竹叶青甜瓜是北京市顺义区农家甜瓜品种,具有独特风味及早熟特性,主要以北京顺义及河北燕郊等地销售为主,并形成以品种为核心、应用微喷灌溉技术、应用复合微生物菌剂、增施有机肥减少化肥技术、病虫害绿色防控技术等为主技术体系,实现有效节水、节药、节肥、增产增效.

竹叶青甜瓜是顺义区地方甜瓜品种,与结球生菜结合形成大棚竹叶青甜瓜-结球生菜种植模式,该文介绍了此模式的茬口安排,以及播种育苗、定植前准备、定植、定植后管理、病虫害防治等技术要点,实现有效节水、增产增效.

绿肥是我国传统的重要有机肥料,是传统农业的瑰宝.在20世纪70年代的农业生产中绿肥发挥过重要作用,为解决当时几亿人的吃饭问题做出了贡献;绿肥是生态农业的重要组成部分,在防治水土流失、固碳减排、生态环境保护及降低面源污染等方面具有重要作用.耕地质量不仅是粮食生产和粮食安全的基础,还与人类健康以及生态环境的可持续发展息息相关[1].

The determination of the critical soil available phosphorus (P) value and reasonable fertilizer neasures play significant roles in P recommendation and high yield in the vegetable fields.This study designed the experiments for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.var.capitata L.) in 5 sites in Beijing suburbs.This test consisted of 5 treatments:treatment 1,no organic fertilizer and P fertilizer;treatment 2,only with organic fertilizer;treatment 3,organic fertilizer and P based-fertilizer (one time);treatment 4,organic fertilizer,P based-fertilizer and 3 times top-dressed fertilizers;treatment 5,organic fertilizer and P based-fertilizer (the dosage is 2 times of treatment 3).In this study,we analyzed the critical soil available P value by linear platform model and effects of different phosphate fertilizer measures on the protected lettuce yield and phosphorus agronomic efficiency (PAE) by some relevant data (e.g.phosphate fertilizer supply,yield) in Beijing suburbs.The results indicated that critical soil available P value of protected lettuce was 81.2 mg · kg-1 in Beijing suburbs.When the critical soil available P value was less than 81.2 mg· kg-1,compared with the yield in treatment 1,the yield in treatment 2,treatment 3,treatment 4 and treatment 5 was increased by 7.73％,12.80％,18.60％,and 12.56％,respectively,above all,the average yield in treatment 4 was the highest.The PAE of each treatment was positive in each site.When the critical soil available P value was higher than 81.2 mg · kg-1,it could not increase the yield by increasing the P fertilizer rate with higher environmental impacts.Therefore,when the critical soil available P value was less than 81.2 mg· kg-1,the measures in treatment 4 (organic fertilizer,P based-fertilizer and 3 times top-dressed fertilizers) is the best way to improve the lettuce yield and PAE;when the critical soil available P value is higher than 81.2 mg · kg-1,the P fertilizer can be not need to apply in season in Beijing suburbs.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been recognized as one of the most important trace gases in the atmosphere that causes global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is considered as the primary source of N2O emissions from agricultural soils. N2O production and emission processes are influenced by a number of soil and environmental variables, interacting of soil water and N processes, crop uptake and management practices. As a large agricultural country, China consumes the greatest amount of synthetic N fertilizer which accounts for 30% of the world consumption. Therefore, quantifying N2O emissions from agricultural soils and seeking suitable mitigation measures have become a relatively hot issue in international global climate change studies. It is a great challenge to guarantee high crop yields while reducing N2O emissions under high input of N fertilizers (e. g., N fertilizer application rate can be as high as 600 kg/hm2in the North China Plain). However, few field data sets are available for the exploration of the effects of fertilizer N regimes on soil N2O emission in Beijing suburb, one of the regions with the most intensive agriculture in North China Plain. The main objectives of this research were to identify the characteristics of N2O emission from winter wheat - summer maize rotation land in Beijing suburb, and to seek a way that could decrease N2O emission and increase or keep crop yield. N2O exchange fluxes from the intensively cultivated winter wheat - summer maize rotation system in Beijing suburb, Fangshan District, were measured by the static chamber technique under 8 levels of N treatments from October 13, 2012 to September 28, 2013. Eight treatments with 3 replications (each micro-plot was 80 cm in diameter and 0.5 m2 in area) were contained in the experiment: N0 (0 kg/hm2), N1 (50 kg/hm2), N2 (100 kg/hm2), N3 (150 kg/hm2), N4 (200 kg/hm2), N5 (250 kg/hm2), N6 (300 kg/hm2), and N7 (400 kg/hm2) respectively for each crop field. The results indicated that the cumulative emissions of N2O from 8 levels of N treatments were 0.08-0.52 kg/hm2 (winter wheat) and 0.26-3.70 kg/hm2 (summer maize), respectively. The N2O emission during the wheat growing season from 8 levels of N fertilization treatments accounted for 0.05%-0.13% of the total N loss, and during the maize growing season were 0.78%-1.02%, which indicated that the emission of N2O mainly occurred during the maize growing season. It was obvious that the application of existing chemical fertilizers showed significantly seasonal and diurnal variation on the N2O emissions in wheat-maize rotation system in the suburbs of Beijing. Considering fertilizer rates, N2O emission and crop yield, it was concluded that the fertilization rate of N4 (200 kg/hm2) for each crop was very reasonable, which could provide the basis for applying fertilizer rationally, reducing farm production costs, estimating greenhouse gas emissions from cropland and compiling national greenhouse gases emission inventory.

通过分析北京市2个项目区县3年玉米秸秆还田土壤培肥与增产效应结果表明,玉米秸秆还田3年土壤有机质增加1.69g/kg,提高12.85％;容重降低0.12 g/cm3,降低7.79％,且容重降低与秸秆还田量呈显著正相关关系,相关系数0.788;土壤氮磷钾养分均有不同程度提高,全氮提高15.85％、全磷和有效磷提高8.58％、21.82％、全钾、速效钾、缓效钾分别提高16.2％、17.5％、10.33％.玉米秸秆还田可提供有机质749.49 kg/亩、全氮7.70 kg/亩、全磷0.99 kg/亩、全钾15.82 kg/亩,相当于减施尿素16.74 kg/亩、普钙5.50 kg/亩、硫酸钾31.63 kg/亩;土壤固碳146.9 kg/亩,相当减排二氧化碳538.8 kg/亩;固氮7.35 kg/亩,相当减施纯氮0.37 kg/亩;下茬作物冬小麦平均增产23.5 kg/亩,增产率6.36％.

通过布置有机肥(鸡粪和牛粪按1:1混合而成)的不同用量试验,研究有机肥对土壤理化性质及番茄生长的影响,结果表明:施用有机肥可提高土壤中硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量,分别提高56.4％～98.7％、9.5％～58.2％15.1％～50.6％;随有机肥施用量的增加,土壤碳氮比降低的程度就越明显,土壤碳氮比降幅为1.82％～23.53％;施用有机肥可使番茄产量增加10.5％,并可提高番茄苗期的开花比例,亩施2t和3t有机肥的处理显著高于不施有机肥的对照处理,分别增产22.2％、16.7％,北京设施番茄种植以亩施2t有机肥较为适宜.

Logistic equation was used to simulate the temporal variation of dry matter and nutrients of the summer maize.The results show that the velocity of maize dry matter and stimulated nutrient contents versus time occur in asymmetry bell-shaped curves which can be divided into the slow ( I ) , quick ( II ) and declined growth periods ( III) .The duration for each period is about 1/3 of the total growth period with some fluctuate among different treatments.The cumulative speeds of the plant dry weight and NPK nutrients are very low within the first 30 days after germination ( phrase I ) , which are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude compared to phrase II and Ⅲ.The most quick accumulation is in the period II , then slowdown at the period (Ⅲ) .Generally speaking , the cumulative amount of maize plant dry matter and nutrients in different stages depended on the staging time and speed .

在北京顺义区农科所基地开展田间试验,设置5个氮水平处理,研究不同氮肥用量对甘薯干物质积累及氮磷钾吸收效率的影响.结果表明:施氮量为210 kg/hm2时,甘薯的鲜薯产量达到最大值30.4 t/hm2;甘薯干物质积累量为21423 kg/hm2,氮磷钾累积值也达到最大;当施氮量超过210 kg/hm2时,干物质积累量随着施氮量的增加而不再增加,而呈平台反应;施氮量为210 kg/hm2时,甘薯磷、钾累积值也最大,分别是145.7 kg/hm2和247.4 kg/hm2.因此,本试验条件下甘薯的最佳氮肥用量为210 kg/hm2.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of combined application of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on the yield and vegetable quality and soil fertility.The results showed that the treated tomato and sweet pepper had much higher yield comparing with the contrast,and also higher Vc content than the contrast.Both the combined application and the sole application of biogas slurry aggravated the topsoil acidification and salinization,which may lead to the soil acidification and salinization in deep soil in long term application,and increase the inorganic nitrogen content in topsoil.The organic matter in soil was less affected in short term application.

采用随机区组设计，以番茄为供试作物，以沼肥（沼液、沼渣）和化肥为肥料，研究了不同施肥措施对番茄果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明：与沼肥和化肥配合施用相比，纯沼肥改善了番茄果实的品质，番茄果实硝酸盐含量、总酸含量降低，维生素C、固形物和糖／酸比值均提高；在施氮量相同的条件下，纯施沼肥与沼肥化肥配合施用相比较，沼肥化肥配合施用产量最高，施用沼肥对于提高番茄的品质方面效果显著，沼肥全部底施处理果实品质较好。

通过在西瓜上进行肥料量级试验,掌握各个施肥单元不同施肥数量;构建作物施肥模型,为施肥分区和肥料配方提供依据。试验结果显示:1)对西瓜产量的影响,增施氮、钾肥的增产作用都不明显,产量随氮、钾的增加呈现上下波动,适当增加磷肥用量,可以提高西瓜产量,2)得出了氮、磷、钾的一元二次方程,并计算出了最高、最佳施肥量和相应的最高和最佳产量,3)对西瓜糖度的影响,增施氮肥可促进植株生长,造成产量增加引起糖分积累升高,在氮肥满足生长后,造成糖分积累效应趋于平缓;磷肥对西瓜糖分积累效果作用不大;合理增施钾肥增加了西瓜体内的糖分积累,提高了西瓜品质。

本试验以氮肥、磷肥、钾肥为试验因子,采用量级实施方案设计田间试验,一是通过回归分析建立了花生产量目标数学模型,对氮、磷、钾肥效进行了拟合;二是通过植株养分化验得出氮、磷、钾肥的肥料利用率,分别为20.40%,3.10%,17.80%。

试验研究了在等氮条件下,有机与无机(氮素)配合施肥对土壤性状、作物产量、氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明:有机与无机配合施肥有利于改善土壤理化性状,促进玉米根系发育、利于植株地上部氮素吸收,提高作物产量及氮肥利用率.

通过氮磷钾单因素肥料量级试验,掌握各个施肥单元不同施肥数量,构建作物施肥模型,为施肥分区和肥料配方提供依据。试验结果表明:增施氮、钾肥的增产作用不明显,西瓜产量随氮、钾施用量的增加呈现上下波动,适当增加磷肥用量,可以提高西瓜产量;增施氮肥可促进西瓜植株生长,促进糖分积累,但随着施氮量增加,糖分积累趋缓,磷肥对西瓜糖分积累效果不大,而合理增施钾肥可以提高西瓜的糖分积累。

The productive performance of alfalfa is important to recommendation of alfalfa cultivars. In this study, the dynamic of yield, soil water and nutrient content in the production of a alfalfa variety (WL323)in Shunyi region, Beijing, were investigated. The results showed that the yield of WL323 decreased with the sequence of the cuttings in a certain year, but decreased also during the 3 years after sowing. Available N content in 0~20 cm soil layer increased across years. It suggested that WL323 had the ability to improve the soil N, and it was essential to irrigating in the production.

For studying on soil nutrient supply status under greenhouse and effect of N,P,K fertilization on lettuce,a balance fertilization experiment with "3414" design was carried out on a facility field in Songgezhuang village,Shunyi district of Beijing.The results showed that when N was 210(kg/hm2),P2O5 was 90(kg/hm2) and K2O was 150(kg/hm2),the yield was 59967.0(kg/hm2),and the phosphorus and potassium fertilizer had no significant influence on lettuce yields,demonstrated that the experimental soil was not lack of available phosphorus,and potassium.Regression analysis indicates that the dose of 164(kg/hm2) N can give the best economic yield of 59115.8(kg/hm2).The result also showed that the fertilizer recoveries by lettuce were very low,in which the highest value was potassium with only 12.0%,nitrogen was 5.9% and phosphorus was no higher than 5.1%.In the balance indexes of nutrition for N,P,K,the highest index for K was only 1.73,and the lowest one for P was 0.27.These results also indicated that the recoveries of chemical fertilizer nutrient were very low,so the soil nutrition needs to be monitored regularly,and fertilizing carefully,avoiding from resources waste.

A partly "3414" fertilizer experiment was conducted to study the effects of N,P and K application on the yield and nutrient uptake of waxy maize in Shunyi district of Beijing city in 2006.Results indicated that the treatment of N1P2K2 have the greatest economic return,which is 19 594 yuan/hm2.The ratio of input to output of this treatment is 16.9.Different fertilizer treatments have greater influence on nutrient concentration in waxy maize straw than that in grain.Based on the experimental results and the local agricultural production status,we recommend the optimum nitrogen and phosphorus rates should be 120 kg N/hm2 and 90 kg P2O5/hm2,respectively.

本试验采用"3414"施肥方案设计,对不同氮、磷、钾水平下的大白菜产量及养分最佳投入量进行分析,通过肥料效应方程对氮、磷、钾的肥料效应进行分析,结果表明采用一元二次模型拟合,最佳施氮量为14.78kg/667m2,最佳产量为7078.6kg/667m2,最佳施五氧化二磷量为5.84kg/667m2,最佳产量为6973.69kg/667m2,最佳施氧化钾量为12.20kg/667m2,最佳产量为7230.2kg/667m2。