As a high-value fruit, kiwifruit’s quality characteristics are jointly influenced by cultivar and production environment. However, current issues in China’s main production regions, such as a narrow cultivar structure and insufficient regional distinctiveness, highlight the urgent need for systematic evaluation of quality differences among cultivars to guide industrial optimization. This study investigated 32 commercially cultivated kiwifruit varieties grown in same climatic region, conducting statistical analysis and comprehensive evaluation on 20 quality indicators encompassing fruit appearance, flavor, and nutritional attributes. The results revealed significant differences in fruit quality both between and within species. Objective evaluation methods (membership function principal component analysis, and entropy weight) and a combined subjective-objective approach (entropy weighted-analytic hierarchy process, EW-AHP) were employed to establish comprehensive fruit quality evaluation models. Among these, the EW-AHP model exhibited the highest consistency with sensory evaluations, confirming its reliability. According to the EW-AHP model, ‘Hongyang’, ‘Fenghuang 1′, and ‘Cuiyu’ ranked highest due to their high sugar and low acid content, securing the top three positions. Seven other cultivars—‘Donghong’, ‘Hongshi 2′, ‘Huayou’, ‘Qihong’, ‘Lushanxiang’, ‘Yunhai 1′, and ‘Cuixiang’—also ranked within the top ten owing to their superior flavor and nutritional profiles. In contrast, cultivars such as ‘Jintao’, despite their appealing appearance, scored lower in comprehensive evaluation due to their high acidity. The proposed EW-AHP method effectively mitigates biases inherent in single evaluation approaches, providing a scientific basis for regional cultivar selection and precise alignment with consumer markets. This study holds significant implications for advancing the high-quality development of the kiwifruit industry.

The asynchronous flowering period of oil-Camellia (Camellia oleifera) significantly reduces fruit set and yield, thereby limiting its widespread cultivation. Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs), members of the APETALA2/ERF superfamily, are critical to flower development. Here, we performed a genome-wide survey and identified 181 ERF family members in the C. oleifera genome. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into two major subfamilies, DREB and ERF. The expansion of the ERF genes in C. oleifera appears to be largely driven by tandem duplication and large-scale segmental duplication. Expression analyses of duplicated ERF gene pairs across flower developmental stages reveals diverse evolutionary trajectories, encompassing functional redundancy, subfunctionalization, and neofunctionalization among homologous genes. Comprehensive expression profiling across various tissues and flower development stages suggests that ColERF04 is closely associated with flower development, suggesting a role beyond the stress-responsive functions typically reported for A2-group members. Consistent with its putative role as a transcription factor, ColERF04 was experimentally verified to strictly localize to the nucleus. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of ColERF04 in Arabidopsis significantly accelerated the floral transition providing evidence that ColERF04 has the molecular capacity to promote flowering in a heterologous system. Overall, our study elucidates the evolution and expression patterns of ERFs in C. oleifera and identifies ColERF04 as a promising candidate gene for molecular-assisted breeding, providing a foundational genetic framework for precisely modulating flower development to significantly enhance fruit-setting rates and overall crop yields.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is highly susceptible to postharvest fungal decay, resulting in substantial yield losses. Traditional chemical fungicides pose risks of residues and pathogen resistance, urgent need for green biocontrol alternatives. This study innovatively integrates whole-genome sequencing, high-throughput ITS sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics to systematically evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus subtilis LS11 against kiwifruit postharvest diseases and its mechanisms. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed LS11 as a B. subtilis strain. In vitro, its fermentation broth exhibited inhibitory effects against five major pathogens, with the inhibition rates ranging from 64.77 % to 90.99 %. In vivo, LS11(1.0 x 108 CFU/mL)reduced natural decay incidence by 45.9 % at 10 d of storage at 20 degrees C, maintaining fruit firmness, titratable acid and ascorbic acid contents. Key innovations: LS11 reduced exogenous pathogenic fungi (Diaporthe, Fusarium) while enhancing endogenous fungal diversity (differential taxa identified by LefSe); 26 high-abundance antimicrobial metabolites (natamycin, surfactin) were detected. This study first clarifies LS11's triple mechanisms: direct pathogen inhibition, fungal community modulation, and antimicrobial metabolite secretion. It provides a promising ecofriendly agent and theoretical basis for kiwifruit postharvest preservation.

Dragon fruit ( Selenicereus spp. ) is a nutritious and economically important tropical and subtropical fruit crop, mainly cultivated in Central America, Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, the molecular basis of flesh color variation remains poorly understood. Traditional germplasm classification mainly relies on phenotypic traits such as fruit skin and flesh color and stem morphology, which often leads to misclassification due to phenotypic similarity and frequent interspecific hybridization, thus hindering efficient breeding and germplasm utilization. In this study, we used SLAF-seq to develop SNP markers and perform genetic characterization on 45 dragon fruit accessions, and obtained 1,206,498 high-quality SNPs after strict filtering. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the diversity levels of the three main taxa were significantly higher than the overall level. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished three genetic groups and corrected several misclassified accessions. Furthermore, we constructed a hierarchical core SNP marker set, among which the 10-SNP ultra-core panel showed optimal discrimination ability with 100% accuracy in independent germplasm validation. This panel effectively overcame the misleading effect of flesh color phenotype caused by hybrid germplasm. This study clarified the genetic diversity and population structure of cultivated dragon fruit, resolved germplasm classification confusion, and developed a set of efficient and diagnostic SNP markers. Furthermore, through phenotype-driven SNP screening and transcriptomic analysis, we identified four candidate genes (bHLH, CYP450, POD12, and MATE transporter) that show strong co-expression with key betalain biosynthesis genes ( CYP76AD1-1 and DODA1 ), providing molecular insights into flesh color regulation. These results provide a solid foundation for germplasm management, parental selection and molecular-assisted breeding of dragon fruit, and will promote the genetic improvement and sustainable development of this important horticultural crop.

Oil-Camellia, a prominent woody oil crop, holds immense economic and health significance due to its high-quality seed oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids and diverse secondary metabolites. Historically, the molecular breeding of this perennial tree has been challenged by its complex polyploid nature, long juvenile phase, and limited genomic information. Recent breakthroughs in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have revolutionized Oil-Camellia genetics, yielding high-quality chromosome-level and even haplotype-resolved reference genomes for diploid and polyploid species. These genomic resources, coupled with multi-omics and population genetics analyses, have provided unprecedented insights into its genome evolution, oil biosynthesis pathways, flowering mechanisms, stress tolerance, and the genetic architecture underlying domestication. However, the key challenge is no longer simply to accumulate genomic datasets, but to integrate them into causal models and breeding-oriented strategies. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in Oil-Camellia genomics and genetic improvement, evaluating current evidence to propose a roadmap for translating molecular discoveries into practical breeding outcomes, thereby addressing key breeding challenges and fostering sustainable production.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a globally important leafy vegetable. Understanding the genetic factors underlying its growth and regeneration is critical for advancing agricultural productivity and biotechnological applications. To address this, the study aimed to comprehensively identify and characterize the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) gene family in lettuce and investigate their potential roles in plant development and regeneration. As a result, 22SPL genes were identified within the lettuce genome. Fourteen of these genes contain recognition sites for microRNA156, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. Each LsSPL protein has the highly conserved SBP domain and is predicted to localize in the nucleus. Analysis of public RNA-seq datasets revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of the 22 LsSPL genes, with five highly expressed in leaves, four in roots, and three in stems, indicating their distinct roles in plant development. Overexpression of lettuce miRNA156c (miR156-OX) led to reduced leaf size and delayed flowering time, whereas suppression of miR156 (miR156-STTM) resulted in increased leaf size. Surprisingly, cotyledon explants from miR156-OX lettuce lines exhibited a 1.9-fold increase in shoot regeneration compared to wild-type, whereas miR156-STTM lines exhibited a 54.3% decrease. This enhanced in vitro shoot regeneration was also observed in ectopic miR156-overexpression tomato lines, suggesting a conserved mechanism. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed the downregulation of LsSPL13A.1, LsSPL13A.2, and LsSPL12.2 in miR156-OX lines and their upregulation in miR156-STTM lines after 5 days of callus induction, implicating their specific roles in in vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the SPL gene family and the miR156-SPLs regulatory network, specifically highlighting its role in regeneration. These findings hold the potential for improving plant growth, development, and biotechnological applications.

Pitaya, (Selenicereus spp.), a fruit originating from North and Central America and extensively cultivated in China and Vietnam, holds significant economic value. Utilizing PacBio HiFi sequencing and Oxford Nanopore Technologies ultra-long sequencing, aided by Hi-C data, we have assembled a chromosome-level haplotype-resolved genome. The sizes of the two haplotype genomes were determined to be 1.477 Gb (hap1, contig N50 = 133.35 Mb) and 1.442 Gb (hap2, contig N50 = 132.57 Mb), with 96.7% (hap1) and 98.4% (hap2) respectively allocated to 11 pseudochromosomes. Hap1 comprises 58.94% repeat sequences and predicts a total of 29,139 protein-coding gene models and 18,378 non-coding RNAs. Hap2 comprises 58.37% repeat sequences and predicts a total of 28,538 protein-coding gene models and 19,458 non-coding RNAs. Notably, 93.5% and 93.6% of protein-coding genes were annotated for the two haplotypes. The high-quality genome assembly presented in this study provides a valuable resource for future ecological, evolutionary, biological, and breeding research in pitaya.

The Chinese white pear(Pyrus bretschneideri)is an economically significant fruit crop worldwide.Previ-ous versions of the P.bretschneideri genome assembly contain numerous gaps and unanchored genetic regions.Here,we generated two high-quality,gap-free genome assemblies for'Dangshansu'(DS;503.92 Mb)and'Lianglizaosu'(ZS;509.01 Mb),each anchored to 17 chromosomes,achieving a benchmarking universal single-copy ortholog completeness score of nearly 99.0％.Our genome-wide association studies explored the associations between genetic variations and stone cell traits,revealing a significant association peak on DS chromosome 3 and identifying a novel non-tandem CCCH-type zinc finger gene,designated PbdsZF.Through genetic transformation,we verified the pivotal role of PbdsZF in regulation of both lignin biosynthesis and stone cell formation,as it transcriptionally activates multiple genes involved in these processes.By binding to the CT-rich motifs CT1(CTTTTTTCT)and CT2(CTCTTTTT),PbdsZF significantly influences the transcription of genes essential for lignin production,underscoring its regulatory importance in plant lignin metabolism.Our study illuminates the complex biology of fruit development and delineates the gene regulatory networks that influence stone cell and lignocellulose formation,thereby enriching genetic resources and laying the groundwork for the molecular breeding of perennial trees.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a highly conserved enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, also acts as a moonlighting protein, performing various functions beyond its classical role in glycolysis, such as regulating gene expression, participating in cell signal transduction, and responding to environmental stress. By interacting with various signaling molecules, GAPDH plays a regulatory role in hormone signaling pathways, influencing plant growth and development. Functional plasticity in GAPDH is modulated mainly through redox-driven post-translational modifications, which alter the enzyme's catalytic activity and influence its subcellular distribution. This review explores the diverse functionalities of GAPDHs in plants, highlighting their significance in plant metabolic processes and stress adaptation.

Camellia oleifera Abel., recognized as a significant oil plant, is of immense potential health and economic value. Due to the self-incompatibility of C. oleifera, pollination relies on cross-pollination from other flowers. Additionally, the asynchronous flowering periods of individual plants result in low fruit set and yield, which limits the broader cultivation and utilization of this species. The study investigated the dynamic changes and regulatory patterns of different tissues within flower buds from flower bud development to flowering, employing a multi-faceted approach that included cellular dissection, analysis of hormone content, and transcriptome analysis. This study demonstrates that ABA and SA, rather than GA3, IAA, ZT, acts as potentially effective endogenous agents to promote flowering in the later stages of flower development, which is a critical period for the maturation of pollen and embryo sacs; while ZT plays a more significant role in the early stages of flower bud development. Transcriptome analysis indicated that C.oleifera primarily regulates the late stages of flower bud development via regulating genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism in petals, monoterpene synthesis and ABC transporters in pistils and stamens. WGCNA identified four key modules associated with the development of stamens and pistils in the late stage of C.oleifera flower buds, and also screened out key core genes, including CoBMY7/8, CoTPP6/10, and CoG8H7/11, which are involved in the regulation of flowering time. These findings enhance our understanding of the developmental changes in stamens, pistils, and petals during the flower bud development of C. oleifera. Moreover, they provide a foundation for manipulating flowering time and improving fruit set by regulating the expression of key genes in future studies.

After analyzing a high-quality ‘Hongyang’ genome, we identified 17 AcBAMs. Comprehensive bioinformatics were performed to elucidate the properties and evolutionary relationships of these genes. Our analysis revealed that most AcBAMs retained conserved active sites (e.g., Glu186 and Glu380) and exhibited similar structural properties. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses grouped the genes into three main clusters, with segmental and tandem duplications contributing to their expansion. Expression profiling showed that AcBAM5 and AcBAM13 were most highly expressed during postharvest storage and were strongly induced by ABA signal. Silencing these genes led to a significant increase in starch content, suggesting their key role in starch degradation. Promoter analysis identified cis-elements related to ABA signal and cold response in the AcBAM family, and the expression of AcBAM genes was influenced by ABA and low-temperature treatments, with specific genes showing significant responsiveness. Background Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang) is a perennial woody fruit tree highly valued for its rich nutritional profile and high vitamin C content. The postharvest ripening process, characterized by starch degradation into soluble sugars, significantly influences the fruit's flavor and texture. β-amylase (BAM) has been proven to be one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch degradation, but which BAM genes are involved and how to participate in this process in kiwifruit still need to be clarified. Conclusion In the study, we identified a total of 17 AcBAM genes. The expansion of AcBAMs in kiwifruit was mainly due to segmental duplication events, and some of their catalytic residues were mutated, potentially leading to a loss of biological activity. The expression patterns of AcBAMs, along with VIGS data, suggest that AcBAM5 and AcBAM13 respond to ABA signals and promote starch degradation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of BAM genes in kiwifruit and highlight their importance in starch metabolism and fruit ripening.

Camellia oleifera is a crucial cash crop in the southern region of China. Timely flowering is a crucial characteristic for maximizing crop productivity. Nevertheless, the cold temperature and wet weather throughout the fall and winter seasons in South China impact the timing of flowering and the yield produced by C. oleifera. This study examined the miRNAs, transcriptomes, and phytohormones that are part of the flowering time regulatory networks in distinct varieties of C. oleifera (Sep, Oct, and Nov). This study provides evidence that phytohormones significantly impact the timing of flowering in C. oleifera leaves. There is a positive correlation between the accumulation variations of zeatin (cZ), brassinolide (BL), salicylic acid (SA), 1-amino cyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), and jasmonic acid (JA) and flowering time. This means that blooming occurs earlier when the quantity of these substances in leaves increases. Abscisic acid (ABA), trans-zeatin-riboside (tZR), dihydrozeatin (dh-Z), and IP (N6-Isopentenyladenine) exhibit contrasting effects. Furthermore, both miR156 and miR172 play a crucial function in regulating flowering time in C. oleifera leaves by modulating the expression of SOC1, primarily through the miR156-SPL and miR172-AP2 pathways. These findings establish a strong basis for future research endeavors focused on examining the molecular network associated with the flowering period of C. oleifera and controlling flowering time management through external treatments.

Postharvest kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang) pulp is mainly composed of outer yellow-flesh (LR) and inner red-flesh (HR). However, information about the differences in coloration and fruit quality between these two parts are limited. In this study, widely targeted metabolomic, transcriptomic, and spatial metabolomic analyses were used to reveal the potential mechanism of coloration and fruit quality formation. The results show that a total of 1001 metabolites were identified in Hongyang kiwifruit, and the accumulation of 211 metabolites were significantly higher in the HR than LR, including 69 flavonoids, 53 phenolic acids, and 38 terpenoids. There were no significant differences in the content of citric acid, quinic acid, glucose, fructose, or sucrose between the LR and HR. These results were consistent with the results from the RNA-seq profile and spatial metabolomic analysis. In addition, a total of 23 key candidate genes related to flesh color and fruit quality formation were identified and validated by qRT-PCR analysis. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the underlying mechanism of the formation of kiwifruit flesh color and fruit quality.

Background Most disease resistance (R) genes in plants encode proteins that contain leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) and nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domains, which belong to the NBS-LRR family. The sequenced genomes of Fusarium wilt-susceptible Vernicia fordii and its resistant counterpart, Vernicia montana , offer significant resources for the functional characterization and discovery of novel NBS-LRR genes in tung tree. Results Here, we identified 239 NBS-LRR genes across two tung tree genomes: 90 in V. fordii and 149 in V. montana . Five VmNBS-LRR paralogous were predicted in V. montana , and 43 orthologous were detected between V. fordii and V. montana . The orthologous gene pair Vf11G0978-Vm019719 exhibited distinct expression patterns in V. fordii and V. montana : Vf11G0978 showed downregulated expression in V. fordii , while its orthologous gene Vm019719 demonstrated upregulated expression in V. montana , indicating that this pair may be responsible for the resistance to Fusarium wilt in V. montana . Vm019719 from V. montana , activated by VmWRKY64 , was shown to confer resistance to Fusarium wilt in V. montana by a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiment. However, in the susceptible V. fordii , its allelic counterpart, Vf11G0978 , exhibited an ineffective defense response, attributed to a deletion in the promoter’s W-box element. Conclusions This study provides the first systematic analysis of NBS-LRR genes in the tung tree and identifies a candidate gene that can be utilized for marker-assisted breeding to control Fusarium wilt in V. fordii .

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), celebrated for its unique flavor and rich nutritional content, is a globally popular fruit. This fruit requires post-harvest ripening before consumption. However, the unpredictable ripening pace significantly impacts consumer acceptance and sales, thereby hindering the commercial growth of kiwifruit. To address this, understanding the key molecular mechanisms and metabolites governing postharvest ripening and senescence could offer valuable insights for developing storage strategies and breeding techniques in yellow-fleshed kiwifruits. We constructed two models that integrated these findings with existing theories. The first model suggests that, unlike the T6P-sucrose regulatory mechanism observed in plant leaves, the separation of harvested kiwifruit from the mother plant leads to an insufficient supply of T6P, which activates the SnRK1 kinase. This, in turn, inhibits the TOR kinase signaling pathway, regulating starch metabolism. The T6P-SnRK1-TOR-starch metabolism pathway plays a regulatory role during postharvest ripening, limiting excessive starch degradation that could accelerate aging and decay in yellow-fleshed kiwifruit. The second model highlights the role of abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), and ethylene in regulating the process, inducing the activation of ERFs and cell wall-degrading enzymes, promoting fruit postharvest softening. These findings indicate that at least two models, the T6P-SnRK1-TOR-starch metabolism model and the ABA-CKs-ethylene-cell wall degradation model, regulate postharvest fruit ripening, offering new insights into the artificial regulation of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit ripening speed.

De novo genes can evolve "from scratch" from noncoding sequences, acquiring novel functions in organisms and integrating into regulatory networks during evolution to drive innovations in important phenotypes and traits. However, identifying de novo genes is challenging, as it requires high-quality genomes from closely related species. According to the comparison with nine closely related Prunus genomes, we determined at least 178 de novo genes in P. persica "baifeng". The distinct differences were observed between de novo and conserved genes in gene characteristics and expression patterns. Gene ontology enrichment analysis suggested that Type I de novo genes originated from sequences related to plastid modification functions, while Type II genes were inferred to have derived from sequences related to reproductive functions. Finally, transcriptome sequencing across different tissues and developmental stages suggested that de novo genes have been evolutionarily recruited into existing regulatory networks, playing important roles in plant growth and development, which was also supported by WGCNA analysis and quantitative trait loci data. This study lays the groundwork for future research on the origins and functions of genes in Prunus and related taxa.

So far, a variety of metabolite components of kiwifruit have been elucidated. However, the identification and analysis of flavonoids in different tissues of kiwifruit are rarely carried out. In this study, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses of roots (Gkf_R), stems (Gkf_T), leaves (Gkf_L), and fruits (Gkf_F) to provide insights into the differential accumulation and regulation mechanisms of flavonoids in kiwifruit. Results showed that a total of 301 flavonoids were identified, in four tissues with different accumulation trends, and a large proportion of flavonoids had high accumulation in Gkf_L and Gkf_R. A total of 84 genes have been identified involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, and the expression levels of five LAR, two DFR, and one HCT were significantly correlated with the accumulation of 16 flavonoids and co-localized in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In addition, a total of 2362 transcription factor genes were identified, mainly MYBs, bHLHs, ERFs, bZIPs and WRKYs, among which the expression level of bHLH74, RAP2.3L/4L/10L, MYB1R1, and WRKY33 were significantly correlated with 25, 56, 43, and 24 kinds of flavonoids. Our research will enrich the metabolomic data and provide useful information for the directed genetic improvement and application in the pharmaceutical industry of kiwifruit.

Microbial communities on plant surfaces are crucial in regulating plant growth and disease control. Exploring the composition of microorganisms on plant surfaces is essential for understanding their potential functions. The restructuring of microbial communities can help reduce postharvest diseases and maintain fruit quality. In this study, the use of Bacillus velezensis LX fermentation broth resulted in a reduction of Diaporthe and Fusarium abundance on the surface of kiwifruit, as well as changed in the fungal and bacterial communities on the kiwifruit surface, as determined by high-throughput sequencing. B.velezensis LX treatment reduces the natural decay incidence of postharvest kiwifruit but does not decrease the quality of kiwifruit. An analysis of the relationship between microbial taxa and fruit decay incidence revealed that several genera, including Plectosphaerella, Vishniacozyma, Cryptococcus, Papiliotrema, Aureobasidium, Filobasidium, Actinomycetospora, and Parasutterella, were enriched in the CK and LX treatment group during storage. This study contributes to a better understanding of how microbial antagonists regulate postharvest diseases in kiwifruit and provides insights for establishing a beneficial microbial synthetic flora to enhance the postharvest safety of kiwifruit.

Kiwifruits (Actinidia chinensis) are among the most widely planted fruit in Jiangxi Province, China. Infected kiwifruits of the cultivars ‘Hongyang’ and ‘Jinyan’ were obtained from a commercial orchard in Fengxin county, Jiangxi Province (28°67′ N; 115°42′ E) from September to November 2022. The 1200 kiwifruits were collected from cold storage (cold stored for 3 months at 2°C), and moved to room temperatures (15 to 20°C), approximately 20% had symptoms of postharvest soft rot 7 days later. The infected fruits had brown or dark gray spots on the peel. Most were round or oval, with a diameter of approximately 1~3 cm. The pulp was milky white, and there was a waterlogged ring at the junction of decay. The pathogen was isolated by removing several small pieces (3×3 mm) of infected tissue from the diseased kiwifruits, which were sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s, dipped in 1% NaClO for 1 min, and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water. These pieces were transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated for 5 days at 28°C, 75% relative humidity (RH), separated, and repurified. Eight unidentified isolates with similar morphology were obtained on PDA (D3-1 to D3-8). These isolates had abundant aerial fluffy mycelia. The colonies were white during the early stage of culture and turned light purple in the later stage. The mycelia grew 5.8 mm day-1 (n=5) on average and produced abundant conidia 10 days later. The microconidia were solitary, transparent, ovoid, with 0 to 1 septa, and 3.6 to 11.2 × 1.6 to 3.5 µm (average 6.5 × 2.9 µm, n = 50). The macroconidia were sickle-shaped, slender and slightly curved, with 3 to 5 septa, and 22.3 to 53.9 × 2.6 to 5.4 µm (average 39.5 × 4.3 µm, n = 50). Chlamydospores were absent. The morphological characteristics enabled the identification of the pathogen as Fusarium spp. (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). Isolate D3-2 was further confirmed, and the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), 5F2/7CR and EF1/EF2 (O’Donnell et al. 2022) were used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB2) gene and translation elongation factor-1 alpha regions (TEF-1α). The ITS (accession no. PP077075), RPB2 (PP566653) and TEF-1α (PP566654) sequences shared 99.62 to 100% identities with ITS (ON564593.1), RPB2 (ON734380.1) and TEF-1α (ON697186.1) of F. fujikuroi from NCBI, respectively. Thus, the pathogen was identified as F. fujikuroi based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Each of the three isolates was inoculated on surface-disinfected (75% ethanol, 5 min) disease-free kiwifruits of cv. ‘Jinyan’ and ‘Hongyang’. The six kiwifruits were pierced by a sterile inoculation needle and inoculated with 20 μl spore suspension (1×106 spores/ml), and six kiwifruits were treated with spore suspension without any wounds, four control fruits were inoculated with sterile distilled water. All the fruits were sealed in a storage box, kept at an RH of 90%-95%, and incubated at a constant temperature of 28°C for 5 days. After 3 days, the fruit rotted at the inoculation site, and after 5 days, the lesions gradually increased, and the symptoms were the same as those of the original sample. The control fruits remained disease-free. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. Koch's postulates were completed by reisolating the fungus from infected kiwifruits, which was identified as F. fujikuroi by sequencing. Although F. solani (Yang et al. 2018) and F. acuminatum (Wang et al. 2015) have been previously reported to rot kiwifruits in China, this is the first report of F. fujikuroi causing postharvest rot on kiwifruits in China. This discovery can alert agronomists to prevent and control this pathogen.

为明确CPPU处理对猕猴桃果实生长发育及采后品质的影响,以猕猴桃黄肉品种"金艳"为试验材料,于盛花后30 d采用10 mg/L CPPU进行幼果浸果处理,自然生长果实为对照,测定生长发育期、常温处理(20℃)与低温贮藏(1℃)的果实品质指标动态变化.结果表明:(1)与对照相比,10 mg/LCPPU处理在采收时明显提高了果实内外品质指标,促进了果实提早成熟.其中单果质量与纵横侧径分别提高了 11.35％、7.20％、6.21％与7.08％;蔗糖含量提高了 12.93％;可溶性固形物、干物质与果糖含量高于对照,但差异不显著.(2)在20℃常温处理下,经CPPU处理的果实采后达到可食状态时可溶性固形物、果糖、蔗糖含量比对照显著提高了 10.74％、3.34％、4.42％;同时促进了呼吸高峰的提前,缩短了货架期.(3)在1℃低温贮藏末期,经CPPU处理的果实采后可溶性固形物、果糖、葡萄糖含量比对照显著提高了 13.11％、7.23％、11.11％,且果实硬度下降加快,缩短了采后贮藏保鲜期.综上所述,10 mg/L CPPU处理显著提高了果实单果质量,提升果实内在品质,同时加快了果实成熟进程,缩短了果实成熟期及采后贮藏保鲜期.