Objective:To evaluate the effect of parental liver donation on early acute cellular rejection(ACR)after liver transplantation(LT)in children aged under one year.Methods:From January 2018 to January 2021, retrospective review is conducted for clinical data of living donor LT recipients and donors aged under 1 year at Tianjin First Central Hospital.Donor livers are assigned into two groups of paternal donor liver(156 cases)and maternal donor liver(206 cases)according to the source of donor liver, Clinical characteristics and postoperative ACR occurrence of two groups are analyzed.Results:The rates of ACR during early postoperative period is 14.9%(54/362), 20.5%(32/156)in paternal liver donor group and 10.7%(22/206)in maternal liver donor group.There is statistically significant difference(λ 2=6.763, P=0.009).In analysis of gender matching of donor recipients, the rates of ACR is 22.6% in paternal donor group and 10.3% in maternal donor group.There is statistically significant difference(λ 2=5.411, P=0.020).Median time of initial postoperative ACR is 13.00(8.25~20.25)day in paternal liver donor group and 17.00(9.00~28.25)day in maternal donor group.The difference is not statistically significant( P>0.05). ACR is mostly mild-to-moderate in two groups . Conclusions:In living donor LT for children aged under 1 year, the rates of early ACR is lower for maternal donor than that for paternal donor, especially in female recipients.
Objective:To explore the reconstruction strategy and technical selection of S3 hepatic vein with middle hepatic vein confluence in pediatric liver transplantation(LT)using living donor left lateral segment to lower the risk of vascular complications caused by variant grafts.Methods:From January 2015 to June 2021, retrospective analysis is performed for 840 consecutive cases of pediatric living donor LT using left lateral segment(LLS).There are 32 cases of S3 hepatic vein with middle hepatic vein confluence with an overall incidence of 3.81%.Individualized reconstruction strategies are implemented according to the specific conditions of variation and different interposition vessels available: group I unification venoplasty technique with interposition vein graft is employed for reconstructing HV from grafts, prolonged S3 is formed into a single opening with S2 and then anastomosed with recipient(21 cases); group Ⅱ dual HV reconstructions were performed(11 cases); venoplasty of recipients'LHV, MHV and inferior vena cava(IVC)is performed for creating a large orifice for anastomosis with S2 HV from graft and S3 is anastomosed with stump of recipient right HV directly or interposed blood vessels.Clinical features and prognosis of two groups, the incidence, treatment and prognosis of HVOO and the incidence of HVOO between variant and non-variant groups were compared.Results:The median follow-up time of variant group(32 cases)is 23.8 month with an incidence of HVOO at 15.6%.During the same period, the non-variant group incidence of HVOO is 4.5%.There is inter-group statistical difference( P=0.014).The only statistical difference between groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ is ultrasonic blood flow velocity of S3 HV at 14 POD [(39.15±16.37)vs(20.05±8.52)cm/s, P=0.001].HVOO occurred in 7 cases and 6 cases respectively in groupⅠ and group Ⅱ.There is no statistical difference( P=0.310).There are no intractable vascular complications.Long-term vascular patency of allogeneic and autologous interposition vein is satisfactory and there is no graft failure or mortality related to HVOO. Conclusions:Selecting strategies and techniques for reconstructing S3 hepatic vein with middle hepatic vein confluence at our center are reasonable, safe and effective.And the overall treatment efficacy is satisfactory.Reasonable selection of multidimensional reconstruction methods and accurate application of various technologies are conducive to improving patient prognosis.
肝移植术后严重心肺功能衰竭可致受者病死率增高.当传统治疗方法无效时,体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)可作为挽救性疗法.美国学者回顾总结了2011年9月—2016年5月马里兰大学肝移植术后早期应用ECMO支持治疗的经验.该中心施行的537例肝移植中,7例患者接受ECMO支持,中位年龄为52岁.4例严重呼吸衰竭(3例急性呼吸窘迫综合征,1例持续肝肺综合征)患者采用静脉-静脉ECMO,其余3例循环衰竭患者则采用静脉-动脉ECMO.患者从肝移植到ECMO置管的中位时间为3 d,持续ECMO支持治疗的中位时间为7 d.除1例患者于术后45 d死亡以外,其余患者均成功拔管撤除ECMO.6例患者同时接受气管切开术,6例因急性肾功能衰竭同时接受透析治疗, 4例患者因出血而接受再次开腹手术.患者住院时间中位数为58 d(42~79 d),院内病死率为28.6%, 2例患者死因分别为真菌感染和呼吸衰竭.5例顺利出院的患者中3例仍存活至今,1例移植术后7个月死于丙型肝炎病毒复发,1例失访.作者认为,在肝移植术后严重心肺功能衰竭的情况下,ECMO可以作为可行的抢救疗法,成功地救治了其他方法无法挽救的患者.
肝移植术后腹腔高压(intra-abdominal hyper tension,IAH)可影响移植肝血液灌注和器官活力.德国学者在肝移植术后儿童中进行研究,旨在评估纵向监测腹腔内压力(intra-abdominalpresure,IAP)作为IAH筛查方法的可行性.该回顾性研究纳入2017年5月至2018年2月接受肝移植的23例儿童,平均年龄为 3.1 岁 (3 个月~ 14 岁),比较纵向监测IAP 与床旁监测超声数据.总计监测IAP 425 例次,超声257例次.护士监测IAP平均用时为(1.9±0.4) min,记录数值平均用时为(0.3±0.1) min.
由于目前还没有临床验证的工具预测体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)作为肺移植过渡支持患者的院内死亡率,于是美国学者研发出一个定量风险评估工具.2004 —2018年器官共享联合网络数据库(United Network for Organ Sharing,UNOS)中需ECMO过渡至肺移植的患者共822例,排除18岁以下和2004年之前接受肺移植或ECMO治疗的患者,共有630例纳入分析.将肺移植后院内死亡相关的受者变量纳入多变量逐步logistic回归模型,使用线性预测构建ECMO过渡至肺移植受者分层风险分析(stratification risk analysis in bridging patients to lung transplant on ecmo,STABLE)评分,K-fold交叉验证有无偏倚评估.在进一步剔除宾夕法尼亚大学的病例后,其余患者队列用于外部评分验证.该研究开发了IOS应用程序以辅助临床应用.6个受体相关的移植前变量转化为24分,UNOS数据库中的STABLE评分范围为0~21分,每增加1分,患者院内死亡的几率升高22.0%(95%CI=1.14~1.29,P<0.001).K-fold交叉验证的受试者工作曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为86.2%,使用宾夕法尼亚大学的病例数据库验证STABLE评分得出的AUC为89%.作者认为STABLE评分是一种新颖的内部交叉验证工具,可对ECMO过渡至肺移植患者进行风险分层,它的预测效能和准确性将有助于临床决策并改善移植预后.
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是典型的炎症相关肿瘤.白细胞介素-21(interleukin-21, IL-21)既可调节天然免疫应答,又可调节获得性免疫应答,在抗肿瘤和抗病毒应答中起关键作用.然而, IL-21在HCC发展中的作用尚不明确.南方医科大学的学者在IL-21R基因敲除小鼠和HCC小鼠模型中,探讨了IL-21R信号通路在HCC生长中的作用.
PD-1抗体在晚期肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)中的显著临床活性提示了PD-1 / PD-L1介导的免疫逃逸作为HCC治疗靶点的重要性.然而,HCC患者中PD-Ls基因改变的频率及其对预后的意义仍然未知.我国学者采用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)方法确定PD-Ls基因改变,结合qPCR数据与免疫荧光测量PD-Ls的mRNA和蛋白质水平.
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)占肝癌病例的80%以上,恶性度高、易复发,且易发生耐药,通常在疾病晚期才被诊断出来.因此,早期诊断和更好地理解促成HCC进展的分子机制在临床上是亟待解决的.代谢改变可清楚地表征HCC肿瘤.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most important cause of adult liver transplantation in China.HCC recurrence after liver transplantation is a common clinical problem.It is imperative to explore its metastasis and recurrence mechanism and to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.This article describes the basic prevention and treatment strategies for recurrent HCC after liver transplantation.During the pre-transplant period,the clinical and pathological information of HCC,such as tumor staging,general morphology,pathological features,tumor markers and tumor molecular biological characteristics,should be collected and analyzed carefully in order to determine the risk of recurrent HCC;Design and implement a comprehensive program of prevention and treatment.Currently,sorafenib and capecitabine are common candidate drugs for prevention and control of recurrence of HCC after liver transplantation.Substitution of m-TOR inhibitors for CNI-like drugs can be used as an immunosuppressive drug to prevent and control recurrence of HCC.HCC recurrence after liver transplantation will significantly reduce the cure rate,but active treatment often can effectively control the progression of the disease and improve the prognosis.However,available effective measures to prevent the progress of HCC can also be used to treat HCC recurrence after liver transplantation.Surgical treatment is preferred for recurrent lesions that can be resected,and local treatment is available for recurrent lesions that cannot be resected.Drug treatment can inhibit tumor growth to a certain extent,but it is difficult to achieve a satisfying prognosis by single drug,commonly used as adjuvant therapy.
在机器保存期间除门静脉灌注之外的动脉灌注是否改善了肝移植物质量,仍然存在争议,目前缺乏使用这两种技术的比较研究.本文研究了在循环死亡大鼠肝脏后使用单次或双次机器灌注对肝移植物质量的影响.此外,我们分析了脉动与连续动脉血流的影响.
终末期肝病患儿大多接受全肝移植(whole liver, WL),而低体重的胆道闭锁患儿接受死亡捐献的部分肝移植(decreased donor partical liver, DDPL)或活体肝移植(living donor, LD)可能效果更好,因此美国学者研究比较了不同供肝类型和受者体重的全美胆道闭锁肝移植患儿预后.2002年1月2日-2014年12月30日共2123例胆道闭锁患儿接受了首次肝移植,其中1124例接受WL,340例接受LD, 659例接受DDPL;1077例患儿为1岁以内;695例患儿体重≤7 kg,1004例体重为7~14 kg,422例>14 kg,全部患儿中位体重8 kg.
伴随供体器官的短缺和人群预期寿命的延长,高龄(≥70岁)供肝的应用日益增多。本研究分析了目前美国高龄供肝的应用,受者的选择及其接受肝脏移植手术预后。回顾性分析了器官移植科学注册系统(SRTR)和大学健康系统联盟(UHC)的相关数据,纳入了2007年1月至2011年12月来自65家移植中心共12445例肝移植纳入研究。选取供体为70岁及以上(540例)和60岁以下患者(10473例)进行比较。5年间尸体供肝移植中70岁以上高龄供者共占4.3%。高龄供肝组女性比例较高、地区分配或全国分配比例较高,多被年手术量大的移植中心应用。高龄供肝较少应用于终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分高于27分的患者(13.2%比23.0%,P<0.001)、住院等待患者(16.8%比21.7%,P=0.03)以及移植时需要血液透析的患者(2.6%比8.2%,P<0.001)。两组肝移植受体围术期病死率、30天再住院率、近期生存率相近。多因素分析发现,供体年龄≥70岁与移植肝失功相关(HR=1.3,95%CI=1.08~1.56,P=0.005)。综上所述,作者认为在低MELD评分(<27分)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)患者、非住院患者以及非透析患者中应用高龄供肝,能够获得可接受的围术期效果和患者生存率,但移植肝存活率稍差。
有关血管收缩药物联合清蛋白治疗2型肝肾综合征(HRS)患者,特别是肝移植术前等待患者效果的研究报道较少。西班牙巴塞罗那大学的研究人员报道了患有2型HRS的肝移植术前等待患者的治疗效果。本研究共纳入了56例患者,其中31例接受特利加压素联合清蛋白治疗。31例患者中有19例(61%)对该治疗有反应,但11例在撤除治疗后肾功能再次恶化。对治疗有反应和无反应的两组患者在术前等待期间的病死率无显著差异。46例(82%)患者最终接受了肝脏移植,其中15例接受肝移植手术时2型HRS已得到逆转(均为接受特利加压素联合清蛋白治疗者),其余31例患者手术时仍存在2型HRS(11例接受特利加压素联合清蛋白治疗,但均为治疗无反应或撤除治疗后肾功能再次恶化;20例患者未接受该治疗),两组患者肝移植术后3、6和12个月血清肌酐或估算肾小球滤过率无显著差异。同时,两组患者移植术后48小时以及住院期间急性肾损伤发生率、需要接受肾脏替代治疗的比例、术后1年慢性肾病的发生率、重症加强治疗病房(ICU)停留时间和住院时间以及术后1年和3年生存率均无显著差异。此外,两组患者术后1年手术并发症发生率、急性排斥反应和感染的发生率亦无显著差异。综上所述,应用特利加压素联合清蛋白治疗2型HRS,患者无论在肝移植术前还是术后均无明显受益。
目的:探讨体外甲泼尼龙(MP)作用下,特异性免疫效应细胞(IECs)对乙肝病毒稳定复制的HepG2.2.15乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)复制的影响及机制.方法:分离人树突状细胞、负载HBsAg诱导成熟;后与自体淋巴细胞共孵,形成IECs与HepG2.2.15共培养,MP处理各组细胞,采用生物化学、PCR、流式细胞仪和ELISA等方法检测肝功能、HBV DNA、T细胞亚群和炎症相关因子.结果:48 h后,IECs作用于HepG2.2.15,可抑制上清HBV DNA表达(P<0.01),IFN-γ升高,IL-10、IL-17、IL-23下降(P<0.01).MP作用于HepG2.2.15,可抑制HBV DNA表达(P< 0.01);MP使IECs对HBV DNA抑制作用减弱,但仍较单纯HepG2.2.15的HBV DNA降低.结论:IECs可显著抑制HepG2.2.15的HBV DNA表达;MP作用下,IECs仍能抑制HepG2.2.15的HBV DNA表达,发挥抗病毒作用;其酶学和合成功能无明显变化.
慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者肝移植术后预防乙型肝炎(乙肝)复发通常采用口服抗乙肝病毒药物联合乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)的方案,而无HBIG治疗方案的疗效报道较少。中国香港特别行政区香港大学玛丽医院的研究人员回顾该中心2003-2012年CHB肝移植病例,分析了肝移植术后单用口服抗乙肝病毒药物而术前、术中、术后均未应用HBIG治疗方案的疗效。本研究连续开展了440例CHB肝移植手术,抗乙肝病毒药物2007年之前应用拉米夫定,2007年起改为应用恩替卡韦,确认存在拉米夫定耐药的患者应用拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯或替诺福韦。术后随访超过3个月的患者共435例,其中144例(33%)患者因肝功能异常于术后3~127个月(中位时间10个月)接受263次肝脏穿刺活检。46例患者接受肝活检时血清乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性:其中10例血清HBV DNA同时阳性(6例肝组织免疫组化染色HBsAg同时阳性:5例患者接受拉米夫定单药治疗、证实rtM204V/I突变且出现病毒反弹,加用核苷类似物后3例患者HBV DNA降至无法测出),其余36例血清未检出HBV DNA的患者肝组织免疫组化染色HBsAg无一阳性。263次活检中44次(17%)存在肝纤维化,存在大胆道梗阻的患者肝纤维化比例(51%)明显高于无梗阻者(9%,P<0.001)。同期291例未接受肝脏穿刺活检的患者中43例为HBsAg阳性:其中7例患者出现病毒反弹(6例为rtM204V/I突变,1例肝细胞癌复发伴病毒学低水平反弹、HBV为野生型)。拉米夫定耐药的6例患者加用核苷类似物后均成功地将病毒降至无法测出且丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)恢复正常。综上所述,无病毒学反弹的肝移植术后患者血清HBsAg阳性与组织病理学检测证实乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)相关肝炎并非密切相关,应采用高耐药屏障的核苷类似物预防病毒反弹。
胆道闭锁(BA)是儿童肝移植(LT)的主要适应证,如果能够早期得到诊断,患儿接受葛西手术(Kasai-PE)可以延迟LT甚至无需LT.既往手术史可增加LT手术难度,因此本文作者探讨了既往葛西手术史是否会影响肝移植手术转归.1995—2013年巴西所移植中心347例BA接受肝移植手术的患者纳入回顾性队列研究,患者分为三组:非葛西手术组(No-K),葛西手术后患儿以接受肝移植手术时年龄是否超过1周岁分为葛西手术早期失败组(K-EF)和晚期失败组(K-LF).
肝移植受者中耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)感染的发生率逐年增加,且与患者病死率增高相关.美国哥伦比亚大学研究人员回顾性分析了2010 年1 月至2013 年1 月间单中心所有成人肝移植病例,分析肝移植术后CRKP 感染的发生率及危险因素,评估此类感染对患者预后的影.304 例患者中肝移植术后第一年共20 例(6.6%)发现CRKP,36 例(11.8%)发生碳青霉烯敏感的肺炎克雷伯菌(CSKP)感染.
Objective To investigate the indications of salvage liver transplantation (liver transplantation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection).Method 172 cases of salvage liver transplant patients from June 2000 to March 2013 were analyzed retrospectively.Fortyseven cases of them met the Milan criteria,62 cases met the University of California San Francisco criteria (UCSF),70 cases met the up to sever criteria,61 cases met the Fudan criteria,and 139 cases met the Hangzhou criteria.Correlation for five kinds of standards and prognosis were analyzed by kaplan-meier survival analysis.Result Total patients 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rate of salvage liver transplant got 82%,56.4%,and 51.6%,respectively.1-,3-,and 5-year survival rate of salvage liver transplant patients meeting the Milan criteria was 89%,75.1%,and 70.1% respectively,and that not meeting the Milan criteria was 79.6%,52.5%,and 45.1% respectively.1-,3-,and 5-year survival rate of liver transplant patients meeting the Hangzhou criteria was 86.1%,66.8% and 58.7% respectively,and that not meeting the Hangzhou criteria was 64.1%,19.7%,and 19.7% respectively.1-,3-and 5-year survival rate in 92 cases meeting the Hangzhou criteria but not in line with the Milan criteria was 84.7%,63% and 53.9% respectively,and had no statistically significant difference from the similar recipients in line with Milan criteria (P =0.122).Conclusion Using the existing criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma liver transplantation for salvage liver transplantation is feasible.A better indication of salvage liver transplantation should be found in a wider range of studies and a larger sample size.
原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)患者的部分合并症并不能通过终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分系统得到评估,此类患者可能受益于心脏死亡捐献(DCD)扩大的供体池。但接受DCD移植的PSC患者移植肝效果如何尚不明确。美国学者回顾性分析了2002年至2012年美国器官共享联合网络(UNOS)登记的41018例肝移植患者,比较不同供肝的移植物存活率,并分析了导致移植肝衰竭的危险因素。研究结果发现,接受DCD组的PSC患者(75例)较接受脑死亡供体的患者(1592例)移植肝衰竭的发生率更高(37.3%比20.4%,P=0.001),胆道并发症导致的移植肝衰竭发生率更高(47.4%比13.9%,P=0.002),移植物存活时间更低(P=0.003)。在1943例接受DCD的患者中,PSC和非PSC患者移植物衰竭的发生率和移植物存活时间相近,但PSC患者胆道并发症导致的移植肝衰竭发生率高于非PSC组(47.4%比26.4%,P=0.063)。Cox多因素分析发现,PSC组患者移植物存活优于非PSC组(HR=0.72,P<0.001),但DCD供肝提高了移植肝衰竭的发生风险〔危险比(HR)=1.28,P<0.001〕。同时,DCD移植和PSC的相互作用明显(HR=1.76,P=0.01),提示DCD供肝对PSC患者移植肝存活的影响大于非PSC患者,作者认为PSC患者应用DCD供肝预后欠佳,在此类患者中应谨慎应用。
高龄供体在肝脏移植中的应用仍有争议,因为其往往伴随移植物无功能、远期效果差,特别是在丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)阳性的受者。来自意大利比萨的一项单中心研究回顾分析了2001年至2010年842例ABO血型相合的首次尸体供肝移植病例。依据供体年龄分为<60岁组(348例,41.3%)、60~69岁组(176例,20.9%),70~79岁组(233例,27.7%),>80岁组(85例,10.1%)。中位随访时间4.5年(1~11年),<60岁供体组移植物1年和5年存活率分别为90.5%和78.6%,60~69岁供体组分别为88.6%和81.3%,70~79岁供体组分别为87.6%和75.1%,≥80岁供体组分别为84.7%和77.1%。各组间术后30天内移植肝功能丧失率以及累计移植肝存活率差异无统计学意义(P=0.065),但各组患者肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生率随供体年龄的增加而升高,最常见的为吻合口狭窄和缺血性胆道损伤(ITBLS)。其中ITBLS在<60岁供体组发生率为2.6%,≥80岁供体组升至14.1%。胆道并发症总体发生率则由10.6%升至24.7%。该中心经验提示,80岁以上供肝可以应用但需要审慎地选择、评估及分配应用。