AbstractBackgroundThe number of human rabies cases caused by pet dogs in Guangzhou has been decreasing after years of comprehensive interventions. Consequently, attacks by stray dogs become a major issue in rabies control.ObjectivesTo share our experience of successfully dealing with rabies to provide some inspiration for prevention and control in countries and regions affected by it.MethodsA multidisciplinary One Health response was initiated to control this outbreak. Rabies virus was detected by PCR in the brain tissue of the associated stray dog. The sequences were aligned with reference sequences downloaded from GenBank using ClustalX. The maximum likelihood method implemented in MEGA 5.0 software package was used in a phylogenetic analysis of the aligned sequences.ResultsTwelve patients with exposure to the stray dog were identified in the field investigation. Rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin were administered to all patients within 48 h. After 1 year of follow‐up, no exposed patients showed symptoms. Maximum likelihood analysis of the nucleotide sequences obtained from the PCR products indicated that the rabies virus in the dog was closely related to isolates from neighbouring provinces of Guangdong as well as those from surrounding countries of China.ConclusionsMultidisciplinary One Health intervention is effective not only in the control of rabies but also in rapid emergency responses to attacks by rabid stray dogs.

Background: Leptospirosis, which is an easily overlooked zoonotic disease, was once widespread in Guangzhou, China. However, due to the implementation of control measures, the number of cases is decreasing. Based on the characteristics of leptospirosis cases in Guangzhou, China, between 1955 and 2020, we describe the changes and achievements in prevention and control management strategies over that period.Methods: The development of the leptospirosis control system in Guangzhou occurred over three periods: Period I: 1955-1978; Period II: 1979-2000; and Period III: 2001-2020. Data about leptospirosis cases were obtained from the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and national health departments. The demographic characteristics of leptospirosis patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: During Period I, only the Guangzhou CDC and medical institutions at every level participated in the leptospirosis control system. During Period II, additional types of organizations, including local CDCs, countryside committees, community committees, and the Patriotic Health Movement Commission, were involved in the control system. Additionally, strong links were established between different organizations. After entering Period III, an increasing number of departments joined the cooperation, and the management of human patients was expanded to include the management of host animals, and thus, the prevalence of leptospirosis was monitored and controlled in various ways. The leptospirosis control system in Guangzhou has been further improved. From 1955 to 2020, a total of 2501 leptospirosis cases were recorded in Guangzhou, and the number of cases decreased significantly over time, from 1608 (Period I) to 744 (Period II) and then to 149 (Period III).Conclusion: The improvements of the leptospirosis control system in Guangzhou that occurred over decades were associated with a marked decrease in the number of leptospirosis cases. Guangzhou's experience can provide guidance for other countries or cities around the world facing similar challenges.

Background Malaria was once widespread in Guangzhou, China. However, a series of control measures have succeeded in eliminating local malaria infections. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of malaria epidemics in Guangzhou, China, from 1950 to 2022, the changes and effectiveness of malaria control strategies and surveillance management in Guangzhou from 1950 to 2022 are described. Methods Data on malaria prevention and treatment in Guangzhou from 1950 to 2022 were collected, and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyse the prevalence of malaria, preventive and control measures taken, and the effectiveness of prevention and treatment in different periods. Data on malaria cases were obtained from the Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the China Communicable Disease Reporting System. Results The development of the malaria control system in Guangzhou has gone through four periods: 1. High malaria prevalence (1950–1979), 2. Intensive prevention and control stage (1980–2000), 3. Consolidating gains in malaria control (2001–2008), and 4. Preventing reestablishment of transmission (2009–2022). During Period 1, only medical institutions at all levels and the local CDCs, the Guangzhou CDC participated in the malaria prevention and control system, establishing a three-tier health system on malaria prevention and control. During Period 2, other types of organizations, including the agricultural sector, schools and village committees, the construction department and street committee, are involved in the malaria control system. During Period 3, more and more organizations are joining forces to prevent and control malaria. A well-established multisectoral malaria control mechanism and an improved post-elimination surveillance management system are in place. Between 1950 and 2022, a total of 420,670 cases of malaria were reported. During Period 1, there was an epidemic of malaria in the early 1950s, with an annual incidence rate of more than 10,000/100,000, including a high rate of 2887.98/100,000 in 1954. In Period 2 malaria was gradually brought under control, with the average annual malaria incidence rate dropping to 3.14/100,000. During Period 3, the incidence rate was kept below 1/100,000, and by 2009 local malaria infections were eliminated. Conclusion For decades, Guangzhou has adopted different malaria control strategies and measures at different epidemic stages. Increased collaboration among civil organizations in Guangzhou in malaria control has led to a significant decline in the number of malaria cases and the elimination of indigenous malaria infections by 2009.The experience of Guangzhou can guide the development of malaria control strategies in other cities experiencing similar malaria epidemics.

目的 探讨儿童青少年血压偏高与体质指数(BMI)之间的关系,为制定有效的血压偏高防控措施提供依据.方法 数据来源于2016-2018年"全国学生常见病及健康危险因素监测"工作中广州地区数据及2019年"广州市农村义务教育学生营养改善项目"数据,选取资料完整的9～12岁儿童青少年2 021 名.采用x2检验进行组间率的比较,采用多因素logistic 回归分析血压偏高与BMI之间的关系,计算人群归因危险度百分比并评估控制肥胖后对预防血压偏高的影响.结果 2016-2019年广州市农村9～12岁儿童青少年血压偏高检出率为5.7％,其中单纯性收缩压偏高、单纯性舒张压偏高和混合性血压偏高检出率分别为3.2％、3.3％和0.8％.血压随年龄逐渐增高,血压偏高检出率呈现为公办学校学生高于民办学校学生(x2=16.556,P＜0.001),非住校学生高于住校学生(x2=13.421,P＜0.001),随BMI的增大而逐渐增加(x2趋势=23.106,P＜0.05).肥胖组男生和女生血压偏高检出率分别为正常组的2.7倍和3.8倍,肥胖是血压偏高的危险因素(OR=3.1,95％CI:1.8～5.1).肥胖对血压偏高的人群归因危险度百分比为15.3％,控制肥胖后,血压偏高的预期检出率降至4.8％.结论 广州市农村9～12岁儿童青少年血压偏高以单纯性舒张压偏高为主,血压随BMI的增大而逐渐增加,预防和控制肥胖是预防血压偏高的关键措施.

Objective To understand the status and influencing factors of insufficient hyperopia reserve among children without myopia in Guangzhou. Methods Using stratified cluster random sampling method, 2-3 kindergartens, 2 primary schools and 2 junior high schools were selected from 11 districts in Guangzhou for ophthalmic examinations and questionnaire survey, Sep-Dec, 2021. Among them, 8 335 non-myopic children aged 6-12 years were selected as subjects to analyze the status of refraction and insufficient hyperopia reserve. And the influencing factors of insufficient hyperopia reserve were investigated among 3 216 non-myopic children aged 9-12 years using by χ~2 test and multivariate Log-binomial regression models. Results In 2021, the spherical equivalent（SE） of non-myopic children aged 6-12 years in Guangzhou was +0.13（-0.25, +0.50） D, and the detection rate of insufficient hyperopia reserve was 85.18%. The SE of each age group from 6 to 12 years was +0.38（0.00,+0.75） D, +0.25（-0.13, +0.50） D, +0.13（-0.13, +0.50） D, +0.13（-0.25, +0.38） D, 0.00（-0.38, +0.38） D, 0.00（-0.38, +0.25） D,-0.13（-0.50, +0.25） D, and the detection rate of insufficient hyperopia reserve was 88.57%, 91.56%, 93.80%, 90.58%, 79.47%, 66.43%, 57.31%, respectively. Female（PR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.00-1.28, P=0.047）, age ＜12 years old(PR 9 =4.58, 95% CI: 3.65-5.75, P＜0.001; PR 10 =3.92, 95% CI: 3.11-4.95, P＜0.001; PR 11 =2.36, 95% CI: 1.86-3.00, P＜0.001), suburb area（PR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.32-1.86, P＜0.001）, long homework time（≥3 h/d）（PR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.02-1.59, P=0.034）, the distance between the eyes and the books always or often＜33 cm when reading and writing（PR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.05-1.34, P=0.006）, always or often lying down reading books or watching electronic screen（PR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.61, P=0.010）, parental myopia（PR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.30, P=0.014） could be the risk factors for insufficient hyperopia reserve of the non-myopic children aged 9-12 years old. However, outdoor activity during recess could be the protective factor（PR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.62-0.80, P＜0.001）. Conclusions The detection rate of insufficient hyperopia reserve among non-myopic children aged 6-12 years in Guangzhou was still at a high level. It is associated with genetic factors, gender, age, region, place for recess activity, distance between the eyes and the books when reading and writing, duration of doing homework, reading and writing posture.

Objective To investigate the contamination level of aflatoxin B 1 in loose-packed peanut oil extracted by a native method in individual workshops in Guangzhou from 2016 to 2021,and to evaluate the corresponding health risk and liver cancer risk of loose-packed peanut oil consumers.Methods In 2016-2021,a total of 203 loose-packed peanut oil extracted by a native method in individual workshops were collected in Guangzhou. Aflatoxin B 1 concentrations were examined by HPLC-fluorometry and HPLC-post-chromatographic derivatization photometry,and evaluated according to the National Food Safety Standard-Limit of Mycotoxins in Food（GB 2761）. Based on the probability assessment theory,methods of margin of exposure（MOE）and mathematical model were used to evaluate the health risk and liver cancer risk of loose-packed peanut oil consumers.Results The detection rate and over-standard rate of aflatoxin B 1 in 203 loose-packed peanut oil were 76.85%（156/203）and 9.85%（20/203）,respectively. The mean and maximum detection values in 2019-2021 were lower than those in 2016-2018. The results of the health risk assessment showed that the MOE values of peanut oil consumers of all ages were bellowed 10 000,and the risk of liver cancer caused by aflatoxin B 1 in high consumption groups was greater than 1 cancer/（1 million people/year）.Conclusions The contamination level of aflatoxin B 1 in loosepacked peanut oil extracted by a native method in individual workshops in Guangzhou has been improved. While the health risk of peanut oil consumers exposed to aflatoxin B 1 in peanut oil still deserves attention. It is suggested to further strengthen the supervision of individual workshops on peanut oil.

Abstract Background Campylobacter spp., as a zoonotic pathogen, has been one of the most common pathogens that causes human gastroenteritis in developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter in children. Methods Stool samples were collected from pediatric patients under 14 years of age who visited hospital for acute diarrhea between February 2018 and January 2019. Campylobacter was isolated from samples using selective enrichment and culture and confirmed by PCR, genotypes were characterized by multilocus sequencing, and antibiotic resistance was determined by susceptibility and resistance genes to antimicrobials of medical importance. Results The overall prevalence of Campylobacter in children with diarrhea was 4.4% (53/1197). Higher prevalence was observed in children under five-year-old and in spring and autumn. Approximately 80% (42/53) of confirmed isolates were C. jejuni and ~ 20% (11/53) isolates were C. coli. Among the 51 isolates successfully typed, 43 sequence types belonging to 13 clonal complexes were identified, of which 44.2% (19/43) sequence types were novel. The majority of the Campylobacter isolates (74%) exhibited multidrug resistance and the most common antimicrobials resistant to were ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid. All isolates (53/53) were positive of the tet(O) gene that confers resistance to tetracycline and the gyrA gene that confers resistance to quinolones/fluoroquinolones, 81% (43/53) isolates were positive of the ermB gene that confers resistance to macrolides, and 19% (10/53) isolates were positive of the aadE-sat4-aphA gene that confers resistance to aminoglycosides, respectively. Conclusions Despite the low prevalence of Campylobacter in children in the subtropical Guangzhou metropolitan, the high multidrug resistance of diverse MLST of Campylobacter indicated the importance of preventive strategies including routine surveillance in order to minimize the infections of antibiotic resistant Campylobacter in children.

This research investigated the presence of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans (BGC) in wet rice and starch products, Tremella, and Auricularia auricula in Guangzhou, China. It examined BGC growth and bongkrekic acid (BA) production in wet rice noodles and vermicelli with varying rice flour, edible starch ratios, and oil concentrations. A qualitative analysis of 482 samples revealed a detection rate of 0.62%, with three positive for BGC. Rice flour-based wet rice noodles had BA concentrations of 13.67 +/- 0.64 mg/kg, 2.92 times higher than 100% corn starch samples (4.68 +/- 0.54 mg/kg). Wet rice noodles with 4% soybean oil had a BA concentration of 31.72 +/- 9.41 mg/kg, 5.74 times higher than those without soybean oil (5.53 +/- 1.23 mg/kg). The BA concentration correlated positively (r = 0.707, P < 0.05) with BGC contamination levels. Low temperatures (4 degrees C and -18 degrees C) inhibited BGC growth and BA production, while higher storage temperatures (26 degrees C and 32 degrees C) promoted BGC proliferation and increased BA production. Reducing edible oil use and increasing edible starch can mitigate the risk of BGC-related food poisoning in wet rice noodles and vermicelli production. Further research is needed to find alternative oils that do not enhance BA production. Strengthening prevention and control measures is crucial across the entire production chain to address BGC contamination and BA production.

Scrub typhus is an increasingly serious public health problem, which is becoming the most common vector‐borne disease in Guangzhou. This study aimed to analyse the correlation between scrub typhus incidence and potential factors and rank the importance of influential factors.

This analysis aims to investigate the association between household pesticide exposure and hypertension risk, and to determine whether smoking plays a role in this association. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999-2014, including a total of 32,309 U.S. adult participants who were 20 years or older. Smoking status and pesticide exposure were self-reported. Blood pressure was measured by trained personnel using a mercury sphygmomanometer, according to a standardized protocol. We observed an increased risk of hypertension (OR [odds ratio] = 1.10, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01-1.18) in participants with exposure to household pesticides. Moreover, a significant interaction between smoking status and pesticide exposure on hypertension was observed (P = 0.022). Stratified analysis showed that household pesticide exposure was associated with a 29% higher risk of hypertension (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08-1.53) in smokers. However, for non-smokers, this association was not significant. Similar trends were found for systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In addition, we investigated the associations between pesticide metabolites in urine/serum and hypertension and found that several metabolites of dioxins, furans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls were significantly associated with a higher risk of hypertension. This study suggests that household pesticide exposure is associated with an elevated risk of hypertension. We also report that smoking may accentuate the effect of pesticide exposure on hypertension.

目的 了解广州市市售蔬菜中丙环唑残留水平,并初步评估居民膳食暴露风险.方法 按照分层随机抽样的方法,于2018-2020年在广州市11个行政区的农贸肉菜市场、常规超市、生鲜超市采集蔬菜样品115份,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法对蔬菜样品中的丙环唑残留量进行测定.结合2011年广州地区居民反式脂肪酸摄入量调查结果,采用基于@risk软件的概率评估方法对不同年龄人群丙环唑的膳食暴露风险进行分析.结果 广州市市售蔬菜丙环唑残留量均值为0.89 mg/kg,其中叶菜类蔬菜的残留量最高,为2.62 mg/kg.采用@risk软件对丙环唑残留分布进行概率模拟分析,计算均值为1.69 mg/kg.通过膳食暴露的丙环唑均值为9.13 mg/(kg·BW),其中茄瓜类对暴露量的贡献最大.所有年龄人群丙环唑膳食暴露量均低于每日允许摄入量.结论 广州市市售蔬菜中存在丙环唑残留,叶菜类残留最为明显.各年龄人群丙环唑膳食暴露风险均在可接受范围内,风险较低.

目的 分析2015-2021年广州市布鲁氏菌病(布病)流行的时空分布特征,为布病防控策略提供时空线索依据.方法搜集并整理广州市2015-2021年布病病例数据,进行描述性分析,并计算其发病率;运用ArcGIS 10.3软件将该病发病率用地图形式加以展现,描述其空间分布特征.结果 2015-2021年广州市共报告布病病例364例,平均发病率为3.71/100万,发病月份主要集中在3-7月,占全年发病总数的62.09％;职业分布以牲畜从业人员为主,占病例总数的43.41％,其次为家务/待业者占22.80％;全局空间上分析,城乡结合区域的发病率高于其他区域.结论 广州市从事牲畜交易、屠宰、销售等从业人员为布病的高危人群,应加强牲畜交易市场管理;非职业人员有一定感染风险,需加大宣传提高布病防控意识.

目的 了解广州市中小学生营养不良现状并分析影响因素,为改善学生营养状况提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取广州市增城区(农村)和荔湾区(城区)中小学生共1 403名.收集一般情况、生活方式、饮食行为和体格检查数据,并判断营养状况.采用x2检验比较营养不良率或构成比的差异,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析学生营养不良的影响因素.结果 学生营养不良检出率为8.70％,以消瘦为主(7.84％).其中,男生营养不良检出率高于女生(P = 0.027),城区学生生长迟缓检出率高于农村学生(P =0.020),中重度消瘦检出率随着年龄的增大降低(P= 0.029).多因素logistic回归分析显示男生(OR = 1.893,95％CI:1.270～2.820)是营养不良的危险因素,甜食摄入频次为 1～3 次/周(OR=0.277,95％CI:0.084～0.909)和 4～6 次/周(OR = 0.275,95％CI:0.079～0.954)是营养不良的保护因素.结论 广州市中小学生营养不良情况有所改善,但男生检出率仍较高.提示应重视中小学生营养不良,及时开展均衡膳食、饮食行为等干预,避免不良健康结局.

Cadmium (Cd) and its compounds are hazardous environmental pollutants with renal toxicity and human carcinogenicity, with ingestion of contaminated foods representing the major mode of exposure. There have been a number of reports evaluating the Cd content in various foods; however, regarding the actual risk posed by dietary cadmium exposure, only a few reports are available in which single point evaluation (less accurate than multiple point evaluation) was employed. In this study, we used a margin of exposure (MOE) model and @RISK software (for multiple evaluation) to evaluate Cd-related health risk in the local Guangzhou residents at varying ages, through a comparison between the estimated monthly exposures and the provisional tolerable monthly intake (0.025 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)), based on the Cd contents in various food categories available locally (a total of 3964 food samples were collected from each of the 13 districts of Guangzhou between 2015 and 2019), which were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In this study, Cd was detected in 69.6% of the samples (averaged 0.120 mg/kg), and rice and its products, leafy vegetables, bivalves, and shrimp and crabs contributed most to Cd exposure (8.63, 3.18, 2.79, and 1.48 ng/kg b.w./day, respectively). The MOE values demonstrated the following tendency: the younger age group, the lower MOE, and its 95% confidence range for the (youngest) 3~6 year old group started from 0.92, indicating a health risk of young children, while that for the other age groups were all above 1.0. Our preliminary findings warrant further clarification using biomarker assays in the relevant population.

Perfluorinated substances (PFASs) are harmful pollutants that have environmental persistence and high bioaccumulation. Effective sample pretreatment must be performed to detect trace or even ultra-trace PFASs in actual samples because of their extremely low contents in complex samples. In this study, a cationic hierarchical porous covalent organic frameworks (C-H-COF) were customized via a template-assisted strategy using polystyrene spheres (PS) as sacrificial materials and a post-synthetic modification method. C-H-COF showed good adsorption selectivity for PFASs owing to the dual effects of the full utilization of the internal adsorption sites and electrostatic interaction. The key role of electrostatic attraction in the extraction of PFASs using C-H-COF was further proven by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The maximum adsorption capacity of the C-H-COF for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was 400 mg·g⁻1, which was superior to that of microporous COFs (M-COF) and hierarchical porous COFs without cationic functionalization (H-COF). Accordingly, an analytical method for sensitively detecting five PFASs was established by employing C-H-COF as a dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) adsorbent combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the limits of detection were 0.011‒0.29 ng·L⁻1. Moreover, the hierarchical porous structure of the C-H-COF accelerated the mass transfer of analytes so that the extraction process could be completed within 10 min. This method was employed to analyze PFASs in dairy products, in which the ultra-trace levels of analytes were quickly determined with spiked recoveries of 80.1‒112.6%. This work not only provides a rational synthetic strategy for novel ionic hierarchical porous COFs but also helps to expand the application of COFs in sample pretreatment.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate lead contamination in commercial foods in Guangzhou City, and to assess the health risk of dietary lead exposure in the residents.METHODS:Food samples were collected in 11 districts in Guangzhou City from 2017 to 2019.The samples were tested for lead by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The dietary exposure to lead of residents of different age groups in Guangzhou was calculated in combination with the intake of foods from the food consumption survey of Guangzhou residents in 2011, and the margin of exposure(MOE) method was used to evaluate the health risk of the population.RESULTS:A todal of 3130 food samples of 15 categories were collected. The overall lead detection rate was 82.11%, the exceeding rate was 0.13%, and the average lead content was 0.031 mg/kg. The highest lead levels were found in bivalve, edible fungi and flour and flour products. Excessive levels of lead were found in bivalve, eggs and egg products, and flour and flour products. The average daily dietary intake of lead in people aged 3-6, 7-17, 18-59 and over 60 in Guangzhou were 0.368, 0.377, 0.326 and 0.337 μg/kg, respectively. Daily lead exposure of population with high consumption(P95) in various age groups through foods were 1.091, 1.079, 0.906 and 0.925 μg/kg, respectively. Brassica and leafy vegetables, rice and its products and meat were the main sources of dietary lead exposure, accounting for 53.28% of the total dietary lead exposure. The average MOE of lead in all age groups were greater than 1, but the P95 of MOE value of people aged 3-6 and 7-17 were 0.55 and 0.56, respectively, which presented certain health risks.CONCLUSION:There was a certain amount of lead exceeding the standard in commercial foods in Guangzhou. The average level of dietary lead exposure for residents of all ages posed a low risk to population health, but the dietary lead exposure risk of high-food consumers aged 3-6 and 7-17 posed certain health risks that deserve significant attention.

Chloramphenicol has been used in veterinary medicine, where its residues can remain in food of animal origin, thus potentially causing adverse health effects. This facilitated the ban for its use in food-producing animals globally, but its residues have remained ubiquitous. In this study, food commodities possibly contaminated with chloramphenicol, including livestock meat, poultry, edible viscera, fish, shrimp and crab, molluscs, milk, and eggs, were collected from domestic retail shops in all the 11 districts of Guangzhou and tested for its residue. Probabilistic risk assessment model calculations for its dietary exposure, and the margin of exposure (displayed as mean values and 5th percentile to 95th percentile ranges) were performed by using @RISK software based on a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. The results indicated the detection of chloramphenicol in 248 out of 1454 samples (17.1%), which averaged to a level of 29.1 μg/kg. The highest average value was observed in molluscs (148.2 μg/kg, with the top value as 8196 μg/kg); meanwhile, based on the dietary structure of a typical Cantonese, pond fish, pork, and poultry meat contributed most (about 80%) to the residents' dietary exposure to chloramphenicol. The margin of exposure for dietary chloramphenicol exposure in Guangzhou residents was 2489, which was apparently below 5000 (the borderline for judging a health risk), particularly low in preschool children (2094, suggesting an increased risk). In conclusion, the study suggests that chloramphenicol exposure in Guangzhou residents is considerable, and its relevant health hazard, especially for preschool children, is worthy of further investigation.

目的 了解广东省双皮奶食品安全企业标准备案现状,分析企业标准存在的问题.方法 查询广东省食品安全企业标准备案信息平台,搜索平台公开的已备案且现行有效的双皮奶食品安全企业标准,使用EXCEL软件建立数据库,将标准名称、企业名称、原辅料、生产工艺、安全指标等资料录入并校核.结果 共收集到9家食品生产企业备案的22种双皮奶食品安全企业标准,其中双皮奶6家企业备案6种产品,双皮奶冲调粉3家企业备案16种产品,不同产品平均使用原料4种,平均使用辅料4.78种,不同产品均规定了蛋白质、铅、黄曲霉毒素M1等理化指标,均规定了菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等微生物指标.结论 双皮奶类食品安全企业标准备案数量较少,不同产品平均使用的原辅料数量较多,企业为追求产品新颖性原辅料的使用脱离传统配方,同类产品规定的指标限量值存在较大差异.

目的 了解广州市市售主要食品中镉含量,对广州市3～17岁儿童青少年膳食镉暴露风险进行初步评估.方法 2016-2018年监测广州市共16类2 882份食品镉含量,结合2011年广州市食物消费量调查数据,应用点评估方法,初步评估广州市3～17岁儿童青少年主要膳食的镉暴露风险.结果 广州市市售主要食品中镉平均含量为0.000 4～1.397 5 mg/kg,总检出率为81.37％,其中双壳贝类的镉含量平均值最高,为1.397 5 mg/kg.3～6岁学龄前儿童、7～17岁学龄期儿童青少年主要膳食镉的月平均暴露量分别为17.129 5、13.970 9 μg/kg·BW,安全限值(MOS)均＞1;根据食品化学物高端暴露模型计算,高端暴露量(P95消费量)分别为43.018 2、39.812 7μg/kg·BW,MOS均＜1.3～6岁、7～17岁儿童青少年膳食平均消费水平下镉暴露的主要来源依次为米及米制品、叶菜类和双壳贝类,3类食品累加贡献率分别为72.39％、75.09％;高消费水平下镉暴露的主要来源依次为双壳贝类、米及米制品和叶菜类,3类食品累加贡献率分别达89.01％、91.27％.结论 广州市3～17岁儿童青少年通过日常膳食摄入的镉对健康造成的风险较低,但食物高消费水平下尤其是双壳贝类高摄入人群存在一定的健康风险.应加强重点食品的镉含量监测,倡导平衡膳食和食物摄入的多样性.

目的 通过检测广州市日常消费食品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)的含量,评估居民膳食中该类物质的暴露水平并进行初步风险评估.方法 在全市采集10类食品共200份,采用气相色谱-质谱法检测食品中的DBP、DEHP及DIBP含量,结合居民食物消费量,计算10类食品中该类物质的暴露水平,采用危险商和危险指数评价该地区膳食来源的该类物质的累积风险效应.结果 10类食品中DBP、DEHP及DIBP的最高含量分别为1.256,1.418,0.576mg/kg,肉类及制品、蛋类及制品和水产类及制品等该类物质相对较高;日暴露量分别为2.431、5.981、2.408μg/kg·d;危险商分别为0.243、0.125、0.025,累积暴露危害指数为0.393.结论 广州市10类食品中DBP、DEHP及DIBP的含量处于较低水平,当地居民经膳食摄入该类物质的健康风险累积暴露水平处于安全范围内.但肉类及制品、蛋类及制品和水产类及制品等食品的该类物质的普遍污染还是值得关注.