Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important for plant growth and development, with BRI1 and BAK1 kinases playing an important role in BR signal transduction. Latex from rubber trees is crucial for industry, medicine and defense use. Therefore, it is beneficial to characterize and analyze HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes to improve the quality of the resources obtained from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree). Based on bioinformatics predictions and rubber tree database, five HbBRI1s with four HbBAK1s were identified and named HbBRI1~HbBRL3 and HbBAK1a~HbBAK1d, respectively, which were clustered in two groups. HbBRI1 genes, except for HbBRL3, exclusively contain introns, which is convenient for responding to external factors, whereas HbBAK1b/c/d contain 10 introns and 11 exons, and HbBAK1a contains eight introns. Multiple sequence analysis showed that HbBRI1s include typical domains of the BRI1 kinase, indicating that HbBRI1s belong to BRI1. HbBAK1s that possess LRR and STK_BAK1_like domains illustrate that HbBAK1s belong to the BAK1 kinase. BRI1 and BAK1 play an important role in regulating plant hormone signal transduction. Analysis of the cis-element of all HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes identified hormone response, light regulation and abiotic stress elements in the promoters of HbBRI1s and HbBAK1s. The results of tissue expression patterns indicate that HbBRL1/2/3/4 and HbBAK1a/b/c are highly expressed in the flower, especially HbBRL2-1. The expression of HbBRL3 is extremely high in the stem, and the expression of HbBAK1d is extremely high in the root. Expression profiles with different hormones show that HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes are extremely induced by different hormone stimulates. These results provide theoretical foundations for further research on the functions of BR receptors, especially in response to hormone signals in the rubber tree.

中国和柬埔寨天然橡胶科技合作发展迅速,取得诸多创新性成果.本文从柬埔寨天然橡胶产业现状调研、中国-柬埔寨天然橡胶科技合作成效等方面展开分析;针对国际合作中遇到的问题,探讨长期开展中国-柬埔寨合作的方式与方法,为中国天然橡胶科技"走出去",响应和践行国家"一带一路"倡议和"澜湄合作"提供参考依据.

Brassinolide (BR) plays an important role in plant growth, development, and the adaptation adversity process.Moreover, BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) genes are crucial transcription factors (TFs) in the BR signaling pathway.To realize the function of HbBES1 family is helpful to improve genetic resources for rubber tree breeding.Based on the rubber tree database, we used bioinformatics to characterize physicochemical properties, gene structure, cis-elements, and expression patterns.These results indicated that there were nine BES1 members in rubber tree, which we named HbBES1-1~HbBES1-9 and divided into two groups (I and II) based on their genetic relationships.HbBES1 genes in the same group shared similar gene structures and motifs.Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter sequences of HbBES1 genes contained many regulator elements that were related to hormone and stress, indicating that HbBES1 genes might be involved in the regulation of hormone and stress signal pathways.Our analysis of tissue specificity revealed that all of the nine HbBES1 members expressed highly in branches.Gene expression profiles under different hormone and stress treatments showed that the HbBES1 gene family was induced to varying degrees under different abiotic stresses;HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9 were extremely induced by ethylene (ETH).These results lay the foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of the BES1 gene family, especially HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9, regulating plant stress tolerance in rubber tree.

排胶是巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)树皮乳管细胞中胶乳采收的重要环节,与天然橡胶的生物合成、胶乳再生、割胶技术、韧皮部膨压等众多因素相关,占生产成本的60％以上.近年来,天然橡胶异戊二烯途径合成与调控机制、胶乳诊断指标、乳管伤口堵塞和过度排胶导致的死皮发生和修复机理等领域均取得了重要进展.本文从天然橡胶生物合成和胶乳再生、乳管伤口堵塞、排胶影响因素、排胶生理与分子机理4个方面总结了排胶领域的研究现状,并结合新技术持续引入排胶研究领域的最新进展,展望了橡胶树排胶机理研究发展趋势和应用,为橡胶树排胶机制研究提供理论依据,亦为新型高效安全刺激技术研发提供指导.

Brassinolide (BR) plays an important role in plant growth, development, and the adaptation adversity process. Moreover, BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) genes are crucial transcription factors (TFs) in the BR signaling pathway. To realize the function of HbBES1 family is helpful to improve genetic resources for rubber tree breeding. Based on the rubber tree database, we used bioinformatics to characterize physicochemical properties, gene structure, cis-elements, and expression patterns. These results indicated that there were nine BES1 members in rubber tree, which we named HbBES1-1 to HbBES1-9 and divided into two groups (I and II) based on their genetic relationships. HbBES1 genes in the same group shared similar gene structures and motifs. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter sequences of HbBES1 genes contained many regulator elements that were related to hormone and stress, indicating that HbBES1 genes might be involved in the regulation of hormone and stress signal pathways. Our analysis of tissue specificity revealed that all of the nine HbBES1 members expressed highly in branches. Gene expression profiles under different hormone treatments showed that the HbBES1 gene family was induced to varying degrees under different hormones, HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9 were extremely induced by ethylene (ETH). These results lay the foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of the BES1 gene family, especially HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9, regulating plant stress tolerance in rubber tree.

以2002年定植于中国热带农业科学院试验场三队的巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)热研73397的枝条和叶片为研究对象,采用安捷伦1260II高效液相色谱仪测定叶片和枝条中的生长素、玉米素、赤霉素、脱落酸,分析高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术在植物激素检测中的应用,优化植物激素提取方法,建立了一种同时检测巴西橡胶树叶片和枝条中生长素、玉米素、赤霉素、脱落酸的检测方法.结果表明:4种激素洗脱的先后顺序为玉米素、赤霉素、生长素、脱落酸,洗脱时间分别在2.166、3.871、8.133、13.405 min.橡胶树叶片和枝条中4种植物激素的检测限低至0.5μg·L-1,加标回收率在85.63％～105.13％.建立的检测方法,可简便、快捷检测橡胶树叶片和枝条等部位的植物激素,精确定量反应橡胶树排胶前后过程中的激素信号.

本研究采用高效液相色谱、酶标检测技术,确定可可豆加工过程中黄烷醇类物质组成变化趋势,分析抗氧化活性.在发酵及焙炒阶段检测黄烷醇物质儿茶素(C)、表儿茶素(EC)、表没食子儿茶素(EGC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)、原花青素B1(PC B1)、原花青素B2(PCB2).结果表明:经7 d发酵各成分含量分别为EGC(8.521～3.017 mg/g)、C(15.521～6.633 mg/g)、EC(19.615～3.142 mg/g)、ECG(0.236～0.084 mg/g)、PC B1(19.152～10.774 mg/g)、PCB2(4.254～2.083 mg/g),发酵使得可可豆中儿茶素及低聚物含量大量减少;135℃不同时间焙炒下,各物质含量分别为 EGC(3.079～2.221 mg/g)、C(8.611～5.143 mg/g)、EC(3.956～0.982 mg/g)、ECG(0.111～0.070 mg/g)、PC B1(10.987～8.223 mg/g)、PC B2(2.385～1.534 mg/g).可可豆在高温焙炒时,DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率呈下降趋势,降低了可可抗氧化活性.研究结果为可可加工提供相关保健功能性的依据.

以槟榔间作可可条件下的可可为研究对象,比较不同修剪方式对其生长、光合作用及产量的影响.结果表明:中度修剪提高可可株高、干周和主枝粗度,重度修剪和仅控冠幅降低可可干周和主枝粗度.中等修剪可可叶片Pn显著高于轻度修剪和仅控冠幅,可能由于修剪提高了新梢叶片叶肉细胞光合作用能力.中度修剪可可徒长枝重量分别比轻度修剪、重度修剪和仅控冠幅显著降低了69.27％、54.69％和57.03％,大大降低了养分消耗,提高产量的同时节省了修剪工作量.综上所述,在槟榔间作可可条件下,采用中度修剪有利于提高光合作用效率,形成健康平衡树形,降低徒长枝养分消耗,提高产量,为槟榔间作可可节本增效技术研究与优化提供依据.

快速碱化因子(rapid alkalinization factors,RALFs)是一种植物多肽类激素,参与胞内MAPK信号传递、细胞伸长调控、花器官发育及免疫应答等植物重要生理过程.本研究利用生物信息学方法对橡胶树RALF基因家族进行全基因组鉴定,对其序列特性、基因结构、保守基序、系统进化及表达特性进行系统研究.通过同源比对在橡胶树基因组中共鉴定到16个RALF基因,分别命名为HbRALF1～HbRALF16.序列分析结果表明,这些基因编码氨基酸数目介于108～149 aa之间,分子量和等电点分别介于11.92～16.88 kD和5.41～9.33.多序列比对结果表明,HbRALFs含有S1P蛋白酶识别位点、受体蛋白识别位点YISY保守序列和四个保守半胱氨酸.基于转录组数据的组织和乙烯刺激表达特性分析显示,16个橡胶树RALF基因至少在一个组织中表达,8个胶乳中高表达的RALF还参与乙烯刺激响应.本研究为进一步研究RALF基因家族在橡胶树关键农艺性状调控中的作用提供参考依据.

Ficus altissima Blume, a horticultural plant in tropical and warm subtropical regions, can produce natural rubber with comparable molecular weight to the Hevea brasiliensis rubber. The F. altissima latex has an acidic pH (about 4.89). The rubber particle size distribution is a unimodal profile, and the peak frequency is at a size of 4.5 μm. The natural rubber of F. altissima was determined to be a cis conformation via 13C NMR. The Mp (molecular weight of the peak maxima) of the deproteinized F. altissima rubber was 9.34 × 105 Da. LC-MS was used to identify the proteins of rubber particles and serum. The most abundant protein of the creamy rubber particle layer is an acid phosphatase, while the most abundant proteins of serum were an (R)-mandelonitrilelyase and a polygalacturonase inhibitor. Pharmaceutical proteins (ficins) or enzymes related to the biosynthesis of natural medicines (a cannabidiolic acid synthase and two lupeol synthase) were identified in F. altissima latex. The data of this study may be helpful for research on the functions of latex in latex-borne plants and the biosynthesis mechanism of natural rubber.

论述兴隆热带植物园在践行热带香料饮料作物一二三产业融合发展的历程,重点探讨“科学研究、产品开发、科普示范三位一体”发展模式,以及科学研究与成果转化在一二三产业融合发展中的支撑作用,为积极推动乡村振兴及产业融合发展战略的实施提供典型示范和经验.

可可是世界三大饮料作物之一,在世界农业发展中占有重要地位,但在我国仍是新兴经济作物,其快速健康发展需要技术支撑和科技服务引导.本文阐述了我国可可产业发展现状,剖析了制约其发展的因素,展望了产业发展前景,并提出相关建议和对策.

In order to reveal the difference of aroma compositions and provide a theoretical foundation of innovative utilization of different genotypes of Theobroma cacao, the cacao genotypes CCN51 (Bulk cocoa beans) and arriba (Fine cocoa beans) were used to analyze their aroma profiles by using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The results showed that the aroma compositions of CCN51 and arriba were composed of hydrocarbons, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Thirty-seven aroma compounds were identified in the cacao genotype CCN51 and thirty-three compounds in the cacao genotype arriba. The main compounds of the two genotypes were acetic acid, 2-phenylethanol, 3-methylbutyl acetate, and benzaldehyde. These two genotypes shared 28 aromatic substances, but showed significant difference in the relative contents of 17 aroma compounds, such as 2-pentanol, 3-carene, β-myrcene, 2-heptanone, nonanal, pyrazine, trimethyl-, acetic acid, -linalool, 2,3-butanediol, ethyl phenylacetate, and hexanoic acid. Different genotypes of cocoa had the same aroma groups, but their aroma had different compositions and contents. These results will provide reference for breeding of new varieties and exploiting of outstanding cocoa germplasm in the future.

Cocoa is one of the most important perennial cash crops worldwide. Our aim was to analyze the development laws of soil quality, provide the basis for promoting sustainable production. Comparing seedling biomass, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, enzyme activities, rhizosphere microorganism population quantifies and their relationships of 4 years, 12 years and 32 years soil of cocoa plantations. Short fallow was used as treeless references (CK). The main results obtained were as follows: The seedling biomass were significantly increased by 89.15%, 29.24% and 28.03% in soil of 32 years compared with that of 4 years, 12 years and CK, respectively. The SOC content was significantly increased in soil of 32 years and 12 years compared with that of 4 years, and aging was conductive to the accumulation of SOC. As the planting age increased, soil urease activities increased, which was extremely significantly positive correlation with the SOC content. Soil urease activities of 12 and 32 years obviously increased by 44.36% and 43.11%, respectively compared with that of CK. The culturable bacteria in rhizosphere soil decreased, and the culturable fungi significant increased. The culturable fungi number in 12 years soil were 3.04, 1.46 and 3.23 times higher compared with that in 4 years, 32 years and CK, respectively. Planting age may lead to changes of soil microflora. In conclusion, with the increase of planting age, the seedling biomass, rhizosphere SOC content and soil urease activities were increased, and the soil microflora changed. The culturable fungi in rhizosphere soil was significantly positively related to SOC content and urease activities. The SOC content in rhizosphere soil was the result of photosynthesis, seedlings growth, enzyme activities and microorganism.

The diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Theobroma cacao and the environmental factors were measured in the coconut plantations intercropped with cocoa to analyze the relationship between diurnal changes of Pn and environmental factors in a view to providing theoretical basis for optimization of cocoa cultivation under coconut plantation. The results indicated that the diurnal changes of Pn of cocoa in intercropping and monoculture showed a double-peak curve with a slight "midday depression of photosynthesis". There was no significant correlation between environmental factors and the Pn (p>0.05). The direct impact of the environmental factors to Pn was in the order of leaf temperature (TL)> relative humidity (RH) > photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) > atmospheric temperature (Ta) in intercropping and monoculture. The impact of the environmental factors on Pn of the intercropped cacao was the result of the interactions of PAR, TL and Ta. PAR was the dominant environmental factor affecting the Pn of the intercropped cacao. In cocoa cultivation management, high attention should be paid to the role of dominant environmental factors.

研究椰子可可间作条件下,不同种植密度可可对椰子和可可产量及经济效益的影响.试验共设7个处理:在椰园间作不同密度的可可2.0 m×2.0 m(A)、3.0 m×2.0 m(B)和3.0 mm×3.0 m(C),以单作椰子6.0 m×6.0m(CN)和单作可可2.0 m×2.0 m(CA)、3.0 m×2.0 m(CB)和3.0 m×3.0 m(CC)为对照.结果表明:间作不同密度的可可均显著提高椰子叶片全氮、全磷和全钾等养分含量;间作园土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分含量均显著高于单作椰园;间作可可使椰子产量显著提高,间作可可产量高于单作可可,但差异不显著;处理C的产投比和土地当量比较高.在海南椰园,采用3.0 m×3.0 m的密度间种可可有利于经济效益提高,并起到节本增效的作用.

在高等植物中,蔗糖磷酸合成酶(Sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)是蔗糖合成的限速酶.在多种植物中都发现了SPS基因,而可可中尚未见相关报道.通过分析可可基因组数据库,鉴定出4个SPS候选基因,依次命名为TcSPS1、TcSPS2、TcSPS3和TcSPS4.4个基因的编码区(CDS)长度在3 075～3 228 bp之间,外显子数目为12～14,预测蛋白的平均分子量为118.15 ku,等电点均小于7.进化分析结果表明SPS基因家族分成3个亚族;TcSPS1和TcSPS2属于Class Ⅰ亚族,TcSPS3和TcSPS4分别属于ClassⅡ亚族和ClassⅢ亚族.实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,TcSPS1与TcSPS2在树皮和果实中高量表达,TcSPS3和TcSPS4主要在叶片中表达.伴随着叶片和花蕾生长发育,各TcSPS基因表达量均呈现出上升的趋势,表明其与主要光合产物--蔗糖的合成或再合成有密切联系,参与可可“源库”器官中光合产物分配.

Cocoa is one of the three biggest worldwide beverage crops. Cocoa seeds are recalcitrant, which have to maintain high water content to keep their vitality. In order to investigate storage method of cocoa seeds, we analyze various treatments on seeds germination and seedling growth, including the fruit treatment, temperature and time. Our results indicated that cacao seeds lost germination ability after 4℃treatment, almost 50% treatment seeds could germinate when placed 30 days with unbroken pod husk in room temperature 25℃. In the short phase, cleaning cacao seed pulp could enhance the germination potential and promote early seedling growth.

以79份可可资源为材料,对其果实和种子性状进行相关和通径分析.结果表明:(1)每果种子干重与其他性状的相关系数均表现为正相关,果实经济系数与果重、果壳重、果长、果径围、果壳厚表现出极显著负相关,说明果实越大,就会有更多光合产物分配到果壳中.(2)通径分析结果表明:果壳重对每果种子干重的效应为负,其它性状对每果种子干重均为正向效应;其中单粒重对每果种子干重的贡献最大,单粒重每增加1个单位,每果种子干重会提高0.663 8个单位.每果粒数和果重每增加1个单位,每果种子干重分别提高0.625 4和0.327 9个单位.因此,可可育种过程中要着重关注单粒重、每果粒数和果重等性状.

土壤有机碳分解是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分.主要采用土壤有机碳释放速率的室内培养实验的方法,并根据三库一级动力学模型,对小兴安岭地区4种典型阔叶红松林的土壤有机碳分解特征及各组分含量进行研究.实验结果如下:(1)土壤有机碳的分解趋势表现为前期迅速,后期缓慢,并且土壤腐殖质层(A)大于淀积层(B)；在4种阔叶红松林中,云冷杉红松林土壤有机碳的分解速率最大,枫桦红松林最小；土壤有机碳的分解速率与土壤总有机碳、活性碳及土壤的C/N呈显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05).(2)在土壤A层和B层,4种阔叶红松林的活性碳分别占总有机碳的0.89％-1.78％和1.91％-2.87％,平均驻留时间为12-35 d和27-58 d.缓效性碳占总有机碳的22.58％-28.44％和23.87％-42.63％,平均驻留时间为4-19 a和18-37 a.惰性碳占总有机碳的69.98％-76.24％和54.50％-74.22％,平均驻留时间为173 a；土壤有机碳各组分含量及驻留时间的大小顺序均为:云冷杉红松林＞椴树红松林＞枫桦红松林＞蒙古栎红松林.