潜山县五(3)代稻纵卷叶螟特大发生的特点是:迁入虫源早、虫量大,峰期相对集中,卵巢发育程度高,田间有效卵量高,幼虫密度大,其原因是特殊的气候条件及防治不力;并提出了治理对策.

水稻螟虫(二化螟、三化螟)近年在沿江地区逐年加重.分析原因主要是:气候条件、耕作制度的变化,防治措施不当,偏施氮肥以及螟虫抗药性的产生.提出以加强测报为前提,农业防治为基础,化学防治为重点的综合防治策略.

试验结果表明:双季晚稻秧田施用5%锐劲特浓悬浮剂450～750ml/hm2,对秧田稻飞虱、稻蝗、蓟马、稻纵卷叶螟等主要害虫的防效可达83.3%～100%;对大田前期(栽后15天以前)的稻飞虱、二化螟、稻蝗等害虫的后延防效可达68.5%～78.2%,明显优于常规药剂.同时,秧田使用锐劲特对大田前期水稻的生长发育有一定的促进作用.

介绍了瓜蒌主要病、虫、草害,结合生产实际,从种植地选择、种苗培育、适时早栽、合理密植、肥水管理、综合控制病虫害、使用农药方面提出了无公害生产技术.

试验研究表明:快绿扬对甜菜夜蛾具有较强的驱避作用,驱避作用维持时间约20～30 h;防治甜菜夜蛾,以55%快绿扬乳油900～1 050 ml/hm2为宜,药后10天的防治效果为83.76%～86.12%.因其具有强烈的气味和较强的附着力,叶菜类蔬菜或短期内采收的其他类蔬菜不宜使用快绿扬.