Floral ultraviolet (UV) patterns are visible to bee pollinators and can affect crop yields by impacting pollinator visitation. However, the mechanisms underlying the intraspecific variations of UV bullseye size remain largely unknown. We analyse the ecological consequences and genetic basis of floral UV bullseye size variation in an important oil crop at high altitudes, Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape). Flowers with larger UV bullseye attract more bees and produce more seeds. The transcription factor BrobZIP16 was newly identified as a key determinant of large UV bullseye, supported by evidence of its high expression and selective sweeps in plants with larger UV bullseye. BrobZIP16 regulates UV bullseye size by interacting with the known regulator BroMYB111 in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and accumulating UV-absorbing flavonols. Our results reveal the mechanisms underlying intraspecific UV bullseye size variations, and such 'cryptic' large bullseye can be targeted in molecular breeding to increase oilseed production.

Leaf stripe disease, caused by the seed-borne fungal pathogen Pyrenophora graminea , poses a major threat to hulless barley production on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. In this study, a novel resistance locus, QY-156 , was identified in the Tibetan hulless barley landrace Pengcuolinzongqingke. Bulked segregant analysis coupled with whole-genome resequencing (BSA-WGRS), combined with KASP marker-based fine mapping and pangenome analysis, localized QY-156 to a 101-kb interval on chromosome 6H (533.393–533.494 Mb). Genetic analysis demonstrated that resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. Expression analysis of candidate genes revealed that HORVU.MOREX.r3.6HG0622460.1 was strongly induced in the resistant genotype following P. graminea infection, whereas HORVU.MOREX.r3.6HG0622470.1 , encoding a GLR2.8-like protein, was significantly upregulated in the susceptible parent. Bioinformatic and structural analyses indicated that the protein encoded by HORVU.MOREX.r3.6HG0622470.1 is a glutamate receptor-like protein containing conserved PBP1_GABAb_receptor_plant, GluR_Plant, and Lig_chan domains, with predicted roles in signal transduction. These findings suggest that QY-156 represents a previously unreported resistance locus and that multiple genes within this interval may coordinately contribute to the regulation of stress responses. The tightly linked molecular markers and candidate genes identified in this study provide valuable resources for marker-assisted selection and map-based cloning of resistance genes in hulless barley.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), native to China, is an economically important natural fiber-producing crop (Angelini and Tavarini 2013). In May 2025, leaf blight was observed on 20% cultivated ramie seedlings in a 5-ha field, Dazhou city (30°51′36″N, 107°19′48″E), Sichuan province, China. Leaf tissues adjacent to and including lesions were superficially disinfected with 70% ethanol for 20 s and 1% Sodium hypochlorite for 40 s, washed, dried, placed on PDA amended with streptomycin sulfate (50 mg/L) in dark at 25 ℃. Finally, three purified isolates, named B3, B6, and B26, showing similar morphology were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to fresh PDA plates. Cultured on PDA for 14 days, fungal colonies displayed gray aerial mycelia, with underside becoming slightly grayish-white. 28 days later, the circular colonies transitioned to grayish-white and soft texture with brownish-white underside. Colonies produced abundant solitary or catenate conidia. Conidia were pyriform, ovate or elliptical, with one to four transverse and zero to two longitudinal septa, and measured 20.6 to 48.7 × 19.0 to 8.5 µm (n = 50). The morphological characteristics of our isolates match those of Alternaria species (Li et al. 2023; Woudenberg et al. 2013). Our isolates were further identified by sequencing rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) , anonymous region OPA10-2 genomic sequence (OPA10-2), and gene fragments of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1), endopolygalacturonase (endoPG), major allergen Alt a1 (Alt a1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA, using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, OPA 10-2R/OPA 10-2L, TEF1-728F/TEF1-986R, PG3/PG2b, Alt-F/Alt-R (Romain et al. 2021), RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR, gpd1/gpd2 (Luo et al. 2022), LSU-F/LSU-R and SSU-F/SSU-R respectively. BLASTN searches indicated our ITS (PX069539 - PX069541), OPA10-2 (PX092332 - PX092334), TEF1 (PX092323 - PX092325), endoPG (PX092326 - PX092328), Alt a1 (PX092320 - PX092322), RPB2 (PX092335 - PX092337), GAPDH (PX092329 - PX092331), LSU (PX070146 - PX070148), and SSU (PX070153 - PX070155) sequences showed 99.34 ~ 100% and 99.68 ~ 100% identity to the corresponding sequences of A. alternata CBS 121456 (KP124369, KP124682, KP125147, KP124073, KP123917, KP124839, KP124221, KP124523, KP124993) and CBS 795.72 (KP124309, KP124616, KP125085, KP124009, KP123862, KP124778, KP124166, KP124461, KP124931), respectively. Based on combination of the nine DNA sequences, our phylogenetic tree of Alternaria species confirmed that three isolates were A. alternata. To test pathogenicity, 2 ~ 3 leaves of ramie seedlings were sprayed with conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/mL) of isolate B6, with controls treated using sterile dH2O. Each treatment, including 3 seedlings, was incubated in a greenhouse (at 25°C and 90% relative humidity, 12/12 h light/dark cycle). Leaf blight appeared on infected leaves after 15 days’ inoculation, while controls remained disease-free. The experiment was repeated five times, showing consistent disease symptoms. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolation of A. alternata from diseased leaves, based on morphology and molecular methods described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf blight of ramie worldwide. Our study will provide a basis for developing targeted disease management strategies in ramie.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), native to China, is a natural fiber-yielding crop. The ramie fibers are long, pure white in color, silky in texture, and highly durable and hygroscopic (Angelini and Tavarini 2013). In May 2025, anthracnose symptoms were observed on 10% of cultivated ramie plants in a 10-ha field, Dazhou City (30.86°N, 107.33°E), Sichuan Province, China. Leaf tissues adjacent to and including lesions were excised, superficially disinfected with 70% ethanol for 20 s and 1% NaClO for 40 s, and washed with sterile distilled water at least five times. The disinfected tissues were incubated on PDA amended with streptomycin sulfate (50 mg/L) in the dark at 25 ℃. Two or three days later, hyphal tips from the edges of growing colonies were transferred to fresh PDA plates. Three representative isolates, G21, G22, and G23, showed identical morphological characteristics. The colonies exhibited cottony aerial mycelia on SNA plates. The upper and lower surfaces of mycelia were initially grayish-white and gradually became brownish-white. Setae were observed on the hyphae. Asci were 60.5 ± 5.4 × 13.7 ± 1.5 µm in size (n = 20), eight-spored, fasciculate, and clavate. Ascospores were 24.2 ± 3.6 × 5.1 ± 0.7 µm in size (n = 30) and slightly curved with obtuse to slightly rounded ends. Meanwhile, colonies produced abundant conidia, which were unicellular, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, straight, cylindrical and rounded at both ends, measuring 18.1 ± 1.5 × 5.5 ± 1.2 µm (n = 30). These morphological characteristics match those of Colletotrichum species (Liu et al. 2022; Xue et al. 2020). Three isolates were properly preserved in our lab. All the isolates were further identified by sequencing rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, actin (ACT), beta-tubulin (TUB2), histone3 (HIS), chitin synthase (CHS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes, using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, T1/Bt2b, CYLH3F/CYLH3R, CHS-79F/CHS-345R and GDF1/GDR1 (Liu et al. 2022), respectively. BLASTn searches indicated our ITS (PX090878-PX090880), ACT (PX092338-PX092340), TUB2 (PX092341-PX092343), HIS (PX092350-PX092352), CHS (PX092344-PX092346) and GAPDH (PX092347-PX092349) sequences showed 99.48-100% identity to the corresponding sequences of C. reniforme LC8230 (MZ595847.1, MZ664145.1, MZ673968.1, MZ673867.1, MZ799290.1, and MZ664110.1). Based on concatenated ITS, ACT, TUB2, HIS, CHS, and GAPDH sequences, the constructed phylogenetic tree of Colletotrichum species confirmed that our isolates were C. reniforme. In the pathogenicity test, healthy leaves of ramie seedlings were sprayed with conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/mL) of G21, with controls treated with sterile dH2O. Each treatment was incubated in a greenhouse (at 25°C under 90% relative humidity and a 12/12 h light/dark cycle). The experiment was repeated three times. Ten days after inoculation, anthracnose symptoms appeared on inoculated leaves, while controls remained healthy. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolation of C. reniforme from diseased leaves, based on morphology and molecular methods described above. C. gloeosporioides (Wang et al. 2010) and C. higginsianum (Wang et al. 2011) were previously reported as causal agents of anthracnose on ramie. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. reniforme causing anthracnose of ramie worldwide. Our study will assist in monitoring the diversity of infectious agents causing ramie anthracnose in China.

Kengyilia grandiglumis (Keng) J. L. Yang et al. is a perennial grass that developed in the sandy habitat of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, three-color FISH combined with sequential GISH was carried out on 80 individuals from 4 representative populations of K. grandiglumis. For the first time, two types of reciprocal translocations between the P and Y subgenomes have been identified in K. grandiglumis. These translocations were observed in populations QH1 and QH2, respectively, and the translocation chromosomes and frequency were different. The signals of the tandem repeat probe HvT01 were represented on chromosomes 3P, 6P, 7P, 1St, 2St, 5St, and 3Y, most of which were located on the subtelomeric regions. The simple sequence repeat AAG tended to be distributed on the pericentromeric regions and was detected on chromosomes 1 to 7Y, 2St, 3St, 4St, 5St, 6St and 6P. The chromosomal distribution of the TE probe S5 was concentrated on the telomere to intercalary regions of chromosomes 1P-7P, whereas in the Y and St subgenomes, the signal was scattered on the subtelomeric or pericentromeric regions of some chromosomes. On the basis of the diversity of the three probe signals within and among the 4 populations, we mapped the idiogram of FISH-banded chromosomes of K. grandiglumis. These results provide important theoretical guidance for the collection, protection, and evaluation of K. grandiglumis.

Elymus nutans Griseb. is an important herbage for forage and ecological restoration in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). It is widely distributed in different habitats of the QTP and has been reported to have high genetic diversity in protein, morphology and DNA sequence. The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of E. nutans chromosome genetic diversity. In this study, the TE probe S5 and tandem repeat probe AAG combined with sequential GISH were able to successfully distinguish different subgenomes and chromosomes in 7 E. nutans accessions from major global distribution sites. On this basis, a total of 123 individuals from four representative populations of E. nutans in the QTP were hybridised. The results of the experiment showed that four types of reciprocal translocations between subgenomes were observed in the four wild populations, and the translocation chromosomes, frequency, and heterozygosis were different in each population. The distribution and quantity of S5 and AAG signals also varied within and among the four populations. The results indicated that E. nutans had high genetic diversity at the chromosome level both within and among populations, and it was speculated that non-homologous recombination was one of the reasons for the high genetic diversity. These results provide important theoretical guidance for the collection, protection, and evaluation of E. nutans.

Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) is widely cultivated in China as vegetable and medicine. Its flower buds are nutritious vegetables rich in ascorbic acid, mineral elements and et al (Wang et al. 2024). Whereas, little is known about the pathogen identification in daylily. In April 2023, leaf spot symptoms were observed on 20% daylily seedlings in Dazhou city (30.91° N, 106.87° E), Sichuan province, China. The symptomatic leaves were superficially disinfected with 70% ethanol for 20 s, rinsed twice in sterile dH2O and subsequently disinfected with 1% NaClO for 40 s, and rinsed twice in sterile dH2O again. The disinfected leaves were cut into pieces (5 × 5 mm), placed on PDA amended with streptomycin sulfate (50 mg/L), and incubated in dark at 25 ℃ for two days. The fungal isolates, displaying morphological features of Fusarium species (Leslie and Summerell 2006), were purified through transferring single spores. Consequently, two distinct type fungal isolates were obtained. Cultured on PDA, Type Ⅰ (Q22, Q26, Q27) and Type Ⅱ (Q29, Q29-1) isolates showed similar growth phenotypes. Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ isolates’ cultures were initially white but gradually became yellow, and scarlet diffusible pigments were produced with time (Fig. S1). On SNA medium, Type Ⅰ isolates produced macroconidia with 3 to 6 septa, which measured 5.56±0.54 × 48.65±6.12 µm (n = 50). While, Type Ⅱ isolates’ macroconidia contained 3 to 11 septa that measured 4.08±0.93 × 51.40±12.83 µm (n = 50) (Fig. S1). All the isolates were properly preserved in our lab. To further identify these isolates, DNA fragments of Beta-tubulin (TUB2) (Glass and Donaldson 1995), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) (Rehner and Buckley 2005), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (RPB1) (Hofstetter et al. 2007) and second largest subunit (RPB2) (O'Donnell et al. 2012) were amplified and sequenced. BLASTN analyses of TUB2 (PP266396 ~ PP266398), TEF1 (PP404039 ~ PP404041), RPB1 (PP404042 ~ PP404044) and RPB2 (PP408000 ~ PP408002) of Type Ⅰ isolates showed 99.35 ~ 100% identity to those of F. asiaticum NRRL 13818 (AF212745.1, MW233069.1, MW233240.1, JX171573.1). Type Ⅱ isolates’ sequences (PP408003 ~ PP408010) showed their homology with those of F. meridionale NRRL 28436 (AF212730.1, MW233092.1, MW233263.1, MW233435.1) at 100% identity. The phylogenetic tree based on combined datasets of TUB2, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 of Fusarium species confirmed that Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ isolates were F. asiaticum and F. meridionale, respectively (Fig. S2). Seedlings of cultivar “chuanhuanghua No.1” (n = 5) in a greenhouse (25°C, relative humidity 90%) were inoculated with conidial suspension (3 × 105 conidia / mL). Controls were treated with sterile dH2O. Fifteen days post-inoculation, natural symptoms appeared on inoculated leaves (Fig. S3). Whereas, non-inoculated controls were disease-free. The pathogenicity assay was repeated three times. F. asiaticum and F. meridionale were successfully re-isolated from diseased leaves and verified using morphological and molecular methods described above, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. F. ussurianum, a Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) member, and F. proliferatum were identified as causal agents of leaf spot on daylily in China (Chen et al. 2024; Li et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. asiaticum and F. meridionale causing leaf spot on daylily worldwide. Our studies demonstrate that FGSC members are the common pathogens causing leaf spot on daylily in Sichuan, China.

Hemerocallis citrina is a popular vegetable crop in China, due to abundant nutrients in its edible flower buds. In March 2021, serious symptoms of leaf spot were observed on nearly 90% cultivated H. citrina seedlings in the fields of Dazhou city (31°17'56″ N, 107°31'59″ E), Sichuan, China. Symptomatic leaves were collected from 15 seedlings in five different sampling sites (3 seedlings per site). Small pieces (5 × 3 mm) of lesion margin were excised, surface disinfected in 70% ethanol for 20 s and 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 40 s, washed, dried, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin sulfate (50 mg/L) and incubated in dark at 25 ℃ for two days. Finally, eight purified isolates, HHC-FL22, HHC-FL23, HHC-FL25, HHC-FL26, HHC-FL27, HHC-FL28, HHC-FL29 and HHC-FL30, showing similar morphology were obtained through transferring hyphal tips to fresh PDA plates. On PDA plates, mycelia were initially white but gradually became light yellow, and scarlet diffusible pigments were also produced with time. On carnation leaf agar, our isolates produced slightly curved macroconidia with 4 to 8 septa that measured 3.1 to 5.7 × 36.8 to 69.3 µm (n = 30). Microconidia and chlamydospores were not observed. Our isolates were initially identified as Fusarium species based on morphological features (Leslie and Summerell 2006). To further confirm accurate identity, primers EF1/EF2 (O'Donnell et al. 2010), TRI1015B/TRI1013E (Hao et al. 2017), RPB1-F5/RPB1-G2R (O'Donnell et al. 2010), and fRPB2-5F/fRPB2-11aR and RPB2-5f2/RPB2-7cr (O'Donnell et al. 2012) were used to amplify gene sequences of translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1), 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2), respectively. Our sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OQ860946 to OQ860953 (TEF1), OR393245 to OR393252 (Tri101), OP131893 to OP131900 (RPB1), and OQ860954 to OQ860961 and OP131885 to OP131892 (RPB2), respectively. BLASTN searches of our sequences showed 99 ~ 100% identity with TEF1 (FJ240301.1), Tri101 (FJ240345.1), RPB1 (MW233297.1) and RPB2 (KM361666.1) of F. ussurianum NRRL 45681, and 99.05 ~ 100% identity with TEF1 (FJ240305.1) and Tri101 (FJ240349.1) of F. ussurianum NRRL 45833, respectively. Two independent maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees based on different combined datasets of TEF1, Tri101, RPB1 and RPB2 of Fusarium species confirmed that our isolates were F. ussurianum. To test pathogenicity, conidial suspension from HHC-FL23 (106 conidia / mL) were sprayed to seedlings of cultivar "chuanhuanghua No.1" (n = 3) and incubated in a greenhouse (25°C under 90% relative humidity, 16/8 h light/dark cycle). Controls were treated with ddH2O. Ten days post-inoculation, natural symptoms appeared on leaves inoculated with HHC-FL23, but control group seedlings remained disease-free. This experiment was repeated three times. All re-isolated pathogens from diseased leaves were molecularly and morphologically identified using methods described above. Consequently, the re-isolated fungi were identical to these inoculated. The leaf spot disease could cause foliar damage and even drastic yield loss of flower buds under severe conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. ussurianum causing leaf spot in H. citrina worldwide. Our study will assist in monitoring causal agent diversity of leaf spot and breeding new resistant varieties in H. citrina.

The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, is one of the most economically important pathogens impacting the worldwide production of cereals and is widely distributed in more than 16 regions in China. The present study used the numbers of nematodes inside the plant roots to evaluate the resistance/susceptibility of different subpopulations of barley Hordeum vulgare (QH2R, QH6R and TB2R) to H. avenae under field and pot conditions. Nematode development in two highly resistant varieties was also evaluated by in vivo experiment and microscopic observation. Analyses of 186 selected varieties showed the numbers of susceptible varieties identified with the number of females/cysts per plant (NFP) method were significantly higher than those identified with the Pf/Pi ratio (PPR) method, which indicated that the NFP method rather than the PPR method is more reliable to evaluate the resistance of barley. The field and pot experiment results indicated that the QH2R subpopulation had lower females/cysts numbers than QH6R and TB2R subpopulations, and eight HR varieties (Sunong 7617, Sunong 7635, Dongyuan 87-14, Rudong 14-46, Rudong 87-57, Rudong 87-8-45, Rudong 88-14-2, and Rudong 88-67-1) were identified in QH2R, with the NFP numbers below 4.2. Further microscopic observation of nematode development suggested that H. avenae often penetrated less into highly resistant varieties (Sunong 7635 and Dongyuan 87-14) and more frequently failed to develop into females than the susceptible barleys. The promising resistant varieties identified in the present research might be helpful for breeders to develop CCN-resistant cultivars and control H. avenae populations effectively at low costs.

Elymus nutans is an important forage and ecological restoration herbage in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is an allohexaploid species with the StStYYHH genomes. Previous studies suggested that Pseudoroegneria is the maternal genome donor to E. nutans, but exactly which Pseudoroegneria species is still unknown. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of two E. nutans from the Qinghai-Tibet and five Pseudoroegneria species. The cp genomes of the seven samples ranged narrowly from 134,924 bp to 135,142 bp in size, comprising inverted repeats of 20,808-20,814 bp, single-copy regions of 80,536-80,754 bp (LSC) and 12,762-12,772 bp (SSC). It encoded 111 total genes, of which 78 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. A comparative cp genome analysis and characteristic junctions of St-containing species revealed that the gene content and organization were conserved, but differences were still found in sequence variation and border regions. Further, the Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic tree using the whole chloroplast genome sequence demonstrated that P. cognata might be the most likely St genome donor of E. nutans in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, followed by P. strigosa. However, whether E. nutans has other maternal genomes still needs further research.

重金属污染土壤的修复治理工作迫在眉睫.为研究适合在青藏高原种植的Cd污染土壤修复植物,以11个青稞品种为试验材料,研究不同浓度Cd(0,5,10,20,40,80,160和320 rag/L)胁迫对青稞种子萌发情况及幼苗生长的影响.结果 显示,(1)重金属Cd对青稞种子萌发表现出低浓度[p(CdCl2)=20 rag/L]促进和高浓度(p (CdCl2)≥80 mg/L)抑制效应;Cd胁迫对青稞幼苗生长过程的抑制效应强于种子萌发过程.(2) 11个品种青稞种子耐Cd胁迫能力加权隶属函数D值依次为'昆仑14号'＞'昆仑10号'＞'黑青稞'＞'柴青1号'＞'门农1号'＞'门源亮兰'＞'昆仑15号'＞'北青3号'＞'昆仑12号'＞'肚里黄'＞'北青6号'.结果 表明:'昆仑14号'及'昆仑10号'对重金属Cd的耐受性最强,能较好地适应重金属土壤环境,具有作为青藏高原地区Cd污染土壤修复植物的潜力.

研究分析2份春小麦种质资源成株期的抗条锈病基因遗传规律,为春小麦抗条锈病基因利用提供理论依据.采用春小麦Taichung29与MY004730杂交、ZM018243与MY004730杂交的方式分别创建F2:3代分离群体进行2 a的田间测试,对抗条锈病基因遗传进行分析.结果表明,2个F2:3群体的病害严重度和反应型在2个试验点均未呈现连续性分布,且均不符合正态分布.初步推测,MY004730与ZM018243对春小麦条锈病的成株期抗性具有质量性状特征.Taichung29与MY004730杂交构建的F2:3群体单株/家系抗感分离符合由1对基因作用的3R:1S的分离比,表明MY004730的成株期抗条锈性由1对显性基因控制;ZM018243与MY004730杂交构建的F2:3群体的单株/家系抗感分离比均符合9R:7S,即符合由2对显性基因共同作用的分离比,ZM018243中可能也含有1对显性成株期抗条锈性基因.下一步可以进行抗病基因的分子标记定位,找到与抗病基因紧密连锁的标记,为分子标记辅助选择育种服务,同时还能在抗-抗杂交群体中直接筛选抗病基因聚合材料,为育种提供优良抗病材料.

Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, belonging to Triticeae of Poaceae, is a wild-growing perennial grass, widely distributed in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of E. repens was sequenced and analyzed. The complete chloroplast genome size is 134,749 bp with 38.3% GC content. It includes 136 genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNAs genes, and 8 rRNAs genes. Based on chloroplast genome sequences, further phylogenetic analyses between E. repens and other Triticeae species revealed that E. repens, Connorochloa tenuis and three Elymus species formed a distinct clade, showing closer relationships.

WRKY是植物中一类重要的转录因子,广泛调控了植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫应答.基于青稞白粉病侵染幼苗的转录组测序数据,本研究鉴定得到41个青稞WRKY转录因子,被划分为3个大组:Ⅰ组(6个)、Ⅱ组(21个)和Ⅲ组(12个).另外,HvWRKY40和HvWRKY41没有分组.青稞WRKY基因进化分析的聚类结果和分组结果一致,进一步支持了我们分组的正确性.包括HvWRKY2、HvWRKY8、HvWRKY13、HvWRKY34和HvWRKY41,以及HvWRKY4、HvWRKY7、HvWRKY20、HvWRKY26和HvWRKY30在内的两组WRKY基因,表现出明显的先升高(36 h和72 h),后降低(168 h)的基因表达趋势.这些WRKY基因很可能参与了调控青稞抗白粉病的分子应答机制.青稞WRKY家族的蛋白相互作用网络中,HvWRKY3、HvWR-KY8、HvWRKY9属于网络中的主要中心节点.此外,HvWRKY3、HvWRKY8、HvWRKY9、HvWRKY30、Hv-WRKY34、HvWRKY38、HvWRKY39彼此之间相互作用,是蛋白互作网络的核心网络.本研究挖掘了青稞的WRKY家族成员,系统分析了家族成员的分组、家族成员的WRKY保守域特点、家族成员之间的进化关系、白粉菌侵染下的基因表达水平和家族成员的蛋白互作网络.本研究可为今后青稞的抗逆研究提供优良的候选WRKY基因.

Hsf转录因子参与调控植物在生物和非生物胁迫下的防御应答机制.基于系统的生物信息学分析方法,对藜麦Hsf家族成员进行序列特征、进化和多种生物和非生物逆境胁迫下的基因表达水平分析.在藜麦基因组中共鉴定得到31个Hsf转录因子,主要分布在7号染色体.系统进化树将藜麦31个Hsf成员划分到A1-A9、B1-B5和C组中;但藜麦Hsf成员在A6、A8、B5亚组中出现了缺失.藜麦Hsf成员的HR-A/B区域蛋白序列比对结果进一步支持了进化树中藜麦Hsf成员的聚类结果.藜麦Hsf成员蛋白序列中保守区域的分布呈现出组别特异性.A组Hsf成员的蛋白序列包括HSF domain、HR-A/B,NLS、NES和CTAD在内的保守区域;B组和C组的Hsf成员则缺失了CTAD.在干旱、高温、盐、低磷胁迫和GCFSV病毒侵染下,31个藜麦Hsf基因的表达模式被阐明;其中大量Hsf基因的表达水平被显著地诱导表达,推测其参与了藜麦在生物和非生物胁迫下的防御应答反应.本研究结果可为藜麦抗逆品种的遗传育种提供大量优良候选Hsf基因.

BACKGROUND:As a popular and valuable technique, grafting is widely used to protect against soil-borne diseases and nematodes in vegetable production. Growing evidences have revealed that long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) are strictly regulated and play essential roles in plants development and stress responses. Nevertheless, genome-wide identification and function deciphering of pepper lincRNAs, especially for their roles in improving grafting pepper resistance to Phytophthora capsici is largely unknown.RESULTS:In this study, RNA-seq data of grafting and control pepper plants with or without P. capsici inoculation were used to identify lincRNAs. In total, 2,388 reliable lincRNAs were identified. They were relatively longer and contained few exons than protein-coding genes. Similar to coding genes, lincRNAs had higher densities in euchromatin regions; and longer chromosome transcribed more lincRNAs. Expression pattern profiling suggested that lincRNAs commonly had lower expression than mRNAs. Totally, 607 differentially expressed lincRNAs (DE-lincRANs) were identified, of which 172 were found between P. capsici resistance grafting pepper sample GR and susceptible sample LDS. The neighboring genes of DE-lincRNAs and miRNAs competitively sponged by DE-lincRNAs were identified. Subsequently, the expression level of DE-lincRNAs was further confirmed by qRT-PCR and regulation patterns between DE-lincRNAs and neighboring mRNAs were also validated. Function annotation revealed that DE-lincRNAs increased the resistance of grafting prepper to P. capsici by modulating the expression of disease-defense related genes through cis-regulating and/or lincRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks.CONCLUSIONS:This study identified pepper lincRNAs and suggested their potential roles in increasing the resistance level of grafting pepper to P. capsici.

Several novel stripe rust pathogen races emerging in the wheat-planting regions of China in recent years were virulent to a majority of the designated wheat seedling resistance genes. Therefore, it is of great significance to continuously select more new and valuable materials for enriching resistant sources diversity, pyramiding different excellent resistance genes and achieving durable resistance. In this study, a resistance gene, temporarily designated asYrH921, was identified from wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H921-11-1. Two hybrid populations, 160 F(2)plants and corresponding derived F(2:3)families, of the two parents about Mingxian169 as female and H921-11-1 as male, were used to evaluate stripe rust resistance in seedling stage and as a mapping population. At last, a genetic map which comprises of four simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and six expressed sequence tag (EST) markers was constructed.YrH921was located on the long arm of chromosome 5A. Two closely linked EST-STS markers (BF483937andBF484913) were screened, and the genetic distance linked toYrH921was 3.0 and 4.3 cM, respectively. There was great value in research and production if the two closest markers were effectively used for marker-assisted selection ofYrH921in breeding.

bZIP转录因子调控着植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫应答,是植物中一类重要的转录因子.基于系统的生物信息学方法,鉴定得到79个中华猕猴桃bZIP转录因子,进化分析结果揭示中华猕猴桃bZIP家族成员在J、K、L三个分组中出现了成员的缺失.中华猕猴桃bZIP家族成员的bZIP保守域主要由碱性结构域和亮氨酸拉链结构域组成,其亮氨酸拉链结构域的第4、5肽段的第7位的亮氨酸残基存在一定程度的变异.bZIP保守域之外,在中华猕猴桃的18个bZIP家族成员中,还发现包括bZIP_ C保守域在内的8种其他类型的保守域,集中分布在A、C、D和G组bZIP成员中.通过与葡萄和番茄bZIP同源基因的比较,阐明中华猕猴桃基因组的两次三倍倍增是其bZIP基因数目增加的主要原因.中华猕猴桃不同发育时期果实的转录组揭示了参与调控果实成熟的57个bZIP基因的表达水平.本研究阐明了中华猕猴桃bZIP家族成员的进化特征、保守域组成、家族成员数目扩增的主要原因,提供了涉及果实发育的优良候选基因.

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is an important ecological and economic species in the Qaidam Basin of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Its black fruits (BF) are rich in anthocyanins, which have health-promoting properties for humans and thus provide nutritional benefits for this plant. Although the fruit quality of natural white fruit (WF) is affected by the disappearance of pigmentation in phenotypes, this phenomenon provides an opportunity to unravel the complex color metabolic networks. In this study, anthocyanin profiling confirmed that WF was formed due to anthocyanin loss. Transcriptome analysis of BF and WF revealed 101,466 unigenes, 261 of which were identified as the putative homologs of color-related genes in other species. Genes encoding the enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were also identified systematically. The structural gene expression levels of chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) were highly similar and significantly positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation rate in BF. In particular, F3′5′H, UFGT, ANS, and DFR expression levels in BF were 2391, 119, 96, and 85 times higher than those in WF at S3 (35 days after anthesis), respectively. This result strongly suggests that the low expression of these genes in WF is responsible for the anthocyanin loss. Meanwhile, the expression patterns of the anthocyanin regulatory genes were also investigated by qRT-PCR. Mass sequencing data were obtained and annotated by deep sequencing and provided a platform for future function and molecular biological research on L. ruthenicum Murr.

In order to understand the distribution characteristics of dwarf genes in Qinghai province and furtherly offer excellent germplasm resources of dwarfing breeding for Qinghai plateau wheat.82 wheat varieties of Qinghai wheat were used to detect by five markers of dwarf genes.This study also analyzed the effect of different dwarf genes to reduce plant height.There were 49 bred wheats contained at least a dwarf gene in 82 Qinghai materials.Highest frequency of Rht-B1 b,accounted for about 28.0％ of the total materials.The second was Rht8,accounted for about 23.2％ of the total materials.The distribution frequency of dwarf gene Rht-Dlb,Rht5 and Rhtl2 was 9.8％,13.4％ and 9.8％,respectively.Including 16 materials contained two or more than 2 dwarf genes in 49 materials which contained different dwarf genes,namely Rht-B1b and Rht8,Rht-D1b and Rht8,Rht-B1b and Rht5,Rht-D1b and Rht5,Rht8 and Rht5,Rht-B1b and Rht12,Rht5 and Rht12.No varieties were found containig Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b genes at the same time in 82 Qinghai wheats.There were two varieties containing three dwarfing genes at the same time,including one material contained Rht-B1b,Rht8 and Rht12 genes.Another one contained Rht-B1b,Rht5 and Rht8.The rest of the 31 varieties each contained one dwarf gene.Their were 11 materials which only contained Rht-B1b,its average height was 86.2 cm,and what reduced the effect of plant height was 5.7％.Their were five materials which only contained Rht-D1b,its average height was 84.9 cm,and what reduced the effect of plant height was 7.1％.Only nine materials had dwarf gene Rht8,its average plant height was 88.6 cm,and what reduced the effect of plant height was 3.1％.Therefore,in the bred wheat varieties in Qinghai,the effect of reducing plant height of the three dwarf genes were Rht-D1b ＞ Rht-B1b ＞ Rht8.