农药减量综合技术是指农作物病虫草害防治中,除了采用化学防治技术外,再协同采用机械耕作、肥水科学管理、抗性品种种植、合理栽培等综合技术,落实预防为主、综合防治,减少农药用量的技术集成,是实现农药使用量零增长的重要途径.为了解农户对农药减量综合技术的认知与执行情况,本研究把国际上技术产品推广中的重要研究方法KAP(即knowledge,altitude,practice三个英文单词的缩写)研究方法引入农药减量综合技术的调查研究中,在全国各地选择常规农户作为研究对象,采用随机抽样方法,抽取350名农民进行KAP问卷调查.结果说明:只有38.8％的农户知道“预防为主,综合防治”的植保方针;42.3％的农户在防治病虫害时,除了化学防治,并不了解植保综合技术,39.6％的农户认为该项技术较复杂,效果差且各种机械太贵,不愿意采用;只有20％的农户愿意使用植保综合技术.农户植保知识缺乏、年龄偏大、文化程度低等均严重等影响农户对农药减量综合技术的行为和态度,只有加强农业科学知识的科普宣传,才能有效推动农药减量综合技术的应用.

以两系杂交稻Y两优302为例,研究了其发生稻曲病的损失规律.结果表明,Y两优302稻曲病损失率依单穗病粒数的增加而上开,单穗粒数从1~20粒,损失率由4.55%增加到87.55%.

对南方水稻黑条矮缩病田间症状类型、症状表现时间、不同时间种植类型水稻发病差异、当前主要发病品种(或组合)、白背飞虱在本地发生规律、田间病丛分布特征等进行了初步研究.结果表明,南方水稻黑条矮缩病的症状有典型和非典型、重症和轻症之分;在双季早稻、中稻、单季晚稻和双季晚稻混栽地区,以中稻、单季晚稻和双季晚稻发生较普遍,早稻发病较轻,这与白背飞虱在本地的发生期同各种时间种植类型水稻易感病生育期吻合程度有关；不同类型水稻发病程度不同,籼型杂交稻发病重于常规梗、糯稻,似与白背飞虱嗜食杂交稻的习性有关；品种间发病程度有差异,如奥两优28、华安3号等部分品种发病严重；病丛(株)在田间呈聚集分布.

阐述了枞阳县汤沟镇稻田杂草发生种类、群落结构,以及不同类型稻田杂草的发生规律;提出了不同类型稻田杂草的防除策略和具体的技术措施。

The studied results indicated that 10 days after flubendiamide 20% WG(150 g/hm2) was sprayed to control rice leaf roller,the percentage of whole paddy leafs was 96.68% and the control efficiency was 96.54% to rice leaf roller.Comparing with other kinds of pesticides,such as abamectin,profenofos and chlorpyrifos,its control efficiency and the rate of whole leafs was more significant and the rice yield increased by 8.94%,which was parallel to chlorantraniliprole 20% SC(150 mL/hm2).

在调查的基础上,总结归纳了怀宁县金拱镇水育秧田、旱育秧田、半旱育秧田、移栽稻田、直播稻田、抛秧稻田等水稻主要类型田杂草的发生特点和规律,提出了各类稻田杂草化学防除技术措施.

[Objective] The characteristics of Staphylea bumalda DC growth was explored for the future improvement of its yield and efficiency.[Method] The biological characteristics and yield of Staphylea bumalda DC were compared based on the treatment of different basal-dressings.[Results] All of treatments could improve the Staphylea bumalda DC yield and the most significant yield-increasing was from the application of organic fertilizer with 41.39% compared with that of CK.[Conclusion] The fertilization was beneficial to the improvement of Staphylea bumalda DC yield and efficiency.

自20世纪90年代以来,江南稻区北部(涉及江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖南、湖北六省)不同程度地开展了双季改单季的水稻种植制度的调整,为了阐明水稻种植制度变化对褐飞虱暴发种群形成的影响,2007、2008年在怀宁县和潜山县采用田间调查与卵巢解剖等方法研究了单季中稻、双季晚稻中褐飞虱的种群动态及世代虫源性质.结果表明:安庆地区单季稻大面积种植后,6月中旬至月下旬迁入的褐飞虱可以直接降落在单季中稻本田,并能连续繁殖,种群增殖倍数可高达数百倍,单季中稻褐飞虱的发生量高于双季晚稻;卵巢解剖确定了单季中稻及双季晚稻中褐飞虱各世代的虫源性质,单季中稻褐飞虱迁出盛期在8月下旬至9月中旬,可以为长江三角洲后期迁入提供虫源,也可以在本地作近距离的扩散迁移,加重对双季晚稻的危害.皖南地区单季稻种植面积的扩大,不但显著增加了本地单季中稻、双季晚稻中褐飞虱的种群数量和危害程度,而且也导致了近年来长江三角洲地区频繁出现褐飞虱的后期迁入.因此,水稻种植制度的变化对褐飞虱暴发种群的形成具有决定性的作用.

In May,2001 quarantine insect——Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel was found in the North edge of double-cropping rice in Tongcheng City,Anhui Province.The main results were obtained through the investigation of occurrence principle of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel.First,the host plants of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel include rice,barnyard-grass,common cutgrass,pennisetum and brome in Tongcheng.The gramineous plants were only accidental host plants except rice.Second,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel infested one generation in one year in Tongcheng,and overwintered through adults.The beginning time of overwintering adults is in late March.They make damage after early rice seedlings remove membrane,and diffuse towards field with transplanting of early rice.The adult peak of early rice appears in the mid-May,and the period is about twenty days.The one generation larvaes appear at the end of May,become damage in the mid-June,pupate in succession in the late mid-June.The appearing stage of one generation adults is in the first ten days of July,and the disappearing stage is in middle to late August.Third,the eggs of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel are laid masses on the leaf sheath of rice base.Each leaf sheath lays 3～4 eggs.Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel diffuses from the edge to the middle of field gradually at the inital stage of early and late double-cropping rice.The space distribution was aggregation during the explosion period and reducement period of adults.The fourth,if adult and hungry pests are provided water,the average life expectancy will be 17.1 d.However the rate will drop to 4.2 d without water.According to the observation,the average life expectancy is 56.5 d.The fifth,compared with the single season rice in northern China and typical double-cropping rice in southern district in China,the occurrence principle of generation and ups and downs of Lissorhoptrus Oryzophilus Kuschel is slightly different.The sixth,the proliferation of speed of Lissorhoptrus Oryzophilus Kuschel can slow down through artificial control,but its range continued expansion.The article advocated a comprehensive management approach to carry out chemical control in suitable period which is on the base of plant quarantine and agricultural control.

The main characteristics of the outbreak of brown planthoppers,Nilaparvata lugens Stl in Anqing in 2006 included large amount of immigrant pests with obvious immigration peaks,earlier occurrence of short-winged adults with large amount,rapid increasing of field population,great occurrence all over the city,breaking out in parts of city,and significant difference of population size among field patches. Based on the above,the main reasons of the outbreak of brown planthoppers were analyzed,which included abundant immigrant pest source as the foundation of the outbreak,the variation of biotypes of brown planthoppers,rich food conditions,the increasing planting area of single-harvest rice which provided good food and habitat conditions for brown planthoppers,and resistance of brown planthoppers to imidacloprid. It was also suggested to strengthen monitoring in different sites,monitoring insectiside resistance and field investigation.

于2008年进行了35%噻嗪·毒死蜱EC防治水稻褐飞虱的田间药效试验,试验结果表明,35%噻嗪·毒死蜱EC对褐飞虱具有较好的防治效果.每667m2用35%噻嗪·毒死蜱EC80～120ml,药后1d,对褐飞虱的校正防效为64.09%～72.97%,表明噻嗪酮配以毒死蜱后,速效性显著提高;药后3d,对褐飞虱的校正防效为82.19%～89.51%,药后7d达84.28%～90.59%,优于噻嗪酮、毒死蜱单用的效果.对药后7d校正防效数据经反正弦转换后做方差分析,结果显示,药剂处理间F=16.81>F0.01=5.64,差异极显著.

25%丙环唑EC对水稻稻曲病和纹枯病具有良好的防治效果,保产、增产作用明显.试验表明,每亩用丙环唑有效成份2.5～7.5 g,于水稻孕穗末期(距破口约6～8 d)和破口期各用药一次,对稻曲病的株防效为73.72%～86.53%,粒防效为78.81%～88.95%;对纹枯病的丛防效、株防效和病指防效分别为88.64%～95.45%、89.00%～95.60%和93.83%～97.76%;提高水稻产量15.36%～16.68%.

随着生产体制和耕作制度的变化,单季稻面积随之扩大.水稻依赖高密、高肥实现高产,形成了有利于稻飞虱发生的田间环境.温度是影响安庆市稻飞虱发生的主要因素.在水稻生长前期保护利用天敌;在水稻生长中后期选用高效药剂锐劲特、毒死蜱、综合防治稻螟虫、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱,防治效果较好.

Along with the productive system and cropping system reform,the single harvest rice area expands.High yield of paddy rice dependes upon high planting density,high fertilizer aplication,and those creates advantageous enviroment for rice planthopper occurs.Temperature affects the main climatic factor for rice planthopper occurs in Anqing city.In the earlier period of paddy rice may use natural enemy,in the later period of paddy rice may select highly effective chemicals such as Chlorpyrifos,buprofenzin to prevent and control rice borer,paddy leafroller and rice planthopper sgnthetically,It can get twice result with half investment.

本文对宿松县许岭镇近年来水稻褐飞虱的发生情况进行了分析、总结,提出了农业防治、生物防治和化学防治等综合防治的策略与技术。

The results showed that metaflumizone 24% SC has best control effect against 1st to 3rd instar larvae of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, 3 to 14 d after application, the effect of protecting leaves was 87.25 to 98.38%, each with metaflumizone 24% SC 450, 600 mL/ha, metaflumizone 24% SC 450 mL/ha + Silicone agricultural adjuvant 150 mL/ha, metaflumizone 24% SC 450 mL/ha + Chlorpyrifos 40.7% EC 600 mL/ha + Silicone agricultural adjuvant 150 mL/ha. metaflumizone 24% SC against 4 to 5th instar larvae of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis has excellent effect, with 750 mL/ha, 7 d after application, the effect was 97.18%. In this experiment, metaflumizone 24% SC was security to rice and natural enemies.

对31%三拂ME防治稻纵卷叶螟的试验结果表明,在稻纵卷叶螟2-3龄幼虫高峰期,每666.7m2用31%三拂ME70 ml和100ml,药后3d,稻纵卷叶螟的幼虫虫口减退率分别为86.5%和91.6%;药后7d,稻纵卷叶螟的幼虫虫口减退率分别为96.5%和98.0%;药后7d,保叶效果分别为94.6%和96.5%;药后13d,保叶效果分别为94.1%和95.8%。在褐飞虱重发情况下,三拂两个处理的防治效果为47.8-58.9%,难以控制褐飞虱的危害。在本试验条件和用药量水平下,31%三拂ME对水稻安全。

The occurrence of the third and fourth generations of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) in Anqing City,Anhui Province,a mixed cropping rice region,were studied systematically. The results showed that the third and fourth generations of C. medinalis appeared two peaks in Anqing with the main infested period on early maturity type of middle-season rice in single-cropping paddy field from late July to early August,and on late rice in double-cropping paddy field from late August to early September. According to the data of female ovarian dissection and light-trap catches,the local generation was in the majority in the third generation but with a partial immigrants;however,the fourth generation was basically emigrants. Comparison on the ovarian dissection data for the field populations of C. medinalis revealed that the fourth generation on late rice in the double-cropping paddy field would be resident and no emigration,but the population on early maturity type of middle -season rice in the single-cropping paddy field would emigrate for a long distance,while some of them could disperse to the nearby double-cropping late rice fields,in which the moths settled down and bred. Because of calefacient autumn and changes in cultivated rice varieties and planting systems,the planting area and ratio of single-cropping rice increased rapidly in Anqing since 1995 and formed the mixed cropping rice region. Compared with the double-cropping areas,the incessancy rice growing in mixed cropping region could provide more favorable habitat and food resources for C. medinalis,causing the sustained infestation in autumn.

本文分析和比较了2005-2007年褐飞虱在安庆发生的虫源、气候、食料条件,认为初迁虫量的多寡在很大程度上影响当年的发生情况,但初迁量小的年份,并不意味着后来发生就轻;对六(4)代前峰而言,回迁虫源可作为补充虫源考虑,但对六(4)代后峰和七(5)代应作为重要虫源条件考虑。气候的适宜与不适宜只是相对的,稻田小生境的影响不容忽视。单季稻面积扩大,从食料和栖境上促成了褐飞虱早期虫量积累和提前暴发。本文还就虫源性质、防治策略、预测和分级标准等进行了探讨。

比较并分析安庆市1997,2005年和2006年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugehs（Stal）大发生的虫源、气候条件。1997年,迁入期偏早,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1228~8698头;7、8月份气温比历史均值低0.2~1.3℃,导致单季稻上基数适温协同暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较多,但9月份气温比历史均值低1.0℃,抑制了双季晚稻褐飞虱发生。2005年,迁入期较早,但初迁虫量低,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为200~3334头;7月中旬至8月份气温比历史均值低0.4~0.8℃,9月至10月中旬气温比历史均值高1.8~2.2℃,有利褐飞虱发生的气候条件长达3个月;同时,夏、秋季台风暴雨频繁,再迁补充虫源丰富,8月16日~9月25日每侯灯下≥1000头的回迁峰次多达5个,分别比1997年和2006年多1个和2个,导致多代连续重发。2006年,迁入期早,6月底以前的早迁虫量分别是1997年和2005年同期的6.4倍和2.1倍,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1595~7181头;虽然7、8月份气温比历史均值高1.0~2.0℃,但单季稻田间小气候适宜,构成单季稻基数暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较少,但8月底~9月初短期内大量集中迁入,9月下旬至10月份气温异常偏高,高于历史均值1.5~3.0℃,引起晚稻持续重发。