近年来天津市大力发展设施蔬菜,据统计,2020年全市设施蔬菜种植面积达到2.73万hm2.本市以种植露地加工辣椒为主,设施辣椒原本不是本市的优势作物,但近年来由于鲜食辣椒市场行情好,农民增收明显,设施辣椒面积逐年提升,2020年已突破800 hm2.早春大棚种植大果型羊角椒是设施辣椒栽培的主要类型,大果型羊角椒果形美观、味微辣、口感好,符合京津冀地区群众消费习惯.笔者根据生产实践,总结出天津地区大果型羊角椒早春大棚栽培技术,供种植者参考.

黑科优一号是以甜R为母本、Q-16为父本杂交选育的西瓜新品种.中熟种,天津春季小拱棚覆盖栽培全生育期110 d,果实发育期35 d左右.植株生长势强,易坐果.果实椭圆形,果皮底色墨绿,覆暗齿条,表面覆蜡粉.瓜瓤红色,瓤质脆,少籽,口感甜,中心可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)可达12.7％,边部9.6％.单瓜质量9 kg左右,667 m2产量可达4500 kg以上.适宜天津、河北、山东、陕西、山西、内蒙古、河南、湖南等地及相同生态区春季露地地膜覆盖栽培.2020年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记.

辣椒是我国蔬菜主栽种类之一,天津高度重视辣椒产业的发展,加工椒(腌渍、酱制)近几年在天津地区得到快速发展,已经形成宁河、静海量产、加工、销售体系并成为当地农产品出口的主要产品.但随着产业发展规模的扩大,造成连年重茬种植,辣椒病害也逐渐成为制约辣椒产业发展的重要因素.辣椒腌制企业出现了"无米下锅"的尴尬局面.由于产业技术体系创新团队的科研攻关,病害综合防控技术初见成效,"消失"的辣椒又回来了.

科螺5号是以自交系TL-25-1为母本,以自交系TL-8-3为父本配制而成的螺丝椒一代杂种.中早熟,植株生长势强,始花节位为第9～10节,单株结果30个左右,上下层果实一致性好;果实羊角形,果皮皱褶多,青熟果绿色,老熟果红色,果长25～30 cm,果肩宽3.5 cm左右,果肉厚0.35 cm左右,单果质量80 g左右,VC含量1210 mg·kg-1,辣椒素含量0.18％,味香辣;田间对炭疽病、病毒病、疫病的抗性强于对照螺丝椒2号,每667 m2产量3500 kg左右,适宜我国北方春季保护地栽培以及南方露地栽培.

辣椒是我国重要的蔬菜作物,也是天津名特优产品中的"三辣"之一,更是市民餐桌上必备的菜肴或佐料.科螺5号是天津市农业科学院蔬菜研究所以TL-25-1为母本,以TL-8-3为父本配制而成的螺丝椒一代杂种,2020年通过国家农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,登记编号:GPD辣椒(2020)120257.其性状表现为早熟,植株生长势强,始花节位第9～10节,株高70 cm左右,开展度55 cm左右.

'津椒35'是以'程m-1'为母本、'正F10'为父本组配而成的杂交一代早熟辣椒新品种.果实大羊角形,果肩部有褶皱,纵径28～30 cm,果肩横径4～5 cm,果肉厚度0.3 cm,单果质重110 g,果色为浅绿色,果面光滑,果形顺直,味微辣,平均产量67500 kg/hm2左右.适合我国华北、西北地区秋冬、早春保护地栽培.

'津蜜栗'是以高代自交系'N-35'为母本'、N-72'为父本选育而成的杂交1代食用南瓜新品种.植株生长势中上等,第1雌花节位15节左右,易坐果.嫩果表皮深绿色,中熟,北方大棚内种植授粉后约45 d成熟,全生育期约125 d.成熟果表皮灰绿色,棱沟不明显,果形纺锤形,果长约19 cm,果肉黄色,肉厚均约2.6 cm,肉质粉糯细腻.平均可溶性固形物含量9.2％,平均单果质量2.5 kg,667 m2产量3500 kg左右,田间表现抗白粉病,适应北方大棚吊蔓及露地栽培.

我国南瓜产业在20世纪90年代初期迎来第2次发展新高潮.近年来,随着食用南瓜在我国消费量的逐渐增加,消费者越来越注重其口感及营养保健价值, 市场上也出现了众多的食用南瓜新品种,但这些品种存在仅单一性状突出等问题,无法满足人们全部的生产、消费需求.针对这些问题,天津科润蔬菜研究所的研究人员广泛收集南瓜种质资源,分离纯合、转育杂交,并经系列的试验试种,选育出优质高产、口感良好的南瓜新品种津蜜栗,并总结了其配套的高产优质栽培技术.

宁夏的压砂西瓜生产主要分布在环香山地区中 卫、中宁、海原等市县的兴仁、喊叫水等10 多个乡 镇, 采用的是中卫市环香山地区群众于20 世纪60 年代创造的农业生产模式, 宁夏的压砂瓜生产规模 占全国压砂西(甜)瓜生产总面积的80％以上[1].压砂 西瓜开始以籽瓜生产为主,由于经济效益显著,进入 21 世纪后栽培面积迅速扩大,2004 年种植面积增加 到2.08 万hm2,2008 年达6.8 万hm2,到2012 年压砂 西瓜种植面积连续5 a 稳定在6.67 万hm2 [2].种植模 式以砂田覆盖+地膜(或盖碗)覆盖栽培为主[3],播种 方式为催芽后直播.随着压砂西瓜迅速发展和连年 种植, 一些潜在的问题逐渐显现, 连续多年重茬种 植, 虽然选用抗病品种和倒行栽培技术起到一定的 防病效果,但随着年限的增加,连作障碍日趋严重, 成片的压砂田因无法种植西瓜而荒废.

为了将嫁接栽培技术应用到压砂西瓜中,针对嫁接栽培中在不同砧木材料、不同西瓜品种、不同嫁接方式等方面做了试验研究.结果表明,以白籽南瓜为砧木的嫁接苗对枯萎病免疫,平均单瓜质量也较CK增加了40％,筛选出了高产压砂西瓜推广品种'津抗五号',优质压砂西瓜推广品种'花魁',靠接不断西瓜根的嫁接方法有较高的成活率,较低的管理成本.确定了压砂西瓜以白籽南瓜品种为砧木、'津抗五号'等优良品种为接穗、靠接不断西瓜根方法的嫁接栽培模式.

为了准确、快速鉴定西瓜杂交种纯度,建立8424类型西瓜品种的SSR分子标记纯度鉴定体系.基于23对西瓜SSR核心引物,对天津市静海区主要种植的8424类型西瓜品种‘蜜多’进行分子标记纯度鉴定.从供试引物中,总共筛选到4对在双亲上具有多态性差异的特异性引物,并从中选出2对多态性良好,条带清晰的引物10号和22号,应用于‘蜜多’的分子标记纯度鉴定.对4份杂交F1代样品进行分子鉴定,结果分别为97.4％、94.9％、98.1％、97.8％,对比分子鉴定结果和田间形态学鉴定结果,结果偏差≤1.5％,表现出高度一致.研究结果表明,SSR分子标记适用于该品种纯度鉴定,并可以取缔田间表型鉴定,实现准确、快速检测.

SBP-box (Squamosa-promoter binding protein) genes are a type of plant-specific transcription factor and play important roles in plant growth, signal transduction and stress response. However, little is known about the SBP-box genes in pepper (CaSBP), especially in the process of Phytophthora capsici infection. In this study, a novel gene (CaSBP12) was selected from the CaSBP gene family, which was isolated from the pepper genome database in our previous study. The CaSBP12 gene was located in the nucleus of the cell and its silencing in the pepper plant enhanced the defense response against Phytophthora capsici infection. After inoculation with Phytophthora capsici, the root activity of the CaSBP12-silenced plants is compared to control plants, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content is compared viceversa. Additionally, the expression of defense related genes (CaPO1, CaSAR8.2, CaBPR1, and CaDEF1) in the silenced plants were induced to different degrees and the peak of CaSAR8.2 and CaBPR1 were higher than that of CaDEF1. The CaSBP12 over-expressed Nicotiana benthamiana plants were more susceptible to Phytophthora capsici infection with higher EC (electrical conductivity) and MDA contents as compared to the wild-type. The relative expression of defense related genes (NbDEF, NbNPR1, NbPR1a, and NbPR1b) in transgenic and wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana plants were induced, especially the NbPR1a and NbPR1b. In conclusion, these results indicate that CaSBP12 gene negative regulates the defense response against Phytophthora capsici infection which suggests their potentially significant role in plant defense. To our knowledge, this is the first report on CaSBP gene which negative regulate defense response.

为建立辣椒自然游离小孢子培养技术体系,以32个辣椒品种为试材,研究基因型(CL-1～CL-32)、基本培养基(MS、Nitsch and Nitsch、NLN、B5)、激素配比(ZT 0.5 mg·L-1+IAA 0.8 mg·L-1、ZT 0.5 mg·L-1+IAA 1.0 mg·L-1、ZT 1.0 mg·L-1+IAA 1.0 mg·L-1、ZT 1.5 mg·L-+IAA 1.5 mg·L-1)、活性炭添加量(0.1,0.5,0.8,1.0 g·L-1)对辣椒小孢子胚状体诱导的影响.结果 表明,基因型是辣椒小孢子胚状体诱导的关键因素,供试的32个基因型中有18个诱导成功,诱导成功率56.25％,其中F1代诱导成功率达到66.67％,而自交系诱导成功率为0,各基因型中以CL-14诱导率最高,达到29.2％;不同基因型最适培养基不同,5个基因型(CL-4,CL-8,CL-10,CL-12,CL-14)中CL-4、CL-12、CL-14均以Nitsch and Nitsch为基本培养基添加适量激素诱导胚状体最佳;不同基因型的适宜激素浓度配比不同,3个基因型(CL-4、CL-8、CL-14)中CL-8、CL-14以添加0.5 mg· L-1 ZT和1.0 mg· L-1IAA效果最好;适量添加活性炭可提高小孢子胚诱导率,CL-4、CL-8、CL-14分别以添加0.8,0.5,0.5 g·L-1诱导效果最好.

科红15是以13L-29为母本、以13L-58为父本杂交育成的加工干制兼用羊角椒品种,始花节位10～12节,连续坐果能力强,果实细长羊角形,果长13 cm左右,果粗2 cm左右,平均单果质量30 g左右,青果绿色,熟果深红色,易脱水,鲜椒667 m2产量2500 kg以上,干椒产量400 kg/667 m2以上.适宜华北、西北、东北地区露地栽培.

'Jinmi No.55'is a new seedless watermelon variety developed by crossing the tetraploid line'13TR-157'as female parent with the diploid line'13TR-25'as male parent.It is mid-maturing,the whole growing period is about 100 days and the fruit matures 38 days from flowing.The fruit is globe shaped with dark green skin.The flesh is red with small undeveloped seed hull,crisp,the soluble solid content is over 12.0％ at center and 9.5％ near rind.The rind thick ness is 1.1 cm.It is medium resistant to Fusarium wilt and light resistant to Anthracnose.The average fruit weight is about 9 kg,per 667 m2 yield is about 4 000 kg.The variety is suitable for grafting cultivation in protected field of North China and plastic mulching production in Sichuan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

With the development of electronic information technology,a large number of digital images of watermelon flesh color have been preserved.In order to realize thc digital classification of watermelon flesh colors,the digital images of watermelon flesh colors (pink,peach,orange and bright red) were used as materials,the changes of these digital images in different light conditions were compared,the value of these digital images under the RGB model were measured,after converted to HSB mode,L×S value was used to differentiate watermelon flesh colors.The results showed that there was little difference in digital images of watermelon flesh colors carried out by outdoor shadow,daylight lamp and sunlight,obvious difference was found in the light condition of flashlight,indoor light (no supplementary light) and darkroom.The variation ranges of flesh colors of pink,peach,orange and bright red were 22.6～55.0,46.7～65.9,62.3～75.2,68.8～78.4,74.4～81.7 respectively,the digital classification of watermelon flesh color was initially realized.

‘Jinmi No. 35’is a new seedless watermelon variety, which was bred by crossing‘104X-7’and‘10R-40’. Growth period about 105 days from sowing, and about 35 days to maturity after pollination. Round fruit with dark rind. Per fruit is about 7~8 kg, and 667 m2 yield is about 4 000 kg. Sugar content is over 12.5%.‘Jinmi No. 35’exhibits very steady seedless trait.

‘津秀美’是以‘12H-26’为母本、‘12H-43’为父本杂交育成的中熟优质西瓜新品种,果实发育期32 d。果实短椭圆形,花皮,底色深绿,大红瓤。肉质细而紧密,口感好,耐贮运。平均单瓜质量7 kg左右,中心可溶性固形物12%以上,边部10%以上,果皮厚度1 cm左右,667 m2产量4 000 kg以上。植株生长较强,易坐果,全国各地均可嫁接栽培。2015年通过天津市农作物品种审定委员会审定登记。

以24个辣(甜)椒品种为试材,研究了基因型、外植体、激素配比对愈伤组织诱导率的影响.结果表明:不同基因型愈伤组织诱导率差异显著,最高可达100％,最低为24％;真叶和茎段均可诱导出愈伤组织,茎段诱导效果好于真叶;以添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/LNAA的MS培养基为愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基.