奥狄氏括约肌(Sphincter Oddi)是位于胆总管末端和胰管末端的环形平滑肌与肝胰壶腹周围的环形平滑肌一起的合称,是胆汁和胰液向肠道排放的生理通路和调控阀门并防止十二指肠液的反流[1].奥狄氏括约肌运动功能障碍会导致反复发作性胆绞痛、疼痛发作后肝功能异常等.同时也是结石、肿瘤和功能障碍等多种疾病的高发地带[2-3].

目的 探讨人食管壁内血管和神经的分布特点及两者之间的关系.方法 幼年尸体标本14例和成人标本4例,共计18例,采用硅胶血管灌注和再改良Sihler神经染色法相结合来显示人食管壁内血管及神经.结果 人食管壁内血管整体分布以胸下段及腹段较密集,而颈段和胸上段相对较稀疏,整体前壁内血管较后壁内稀疏,壁内血管的细小分支间形成广泛的网状吻合.人食管壁内神经整体分布以腹段分布最稀疏,胸段壁内神经分布最多密集,但颈胸段壁内神经均衡分布,颈段上部可与来自于咽丛的神经分支形成吻合,食管壁内神经形成网状环路吻合.食管壁内血管与神经之间无明显的伴行关系.结论 人食管壁内血管和神经分布均呈现网状吻合,但两者之间无明显伴行关系.

Objective To investigate the application of the re-modified Sihler’s nerve staining technique in tubular viscus.Methods Using the modified Sihler’s nerve staining technique to stain the whole esophagus,stomach and bladder of human.Results Innervations of the esophagus,stomach,and bladder were clearly visible,small nerve branches and branch contact were visible without cutting the organs after staining.Conclusion Sihler’s nerve staining technique is not only suitable for staining intramuscular nerves of skeletal muscle,but also suitable for smooth muscle.And it is also suitable for larger organs if this technique were handled properly.

Treatment of esophageal disease,especially esophageal cancer,one of high-risk tumors in China[1],requires a detailed understanding of the anatomical structure of the esophagus,the origin and distribution of esophageal arteries and nerves in intervention therapy and surgery.However,the related aspects of the comprehensive literatures are little.In this article,the blood supply and innervation of the esophagus are reviewed.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of MSCs which induced by puerarin differentiating into neural cells and glial cells,and provide the theoretical and experimental basis for the implement of Traditional Chinese Medicine on the cell orientational differention. Methods: The bone marrow stromal cells of SD rat were separated and purified by passsage culture.The 5th passage of BMSCs was induced by 2.5 mg/ml puerarin for 24 h beforehand and was induced by 17.5 mg/ml. Control group was no puerarin. After 24 h,differentiation was observed under phase contrast microscope and the cells were stained immunocytochemically with neuronsp-cific enolase(NSE)and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP).The induced cells activity was detected by MTT. NSE and GFAP was determined by flow cell motor and RT-PCR. Results: Partly cytoplasm 0f BMSCs contracted with protruding after18 hours of induction;and the reticulate protrude increased in 24 hours . The immunocytochemical staining was performed on cells after induction for 24 hours,the rate of NSE and GFAP staining positive was(53.3±4.3)% and (64.5±5.2)%,flow cytometer has the same result. Conclusion:Puerarin could induce adult rat BMSCs differentiate into neuron and glial cells.

OBJECTIVE To establish an alcoholic liver disease model in rats to study the effect of Hepcidin on the development of alcoholic liver disease. METHODS Fourty SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, 20 for each group. Saline [10 mL/(kg x d)] and 56% ethano infusion [10 mL/(kg x d)] were given orally to the rats for 12 weeks for the control and experimental group, respectively. The serum ALT, AST, and iron, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in the hepatic tissue were determined. RT-PCR was employed to examine the expression of Hepcidin mRNA in the liver. The histopathological changes of the liver tissues were examined through HE, Sudan IV and immunohistochemical stainings. RESULTS The rats in the experimental group had greater serum ALT, AST and iron, and decreased SOD activity and increased MDA activity than those in the control group (P<0.01). The rats in the experimental group had enlarged livers, with rough surface and grey-yellow color. The rats in the experimental group had more local hepatocellular necrosis, inflammatory cells, and large fat droplets, and larger red tangerine staining sectors in the livers than those in the control group (P<0.05). Higher positive expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the liver tissues were found in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.01). The rats in the experimental group had lower levels of mRNA of Hepcidin than those in the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The rats with alcoholic livers have increased expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and decreased expression of Hepcidin in the liver tissues.

Objective: To construct the animal model of alcoholic liver damage and observe the therapeutic effects of Radix Puerariae on the alcoholic liver injury in rats.Methods: 48 SD rats,half males and half females,180~220g of weight,were randomly divided into 4 groups,12 for each group.Rats of the experiment group were given saline infusion 〔10ml(/kg.d)〕and 56% ethanol infusion 〔10ml(/kg.d)〕was given to the control group for 12 weeks.From the 9th week,the experiment group was given Pueraria in gastric,and the control group were given the same quantity of physiological saline.By the end of the 12th week,all rats were sacrificed and their serum was detected for ALT,AST and iron.Superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity and malonaldehyde(MDA)content were determined in hepatic tissue and serum.Results: Contrasted with the control group,rats in the experiment group had worse mentalstate,dim coat,poor appetite,diarrhea,clumsy reaction,and the times of movement reduced.ALT,AST and iron in rats serum were higher than that in control group(P<0.01).Compared with the control group,SOD activity was significantly decreased in model group(P<0.01),and MDA level was significantly increased in model group(P<0.05)in hepatic tissue and serum.Compared with the treatment control group,ALT,AST and iron in rats serum were lower in Pueraria treated group(P <0.01),SOD activity was significantly increased in model group(P<0.05),MDA level was significantly decreased in model group(P<0.05)in hepatic tissue and serum.Conclusion: Pueraria had therapeutic effects on the alcoholic liver injury in rats.

解剖臀区及股后区深层结构时,经对比观察发现:该标本左下肢半腱肌发生了变异,其上附着有一块梭形肌肉(附图如下).

目的:观察葛根素对乙醇所致睾丸损伤的保护作用,探讨其可能机制。方法:实验于2006-04-03/2007-02-20在四川大学人体解剖学教研室实验室进行。取SD成年雄性大鼠24只,随机分为3组:①乙醇组:给予白酒灌胃（乙醇体积分数为0.56）,10mL/（kg·d）。②葛根素组:给予与乙醇组等量白酒灌胃后,立即腹腔注射葛根素62.5mg/（kg·d）。③对照组:给予10mL/（kg·d）生理盐水灌胃。给药连续3个生精周期共39d,于第40天麻醉后处死取睾丸,测定睾丸组织中超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛含量;免疫组织化学法检测各组Bcl-2,Bax蛋白在生精细胞的表达情况;TUNEL法检测生精细胞的凋亡。结果:24只均进入结果分析。①乙醇组睾丸匀浆超氧化物歧化酶活性低于对照组（P＜0.01）,丙二醛含量高于对照组（P＜0.01）,葛根素组与对照组相比差异不显著（P＞0.05）。②乙醇组平均每个生精小管断面中Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数和A值低于对照组（P＜0.01）,葛根素组与对照组比较差异不显著（P＞0.05）。③乙醇组平均每个生精小管断面中Bax蛋白的阳性细胞数和A值高于对照组（P＜0.01）,但葛根素组与对照组比较差异不显著（P＞0.05）。④乙醇组每个生精小管横切面中的凋亡细胞数目高于对照组（P＜0.01）,葛根素组与对照组比较差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结论:乙醇通过氧化损伤作用使生精细胞发生凋亡,葛根素有对抗乙醇所致睾丸损伤的作用。

Objective To abserve the change of TNF-α and IL-6 in the hepatic tissue of alcoholic fatty liver rats.Methods The rats with alcoholic fatty liver were given 56% alcohol by daily gavage,after 12 weeks,to observer the change of serum activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and the expression tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-6 of hepatic tissue were observed.Results The model group rats'livers became more fatty and activities ascending of ALT and AST than normal and there was significant difference(P0.05).the contents of TNF-α and IL-6 in liver were higher than the normal group rats.Conclusion The increasing of TNF-α and IL-6 in liver tissue is possibly the one of the important mechanism for alcoholic fatty liver.

Objective Study the induced condition of the differentiation from the pancreas ductal epitheliod cells to islet-like cells of the normal KM mice.Method Take the pancreas ductal epitheliod cells of normal KM mice for primary culture.Remove the glandular cell by change the medium consecutively at 24 h、48 h、72 h cause of the different adherence time.Remove the fibroblast by use of the medium with 2% FBS and make the pancreas ductal epithelioid cell which can grow in medium free of serum gain dominance.Passage the cell at this condition and induce the third generation differentiate by use of the medium without serum.Take the cell induced for 3 d、5 d、7 d、14 d to identification by immunocytochemistry stain.Detect the ability of insulin-secretion of induced islet-like cells with high glucose condition by ELISA.Result The pancreas ductal epithelioid cells induced with medium free of serum for 7 d start differentiating to islet-like cells that positive stain with anti-insulin antibody.The positive cell mult obviously at 14 d following inducing.And these cells can secret insulin in condition of high glucose.Conclusion The pancreas ductal epithelioid cell can differentiate to islet-like cell by induced with medium free of serum.

Objective:To investigate the difference between Transwell assay and Wound healing assay for detecting serum starvation-regulated migration of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Methods:VSMCs were isloated from the male Sprague-Dawley rats adopting the explant method. Effects of serum free culture on the migration of VSMC were detected by Transwell assay and Wound healing assay respectively. Results:The migration ability of VSMC was significantly inhibited by serum starvation compared with 10% FCS/DMEM stimulation. Conclusions:Both of two methods could be used to examine the migration of VSMC under serum starvation condition and Wound healing assay was more suitable to be chosen.

Objective:To analyze morphologic variation and functional conditions of circle of Willis. Methods:Cadavers and vascular castings were well prepared for surveying. A compared study was done between static and dynamic specimen in normal and pathologic groups. Results:Compared study showed that there was no significant difference about the types of circle of Willis between normal adult cadavers group and dynamic angiographic groups. Significant difference existed between dynamic normal group and dynamic angiographic group, as well between dynamic normal group and dynamic angiographic group about the feeding types of PCA. Conclusions:Overall assessment of morphologic variation and functional condition of circle of Willis by using of fetal and adult specimens, cadaver and living body, dynamic and static state, normal and abnormal study is the best way for making a precise diagnosis and giving a adequate treatment for cerebrovascular diseases.

糖尿病是严重危害人类健康的重大疾病之一.且近年来此病的发病率呈上升趋势,目前治疗该病的有效方法是胰岛素治疗,给社会和家庭带来了沉重的负担.胰岛移植虽是治疗此病的有效手段,但面临胰岛供体匮乏,免疫排斥以及使用免疫抑制剂给病人带来痛苦等困难.能找到可以避免上述困难又能有效分泌胰岛素的细胞将给亿万糖尿病病人带来福音.

1型糖尿病是由于自身免疫或者其他特殊原因引起的胰岛B细胞破坏,造成胰岛素的绝对不足,从而引起以高血糖为特征的代谢紊乱[1].患者为了生存必须接受外源性胰岛素治疗.尽管外源性胰岛素可以降低血糖,改善症状.但是其疗效是暂时的,患者必须终生使用.因而胰岛移植是一个有希望完全治愈糖尿病的治疗手段,但是由于当前移植用胰岛细胞主要来源于尸体,这个来源的胰岛细胞根本不能满足1型糖尿病患者的需要.如何寻找一个稳定的胰岛细胞来源成为当今的热点问题[2].干细胞作为具有全能分化潜能的细胞可以向内、中、外三个胚层的任何细胞分化.那么在理论上从干细胞可以衍生出任何一种细胞.而且干细胞在体外培养时只要保持在未分化状态就可以无限传代,并且反复传代以后也并不影响其分化能力,这一特性使干细胞有希望成为一个非常稳定的细胞库[3].干细胞主要包括胚胎干细胞、生殖干细胞和成体干细胞[4].通过对胚胎发育的研究,发现胰岛是由一组ck-19阳性的胰腺导管上皮细胞在一定发育阶段向外分泌组织中移行形成的.据此,提出胰腺的成体干细胞存在于胰腺导管上皮细胞之中,研究者称其为胰腺导管上皮样细胞[5,6].相对于体外培养胚胎干细胞的严格要求、繁琐步骤和高额花费,成体干细胞无论是提取还是培养都要容易进行得多.作为一种更经济的方法,成体干细胞迅速受到各国研究者的关注.本文将对正常昆明小鼠的胰腺导管上皮样细胞的分离、培养、纯化、传代以及鉴定技术做一研究.

Objective: To explore the projective rules of cerebral arteries and the displaying rate of their main branches during cerebral angiographic examination. Methods: 51 cases normal series images were selected from the DSA images of 140 cases of cerebral angiogram randomly. The main revealed branches were analyzed at lateral and anteroposterior projection via ICA and VA. The projective rules of A1 segment, M1 segment and P1 segment were deduced respectively. Their anatomical characteristics and variation were also summarized separately. Results: Variations of the cerebral arteries at the base of the brain were very common. Table 2 and table 3 showed the displaying rate of main vessel branches of ICA and VA. Table 4 showed the projective rules of A1 , M1 and P1 segment on anteroposterior view. Table 5 showed the projective rules of OA, PCoA and AChA on lateral view. Conclusions: Although existing complicated anatomic relation among the vessels on the base of the brain, the courses of them can be described briefly as level, ascending and descending and so on for the DSA images. The hemodynamics of the cerebral arteries can be also reflected on the image vividly by adjusting the projective positions.

Objective: To explore the origin, branch, course and variation of the arteries on the base of the brain and provide the anatomical basis for interventional neuroradiologic procedures. Methods: 60 cases chinese adult cadaveric brain were well prepared for the sake of surveying the origin, branch, course and variation of circle of willis and measuring its length, external diameter. Results: Regardless of the fact that variations of arteria basilaris were very common, laws can be also followed during the interventional approach: 81.5% ACAs originated from the anterior wall of ICAs, 67.2% ACoAs communicated with the lateral wall of ACAs, 75.5% PCoAs came from the posterior-external wall of ICAs and 88.3% PCAs came from external wall of BAs. Conclusions: The consulting length and diameter data of circle of Willis provided for chinese are offered in this study. Those are useful for catheterization and beneficial to prefabricate special catheters and guding wires.

近年研究发现,哺乳动物无论在胚胎发育期还是在成年,其中枢神经系统内都存在具有自我增殖和多向分化潜能的神经干细胞[1～3],这一发现为神经损伤修复的研究提供了一条新思路.分离培养神经干细胞,并在体外稳定的增殖与分化,为研究神经干细胞的增殖、分化特性、干细胞移植以及建立细胞系等,提供了细胞来源和保证.

Objective To understand the therapeutic and side effects of intravenous drip of tiopronin for treating medicamentous liver lesion. Method Patients aged 25~60 years old were randomly allocated into 2 groups. During successive 30 days, the patients in Experiment Group (n=30) were treated with tiopronin 0.2g in 250ml glucose and saline once a day and Control Group (n=30) with reduced glutathione 1.2g in 250ml glucose and saline once a day. The level of ALT, AST and TBIL before and after treatment were observed. Results The normalization period of ALT level in Experiment Group was shorter than that in Control Group (P0.05), while no significant differences of AST and TBIL level were observed in 2 groups (P0.05) showing tiopronin had better effect in recovering liver cell membrane and protecting liver cells from second attack of the drug. Besides, no obvious side-effect were observed in tiopronin group except 2 cases with transient populoid eruption. Conclusion Tiopronin is effective and safe in treatment of medicamentous liver lesion.

重组钩体基因疫苗与各株钩体抗原交叉免疫反应重组钩体基因多肽疫苗候选抗原p68(分子量68×103)是作者构建的问号钩体赖型017株基因库筛选的重组质粒表达抗原.该疫苗候选抗原具良好免疫原性,能激起体内强有力T-B细胞协同效应的特异性体液免疫反应和动物保护性(BALB/c小鼠、豚鼠).然而,好的交叉保护是作为衡量疫苗候选抗原的金标准.