This study explores the potential for combining offshore wind and wave resources in the East China Sea, motivated by the increasing interest in offshore renewable energy for enhancing power output and reducing intermittency and variability. The research focuses on three primary objectives: i) analyzing the spatial distribution and variation patterns of offshore wind and wave energy; ii) evaluating the correlation and complementarity between these two resources; and iii) assessing the stability of combined offshore wind and wave farms at various ratios by examining intra-annual variability, power smoothing capabilities, and downtime periods. Our analysis reveals that the Taiwan Strait has the lowest complementarity between wind and wave resources, whereas the Zhejiang coast exhibits the highest complementarity. The suggested best areas for future combined exploitation are along the Zhejiang coast. Specifically, compared to standalone wind or wave farms, intra-annual variation can be reduced by 20-40 % with 40-70 % wind farm capacity. Additionally, the coefficient of variation can be lowered by 10-20 % with 40-50 % wind farm capacity. Furthermore, employing integrated approaches reduces downtime by approximately 10 % compared to operating wind farms independently.

China has embarked on the promotion of offshore solar photovoltaic (PV) development along its coastal regions in pursuit of carbon neutrality. An evaluation of the inherent features and exploitative potential of offshore solar PV resource stands as a pivotal measure to the development and utilization of China's offshore solar PV resource. To this end, the tripartite objectives of this study unfold as follows: i) investigating offshore solar energy features, which include spatial distribution of PV resource and its monthly and hourly variations, along with an examination of climate change impacts; ii) analyzing ocean conditions that exert an influence on offshore solar PV farms; and iii) proposing criteria for assessing the suitability of offshore solar PV development, considering both resource characteristics and ocean conditions, thereby identifying the most promising areas for forthcoming offshore PV projects. The findings reveal that the South China Sea has the richest offshore solar PV resource and the least intra-annual fluctuation, despite challenging ocean conditions. Over the past 60 years, there has been a slight decrease in the solar resources in the majority of the South China Sea, in contrast to a marginal upswing observed in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Recommendations for future offshore solar PV development suggest considering the southwest waters of Hainan Island, where the proportion of annual PV power generation to power consumption of the island in 2022 is nearly 225%.

Extreme ocean conditions during typhoons pose significant challenges to the sustainable utilization of ocean renewable energy. This study focuses on analyzing the wind and sea states within typhoon systems and the variations in offshore wind & wave energy flux during typhoons passing over the northern South China Sea (SCS) from 2000 to 2022. The trajectories and intensities of 769 typhoons in the Western Pacific, along with wind & wave energy flux variations during 155 instances of typhoons making landfall in the SCS, are isolated for comprehensive analysis. Specifically, the safety of energy exploitation during severe typhoon Hato (2017) is assessed considering the local met -ocean condition during typhoon passing and the survival ocean conditions of Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) and Wave Energy Converters (WECs). The WRF model and FVCOM-SWAVE model are used to provide necessary winds and waves during the passage of Hato with simulations validated against observations for reliable safety assessments. The results show that, over the past 22 years, the regions spanning from northern Guangdong to the Luzon Strait have been subjected to robust winds and formidable waves. The average values of Wind Power Density (WPD) and Wave Power Flux (WPF) during typhoons have exceeded 1500 W/m 2 and 20 kW/m, respectively. In the Hato typhoon system, the maximum wind speed surpasses 60 m/s, while the significant wave height is about 10 m. Moreover, the survival capabilities of current OWTs (MySE5.5-155, SWT-6.0-154, SWT-7.0-154, SG 8.0 - 167 DD and D10000-185) and WECs (Sea Power and CycWEC) are assessed, demonstrating their ability to withstand the entire typhoon lifetime. Therefore, OWTs and WECs exhibit robust survival capabilities through comprehensive assessments based on the validated numerical simulation results, facing extreme typhoon conditions.

Climate change is driving the urgent need for sustainable and renewable energy sources to mitigate its impacts and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ocean wave energy, as one of the promising alternatives to fossil fuels, plays a critical role in providing renewable energy in coastal areas. To fully exploit regional wave energy potential, various performance metrics of wave energy converters (WECs) need to be considered to optimize location decisions and WEC categories. This study introduces an integrated approach by incorporating a novel factor, the maximum consecutive cut-off duration of WECs due to extreme weather conditions. It aims to enhance the efficiency of WEC selection and deployment location optimization in the southern and eastern Asian seas. Through 45 years of high-resolution (up to 250 m) ocean wave simulations, conducted using WaveWatch III (R)(WW3) on unstructured mesh, Wave Dragon was identified as providing the highest index. This study suggests that placing WECs along the coastlines of the South China Sea, the eastern and northern Bay of Bengal, the western sector of the Malay Archipelago, and parts of the Arafura Sea may result in the most efficient conversion of wave energy in the southern and eastern Asian seas. While the proposed approach alone may not dictate deployment decisions, this study provides an applicable index to potentially rank WEC deployment options in the eastern and southern Asian seas, by considering both exploitable wave energy production, and long-term stability.

Summary Grain weight is an important determinant of grain yield. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms for grain size remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we identify a rice mutant grain weight 9 ( gw9 ), which exhibits larger and heavier grains due to excessive cell proliferation and expansion in spikelet hull. GW9 encodes a nucleus‐localized protein containing both C2H2 zinc finger (C2H2‐ZnF) and VRN2‐EMF2‐FIS2‐SUZ12 (VEFS) domains, serving as a negative regulator of grain size and weight. Interestingly, the non‐frameshift mutations in C2H2‐ZnF domain result in increased plant height and larger grain size, whereas frameshift mutations in both C2H2‐ZnF and VEFS domains lead to dwarf and malformed spikelet. These observations indicated the dual functions of GW9 in regulating grain size and floral organ identity through the C2H2‐ZnF and VEFS domains, respectively. Further investigation revealed the interaction between GW9 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase protein GW2, with GW9 being the target of ubiquitination by GW2. Genetic analyses suggest that GW9 and GW2 function in a coordinated pathway controlling grain size and weight. Our findings provide a novel insight into the functional role of GW9 in the regulation of grain size and weight, offering potential molecular strategies for improving rice yield.

In this study, a numerical investigation of potential sites for tidal current energy extraction is performed in Southern China seas by using the 3D hydrodynamic model FVCOM. The accuracy of the numerical model is validated by using 15-day data from 95 tide stations and 12 current stations. This study identifies 13 potential sites from 6 regions of interest where strong currents and appropriate water depths are suitable for tidal energy development. The modeling results show that the Dongchong Channel of Sansha Bay contains the highest depthaveraged tidal power density, reaching nearly 5000 W/m2. Moreover, the quantitative analysis is performed for different Tidal Current Turbines (TCTs) at the potential sites, considering not only energy yield but also stability of power output. The results indicate that the NNU-300 kW turbine with a rated power of 300 kW and a rotor diameter of 17 m performs the best in most locations in relatively deep water, while the Nova's M100-D turbine with a rated power of 100 kW and a rotor diameter of 8.5 m is the most appropriate device in relatively shallow water sites. In addition, for most selected types of TCTs, the site H11 near the Fujian coast is the most promising location for future tidal farm development.

There is an increasing interest in co-exploiting marine energies of various types, as it can reduce grid connection and maintenance costs and enhance electricity production. A threefold objective of this work is as follows: i) investigate offshore wind and wave energy potential, complementarity & synergy, and correlation between the two resources in southern China's coastal region using long-term data; ii) analyze the benefits of wind-wave joint exploitation considering specific offshore wind turbine (OWT) and wave energy converter (WEC); and iii) propose a new index to determine the suitability for co developing wind-wave projects. The results show that the Beibu Gulf and Taiwan Strait experience the highest correlation between the two resources, in contrast to the Zhejiang coast that exhibits the lowest one. On the other hand, the east waters of Taiwan and Zhejiang coast have the highest synergy. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative analysis shows that the combined device generates less variable power output and zero production in the areas with low correlation and high synergy than the OWT/WEC operating alone. The suggested best sites for future joint exploitation are along the Zhejiang coast, with the potential of generating nearly 40 GWh/year per combined device of SWT-6.0-154 and 6 MW Wave Dargon.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, based on the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) dataset, the spatio-temporal variations of wind resources were analyzed in the South China Sea. An approach to determine suitable locations of offshore wind energy extraction was proposed and applied to the south and southeast coasts of China. The approach took into account various criteria, including long-term change and wave condition, with different weights. The results showed that Luzon Strait and Taiwan Strait have higher wind energy potential than other areas, while the intra-annual fluctuation in Luzon Strait is significantly high, ranging from 400 to 2500 W/m(2) and thus it is not suitable to provide stable power output. The investigation of the long-term change showed that most of the South China Sea experienced a remarkable decrease in the period of 1971-1980, while the overall long-term wind energy trend during five decades was mostly even. The investigation in selected sites indicated that the most suitable location for wind power exploitation is the nearshore of Quanzhou, Fujian, near which there are wind farms under construction, already. The suggested future offshore wind power development is along the coasts of Hong Kong, with the potential of generating 35.36 MWh/y per wind turbine of type SWT-7.0-154. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[目的]水稻粒形是影响水稻产量和决定稻米外观品质的主要性状之一.筛选和鉴定新的粒形突变材料,可为研究水稻籽粒发育的调控机制奠定基础.[方法]粳稻品种中花11经1％的EMS处理,在诱变群体中获得一份窄粒突变体gw4(grain width on chromosome 4);分析粒形和其他主要农艺性状,在扫描电镜下观察颖壳细胞变化;利用突变体与籼稻品种台中本地1号配组的F2分离群体,选择隐性个体完成基因的精细定位;开展生物信息和测序分析,确定定位区间的候选基因;采用RT-PCR分析该基因在根、茎、叶、鞘、穗等组织中的表达模式及其他粒形相关基因的表达水平.[结果]与野生型相比,除了表现窄粒外,gw4的粒长、千粒重、每穗粒数、一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数等显著下降;扫描电镜发现gw4的颖壳内外表皮细胞均小于野生型;遗传分析表明该窄粒表型受一对单隐性核基因控制;通过开发的新标记最终将该基因定位在第4染色体BS6与EX49两个标记之间约31.74 kb的范围内;测序结果发现在LOC_Os04g01590基因编码区发生了一个由G至A的单碱基突变,导致原来编码的甘氨酸变成了天冬氨酸;qRT-PCR结果表明,LOC_Os04g01590主要在幼穗中表达,且在突变体中表达显著下降.[结论]GW4主要调控水稻粒宽的发育,预测LOC_Os04g01590为其候选基因.这为进一步丰富粒形的遗传调控网络打下了基础.

[目的]水稻叶片是理想株型的主要组成部分.筛选和鉴定新的叶形突变材料,可为研究叶发育调控机制和塑造叶片理想形态打下基础.[方法]由粳稻品种武运粳31经EMS(ethyl methane sulphonate)诱变获得窄叶突变体nal12(narrow leaf 12);通过表型测量分析剑叶至倒4叶的叶片长度、宽度、大脉数和小脉数,并进行组织切片和显微观察;将突变体nal12与籼稻品种台中本地1号(TN1)杂交,在F2分离群体中选取了1709个具窄叶突变表型的单株,通过已有的SSR、STS和新开发的分子标记进行精细定位.[结果]nal12在幼苗期就表现出了窄叶性状,在成熟期植株较野生型矮小,分蘖增多,茎秆变细.经组织切片观察分析,nal12叶片变窄是由于大脉和小脉数量减少造成.遗传分析表明该窄叶表型受单一隐性核基因调控;最终将该基因定位在第10染色体上LC2-RF37与LC4R-RF39标记之间约64.7 kb的范围内.该区间内共有10个开放阅读框,其中并无已报道的窄叶相关基因.qRT-PCR结果表明,NAL12基因的突变会影响生长素合成与运输相关基因的表达.[结论]NAL12为一个新的叶形调控基因.这为进一步研究水稻叶片发育,丰富其分子调控网络打下了基础.

法律移植是比较法中一个不可忽略的问题,但对于它的具体含义、可行性与否,全球的学者们似乎永远都在争议着,其中尤以美国比较法学家艾伦·沃森和法国法学家皮埃尔·勒沆的唇枪舌战最为激烈。本文简要梳理了二人的此番旷世争辩,并结合方孔先生的深刻点评,得出法律移植是在共性的自然法基础之上的实在法范畴内的行为。

International private law is the legal department to adjust the foreign civil and commercial le-gal relations arising from the international intercourse.From the late middle ages in Europe to the global development of the 21st century, theories of international private law have played an important role in the legislation and practice of international private law.From the traditional international private law doctrine highlighting legal certainty in the form of justice, to the modern international private law doctrine advoca-ting flexibility of the rules in substantive justice, until today's"the closest connection theory"embodied with both advantages, we can conclude that the history of international private law's development is a process that traditional and modern theory interweave with each other.

Objective To evaluate the changes of trabeculae microstructure in the tensional side of the hip fracture area.Methods Sixteen elderly patients with low-energy femoral neck fractures and undergone arthroplasty were selected in the experimental group.Bone mineral density of the healthy side of the hip was examined before the operation.Five femurs in control group were obtained from 5 young cadavers due to difficult sample collection.Trabecular specimens of 5 mm ×5 mm ×10 mm were obtained from the tensional side of femoral neck trabeculae in both experiment and control group.The difference of microstructure between the 2 groups and the correlation between microstructure parameters and BMD of patients in experiment group were analyzed. Results Microstructure in the experimental gourp:Bone volume/tissue volume ( BV/TV) 0.0645 ±0.0259, trabecular number (Tb.N) (0.8078 ±0.2212) mm-1, trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) (0.0836 ±0.0212) mm, trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) (1.2197 ±0.4492) mm, connect density (Conn.D) 1.8577 ±1.0217, structure mode index (SMI) 1.778 ±0.5168.Microstructure in the control group :BV/TV 0.1470 ±0.0633,Tb.N (1.2692 ±0.1376) mm-1,Tb.Th (0.1201 ±0.0414) mm,Tb.Sp (0.6810 ± 0.1129) mm,Conn.D 3.3585 ±1.7851,SMI 0.8781 ±0.6665.Comparing to control group, the trabecular of the tensional side in experiment group was obviously destroyed.All the microstructure parameters were altered obviously, and the changes were statistically significant (P<0.05).No correlation was found between microstructure parameters and BMD in experiment group (P>0.05).Conclusion The microstructure of the trabecular in the tensional side of the hip is deteriorated in patients with osteoporosis.This may be one of the important causes of the hip fracture.

OBJECTIVETo compare the stability provided by a allogeneic tendon with a screw for the treatment of ligamentous Lisfranc injury.METHODSSix fresh-frozen, paired cadaveric feet were loaded in the condition of Lisfranc ligament-intact, injury and fixation models. With axial or abduction stress, the distance between medial cuneiform and second metatarsal was recorded.RESULTSWith both two types of stress, there were statistically significant differences in motion detected between the intact and post-injury conditions (all P = 0.000), and the magnitudes were greater with abduction [(4.14 +/- 1.02) mm] than axial load [(1.60 +/- 0.64) mm]. In screw fixation group, the mean position changes under axial load and abduction load were (1.53 +/- 0.62) mm and (4.06 +/- 1.05) mm in post-injury model respectively, while the changes were (0.76 +/- 0.35) mm and (1.20 +/- 0.53) mm in the fixation model (all P = 0.000) which were not statistical different to that in the intact model. In allogeneic tendon fixation group, the mean position changes were (1.66 +/- 0.65) mm and (4.21 +/- 1.00) mm in the post-injury model, while were (0.90 +/- 0.41) mm and (1.33 +/- 0.61) mm in the fixation model (all P = 0.000) which also were not statistical different to that in the intact model.CONCLUSIONUnder abduction stress, a significantly greater difference was found between pre- and post-injury, which may be valuable for diagnosing and testing ligamentous Lisfranc injury. Allogeneic tendon fixation can provide similar stability as screw fixation in ligamentous Lisfranc injury.

解剖臀区及股后区深层结构时,经对比观察发现:该标本左下肢半腱肌发生了变异,其上附着有一块梭形肌肉(附图如下).

This paper introduces the basic concepts and principles of object-orientation,software reuse and component technology.It also discusses the main research respects,developing processes,constructing methods and the present situation of the component-based software development.

提出了限高广义哈夫曼树的概念,证明了有关的定理和结论,构造了限高广义哈夫曼树的算法,最后在汉字编码方面进行了应用.

GeoStar is a object-oriented geographical information system, which integrates various data sources such as vector, attribute, DEM and image. The authors discuss spatial vector object model, data organization, data management and object implementation.