Daphnis nerii can severely damage pine forests worldwide. Daphnis nerii cypovirus-23 (DnCPV-23) is an important viral pathogen for controlling D. nerii. However, the mechanism underlying DnCPV-23 cell entry has not been elucidated. In this study, we determined that VP3 mediates the binding of DnCPV-23 to host brush border membrane vesicles. Far-Western blotting and mass spectrometry results revealed that a Manduca sexta alpha-glucosidase (MsAGL) can interact with VP3. The interaction between MsAGL and VP3 was verified by co-immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays. Notably, MsAGL influenced DnCPV-23 entry into host cells, including attachment and the subsequent internalization of the virus. Furthermore, MsAGL inhibited DnCPV-23 infections of M. sexta cells and D. nerii larvae. In summary, we confirmed that VP3 of DnCPV-23 mediates cell entry, while also identifying MsAGL as an entry factor for DnCPV-23. The study findings provide useful insights relevant for further elucidating the cell entry mechanisms of cypoviruses.

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is an economically important species in Chinese aquaculture. Recently, Chinese soft-shelled turtle water-floating disease (CSSTFD) outbreak caused almost 100

Anthracnose of Camellia oleifera, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, infects the leaves and fruits of the host plant and inflicts substantial economic losses on the C. oleifera industry. Biocontrol using antagonistic microorganisms represents a key strategy for the green and sustainable management of this disease. In this study, a broad-spectrum antifungal strain G18 was isolated from soil samples and identified as Streptomyces albus through morphological characterization combined with whole-genome sequencing. Dual culture assays showed that strain G18 achieved an 85% inhibition rate against the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides on the 8th day, with a field control efficacy of 37.6%. Genomic analysis revealed that the genome of S. albus G18 contains multiple gene clusters involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, along with functional genes related to plant growth promotion, host colonization and pathogen defense. Further detection via widely targeted metabolomics demonstrated that the n-butanol extract of strain G18 fermentation broth constitutes the core material basis for its antifungal activity, with a total of 1297 metabolites identified. In conclusion, S. albus G18 exerts a moderate field control effect against C. oleifera anthracnose, making it a promising candidate biocontrol strain.

In the original publication [...].

Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is a notorious vector transmitting severe diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus to humans worldwide. Vermistatin is a type of funicon-like compound and was first isolated from Penicillin vermiculatum in the 1970s. Vermistatin has shown promising activity against Cx. p. quinquefasciatus larvae in our previous research. Here, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus larvae treated with a median lethal concentration of 28.13 mg/L vermistatin. Differential expression analysis identified 1055 vermistatin-responsive genes, with 477 downregulated and 578 upregulated. Gene Ontology annotation and enrichment analysis revealed the metabolic process to be the most significantly affected biological process, the membrane to be the most significantly affected cellular component, and catalytic activity to be the most significantly affected molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis classified the differential expression genes into six major categories, with metabolism and organismal systems being the most enriched. Fifty-five pathways were significantly enriched, with the hematopoietic cell lineage, renin–angiotensin system, cholesterol metabolism, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathways among the top altered pathways. Furthermore, 32 potential detoxification-related genes were differentially expressed, with 3 cytochrome P450s, 2 ABC transporters, and 1 UGT induced by vermistatin. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of vermistatin’s action against Cx. p. quinquefasciatus larvae, highlighting potential targets for novel mosquito control strategies.

Fish cell lines are important tools in virus isolation or characterization. Here, we established a new Pelodiscus sinensis kidney cell line (PSK) using the tissue block method. The PSK cell line was successfully subcultured for over 84 passages and consisted predominantly of fibroblast-like cells. Experiments to determine optimal growth conditions showed the cells grew best in MEM/EBSS medium supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum. Sequencing of the D-loop region mitochondrial DNA and 16S rRNA confirmed the cells were derived from the soft-shelled turtle. Karyotype analysis revealed PSK had a modal chromosome number of 2n = 62 at passage 57. PSK exhibited susceptibility to soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV), as evidenced by significant cytopathic effects (CPE). Additionally, PCR detection of the STIV major capsid gene and electron microscopy visualization of virions in STIV-infected cells further confirmed this susceptibility. Inoculation of a 0.22 mu m filtrate of tissue suspension from diseased soft-shelled turtles induced significant CPE in PSK cells. Electron microscopy further substantiated the presence of viral particles. RNA-seq analysis of the infected cells assembled 11 contigs, all of which exhibited similarity to adenovirus. Whole genome sequencing demonstrated that the adenovirus genome was 25,548 bp and contained 30 bp inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at both ends. The number and arrangement of the predicted genes in this virus were identical to those of FrAdV-1, and the predicted proteins showed 80-100 % identity with the corresponding proteins of FrAdV-1. Phylogenetic analysis based on amino acids sequence of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase showed that the virus clustered with representative adenovirus species within the genus Siadenovirus. In summary, a continuous PSK cell line was successfully established, and a novel adenovirus was molecularly characterized from Chinese soft-shelled turtle. Based on the presence of sialidase and phylogenetic analysis of the polymerase amino acid sequence, we propose that this adenovirus represents a novel species within the genus Siadenovirus. We designate it as Chinese soft-shelled turtle adenovirus isolate 1 (CSTAdV-1).

Camellia oleifera Abel., recognized as a significant oil plant, is of immense potential health and economic value. Due to the self-incompatibility of C. oleifera, pollination relies on cross-pollination from other flowers. Additionally, the asynchronous flowering periods of individual plants result in low fruit set and yield, which limits the broader cultivation and utilization of this species. The study investigated the dynamic changes and regulatory patterns of different tissues within flower buds from flower bud development to flowering, employing a multi-faceted approach that included cellular dissection, analysis of hormone content, and transcriptome analysis. This study demonstrates that ABA and SA, rather than GA3, IAA, ZT, acts as potentially effective endogenous agents to promote flowering in the later stages of flower development, which is a critical period for the maturation of pollen and embryo sacs; while ZT plays a more significant role in the early stages of flower bud development. Transcriptome analysis indicated that C.oleifera primarily regulates the late stages of flower bud development via regulating genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism in petals, monoterpene synthesis and ABC transporters in pistils and stamens. WGCNA identified four key modules associated with the development of stamens and pistils in the late stage of C.oleifera flower buds, and also screened out key core genes, including CoBMY7/8, CoTPP6/10, and CoG8H7/11, which are involved in the regulation of flowering time. These findings enhance our understanding of the developmental changes in stamens, pistils, and petals during the flower bud development of C. oleifera. Moreover, they provide a foundation for manipulating flowering time and improving fruit set by regulating the expression of key genes in future studies.

Daphnis nerii cypovirus-23 (DnCPV-23) is a new type of cypovirus that has a lethal effect on many species of Sphingidae pests. DnCPV-23 can replicate in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells, but the replication characteristics of the virus in this cell line are still unclear. To determine the replication characteristics of DnCPV-23 in Sf9 cells, uninfected Sf9 cells and Sf9 cells at 24 and 72 h after DnCPV-23 infection were collected for transcriptome analysis. Compared to uninfected Sf9 cells, a total of 188 and 595 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in Sf9 cells collected at 24 hpi and 72 h, respectively. KEGG analyses revealed that 139 common DEGs in two treatment groups were related to nutrition and energy metabolism-related processes, cell membrane integrity and function-related pathways, detoxification-related pathways, growth and development-related pathways, and so on. We speculated that these cellular processes might be manipulated by viruses to promote replication. This study provides an important basis for further in-depth research on the mechanism of interaction between viruses and hosts. It provides additional basic information for the future exploitation of DnCPV-23 as a biological insecticide.

Allergic airway inflammation is a universal airway disease induced by inhaling allergens. Published data show that RNF128, an E3 ligase, promotes Th2 activation in the OVA-induced asthma model. Recent advances have shown that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) produce the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 to mediate type 2 immune response. However, whether RNF128 regulates ILC2-dependent allergic lung inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we observed greater expression of the E3 ligase RNF128 in ILC2s than in other immune cells. RNF128 deficiency caused a selective increase in the number of peripheral mature ILC2s, and mice with RNF128 deficiency were more susceptible to Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) -induced allergic lung inflammation. Furthermore, RNF128 deficiency increased recruitment of eosinophils and levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RNF128 effectively inhibited the expansion of ILC2s and the number of IL-5- and IL-13-producing ILC2s. Specially, RNF128 deficiency promoted the expression of the interleukin-33 (IL-33) receptor ST2 in A. alternata-induced allergic lung inflammation. Above all, our study demonstrated that RNF128 played a key role in A. alternata-induced ILC2 activation and type 2 immune response, suggesting that RNF128 may be an effective therapeutic target for allergic lung inflammation initiated by ILC2s.

Vector control is considered an effective approach to controlling diseases spread by mosquito bites. Entomopathogenic fungi are widely used in agriculture to control insect pests, and fungal metabolites can potentially be developed as effective mosquitocides. In this study, a high-throughput screening method was used to search for potential mosquitocides in the Global Fungal Extract Library (GFEL). We tested the larvicidal activity of 264 fungal ethyl acetate crude extracts against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Nine fungal extracts caused moderate to high mortality rates (>50%), with two fungal extracts (58A7 and 101H12) causing a 100% mortality rate. The lethal concentrations for 50% of the population (LC50) were 44.27 mg/L and 31.90 mg/L, respectively. Fraction 14 had a high mortality rate, with an LC50 value of 12.13 mg/L, and was isolated from 58A7 (Fractions 1–11) and 101H12 (Fractions 12–15). Further analyses showed that Fraction 14 was made up of vermistatin and dihydrovermistatin. In a Cx. p. quinquefasciatus larvicidal bioassay, vermistatin (LC50 = 28.13 mg/L) was more toxic than dihydrovermistatin (LC50 = 83.87 mg/L). Our findings suggested that the active fungal extract 101H12 from Talaromyces sp. and its compound vermistatin could be developed as mosquitocides.

Daphnis nerii(Linnaeus)is a notorious pest that has a wide geographic distribution.In this study,we employed a mechanical crushing method to establish primary cultures of Daphnis nerii eggs and determined Grace's insect medium as the most optimal culture medium.Primary culture of Daphnis nerii embryonic cells lasted up to 12 months,and various forms of primary cells were differ-entiated in the primary culture.Our result provides crucial experimental basis for establishing Daph-nis nerii cell lines in future research.

Marine microorganisms have evolved special metabolic pathways to produce numerous bioactive substances with novel structures and unique functions. This study analyzed the diversity of culturable bacteria in marine water samples from the South China Sea and screened the isolated bacteria with pathogenic fungi. A total of 200 culturable strains of 72 different bacteria were obtained from 56 water samples from the South China Sea. They belonged to three phyla and four classes, namely Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Actinomycetia. Bacilli was the dominant class, comprising up to 59.72%, followed by Gammaproteobacteria (20.83%). Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus and Rhizobium were the most dominant genera. Among these strains, HY-88 and HY-91 encoding BamC, FenB and PKSI genes were selected and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The respective inhibition rates of the HY-88 caused by plate confrontation against Magnaporthe grisea, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, anthrax and Botrytis cinerea were 90.91%, 54.29%, 52.17% and 51.72%, in comparison with HY-91 86.36%, 48.57%, 47.83% and 34.48%. In addition, the supernatant of HY-88 showed a lesion inhibition rate of 74.5%, which was significantly higher than HY-91 (60.55%). In addition, HY-88 and HY-91 showed strong antifungal activity to Colletotrichum viniferum on detached Shine Muscat grapes. Tolerance tests showed that the HY-88 and HY-91 grew at 10–40 °C, 7–10% NaCl and pH 3-11. HY-88 and HY-91 could inhibit various fungal plant diseases, which lays a foundation for the development of new biopesticides.

Clanis bilineata Walker, soybean hawkmoth, belongs to the subfamily Ambulicinae (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) and is an edible insect that usually grows on soybean leaves. In this study, we isolated a new cypovirus from naturally diseased Clanis bilineata larvae (named CbCPV), scanned its structure, sequenced its genome, and studied its phylogenetic relationship to other cypoviruses. Microscopy showed that CbCPV polyhedral occlusion bodies were about 1.878 μm on average and contained many virions in the ultrathin sections. The complete genome sequence of CbCPV is 22,812 bp comprising 10 segmented double-stranded RNAs. Apart from segment 1 containing one open reading frame (ORF) and one sub-ORF, the other nine segments all contain one open reading frame and encoded one putative protein. The non-coding regions contained conserved sequences at 5’ termini (AGUCAAA) and 3’ termini (AGC), except segment 4 containing a different 5’ termini (AUGUUUA). The whole sequence of the polyhedrin gene in CbCPV contained 892 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 246 amino acids. Based on amino acid sequences of polyhedrin or RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the phylogenetic analysis indicated that CbCPV was closely related to DnCPV-23. The putative function of all segments differed from each other, but the most closely related species of segments were DnCPV-23 with 98.2–99.8

•37 compounds were successfully identified from Origanum vulgare essential oil.•O. vulgare EO were toxic to Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.•O. vulgare EO’s major compounds thymol and carvacrol were toxic to mosquito.•Piperonyl butoxide improved the toxicity of O. vulgare EO, thymol and carvacrol.

Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airway that is prone to recurring episodes. Patients have clinical symptoms such as airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway remodeling, increased mucus secretion, and airflow limitation. The incidence of asthma is affected by many factors such as genetic factors and environmental factors. Asthma is mainly divided into allergic asthma and nonallergic asthma. T helper 2 (Th2) cells have long been considered to play a key role in regulating the adaptive immune response in airway inflammation. Allergic asthma is also known as Th2 asthma. With the discovery of non Th2 asthma and innate lymphocytes (ILCs), the function of ILCs in asthma has gradually become the research focus. Recent research demonstrates that ILC2s represent a crucial source of cytokines and could regulate the adaptive immune response in both allergic asthma and non-allergic asthma. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the function of ILCs in asthma.

纤维增强酚醛树脂基复合材料具有易成型、加工周期短和隔热性能好等优点,可用作烧蚀型热防护材料.本文对热熔胶膜法制备的高硅氧/硅硼改性酚醛预浸料及其复合材料进行了研究.硅硼改性酚醛树脂具有优异的热稳定性,氮气气氛下,800℃残碳率高达75.3％.高硅氧/硅硼改性酚醛预浸料的百分流动度、挥发份和树脂含量分别为21.3％、5.7％和40.2％.对比溶液法制备预浸料成型的层压板,采用热熔胶膜法制备的高硅氧/硅硼改性酚醛复合材料层压板的弯曲强度和层间剪切强度分别提高了 56.2％和22.1％.氧乙炔线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为0.0498mm/s和0.0506g/s.高硅氧/硅硼改性酚醛复合材料优异的耐烧蚀性能有助于降低热防护材料的厚度,减轻火箭、导弹等的总体质量,对提高武器装备的性能具有重要的意义.

从自然死亡的雀纹天蛾幼虫分离到一株雀纹天蛾核型多角体病毒.通过扫描及切片透射电镜发现,该病毒为单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒,命名为ThjaSNPV(Theretra japonica single nucleopolyhedrovirus).病毒全基因组重测序后拼接显示,该病毒基因组全长134 899 bp,GC含量37.28％,与豆天蛾单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒株DZ1基因组序列相似性高达96.24％.ThjaSNPV含有131个开放阅读框(ORF)其中55个为正链基因,76个为负链基因,与宿主同为天蛾科的豆天蛾单粒包埋型核型多角体基因组相比,雀纹天蛾单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒新注释到7个基因:chitin-binding protein(ORF9),ODV-E18(ORF11),-lef-11(ORF27),hypothetical protein(ORF41),lef-10(ORF42),pif-6(ORF66),P6.9(ORF88).ThjaSNPV 的 DNA 光裂酶基因(DNA photolyase,ORF53)中不具有豆天蛾NPV中的1 bp碱基的缺失,只编码一个大的完整DNA裂合酶.38个串联的核心基因的进化分析显示雀纹天蛾NPV与Alphabaculovirus group Ⅱ类群聚类在一起,且和豆天蛾NPV最为相似.

Abstract Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of renal cells, with the consequent formation of cysts and loss of renal function. Matrine has the effect of regulating autophagy, and is considered to regulate inflammatory responses and cyst formation. Therefore, in this study we focused on the pathological mechanism of matrine-regulated autophagy in polycystic kidney disease, and identified some autophagy-regulated genes. We also performed transcriptome sequencing of matrine-treated mouse renal epithelial cells (IMCD3). The pathway analysis results showed that signal transduction, including adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, Hippo signaling pathway, and calcium signaling pathway, which are closely related to autophagy, comprises the main pathological changes of IMCD3 cells treated with matrine. These results indicate that exaggerated autophagy participates in the pathological process of polycystic kidney disease, and may provide new insight for further basic research on PKD.

草原毛虫(Gynaephora ruergensis Chou et yin)是我国高原牧草中的一种有害害虫.草原毛虫核型多角体病毒新分离株(EupsNPV-Gr)具有典型的杆状病毒特征,呈单粒包埋型病毒粒子,ODV颗粒呈不规则的多边形,直径为1.0μm～1.35μm.EupsNPV-Gr能有效杀灭草原毛虫幼虫,它对草原毛虫的半致死浓度LC50为4×104 PIB/mL,是一种理想的生物防治剂.本研究对第一个EupsNPV-Gr基因组进行了测序和鉴定.EupsNPV-Gr基因组全长140684bp,包含134个开放阅读框.它与茶毛虫核型多角体病毒(EupsNPV)关系最为密切,序列同源性高达99％.系统进化分析表明,EupsNPV-Gr属于杆状病毒科alpha杆状病毒属,根据公认的种属划分标准,EupsNPV-Gr是EupsNPV的一个株系.新报道的基因组为研究该物种毒力的分子机制提供了基础.

Penicillium oxalicum T1能在9 d内将天然水稻秸秆降解成汤液.从第2天开始pH值急剧下降,第4―6天pH值维持在4左右,到第7天pH值下降到3左右,降解率达64.7％.扫描电镜观察到随着降解时间的延长,稻草秸秆的蜡质和半纤维素层降解脱落,露出纤维素和硅结构,秸秆的表面裂解的情况越来越严重.采用气相色谱-四级杆质谱联用仪检测到汤液中有2-苯乙醇,采用气相色谱检测2-苯乙醇含量为1.0 g/L.