Objective:The result of influenza etiology surveillance in Chuxiong prefecture were analyzed to master the epidemic characteristics of influenza virus and provide scientific basis for influenza prevention and control.Methods:Real-time PCR assay and MDCK cell culture method were used to detect and separate influenza virus nucleic acids from influenza-like cases (ILI) and suspected influenza cases from 2017 to 2022 come from the sentinel hospitals.Results:From 2017 to 2022, a total of 7 302 cases of ILI and 1 079 cases were detected positive, with a positive rate of 14.78%. The positive rate in the six years was 14.71%、15.44%、20.11%、5.04%、10.90% and 21.08%, and the positive rate in 2020 was the lowest. Among them, the positive rate of influenza A was higher than that of influenza B, and higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn., One H9N2 human infected with avian influenza virus was detected positive.The outbreak cases were mainly influenza B, followed by influenza A H3N2, and students were susceptible to it. The proportion of influenza-like cases in the 0~5 year old group was the highest (64.16%), and the protortion in 60~year old group was the lowest (0.05%).Conclusions:From 2017 to 2022, influenza A was predominant in Chuxiong prefecture, with high prevalence in winter and spring. The influenza strains presented diversity and each strain circulated alternately. The implementation of COVID-19 prevention and control measures can effectively reduce the infection rate of influenza virus .In addition, there are human cases of avian influenza infection in Chuxiong prefecture. So the surveillance of influenza-like cases should be strengthened an improved, and to expand the monitoring of human and avian influenza.

随着社会的快速发展和生活水平的提升,人们对于食品安全性的关注度越来越高.食品安全是维系社会稳定的重要部分.本文结合多年风险监测的工作经验,对现今食品安全风险监测的质量控制进行探讨,分析风险监测质量控制的现状和问题,并采取相应的应对措施,提升风险监测和质量控制的水平.

目的 了解楚雄地区过桥米线微生物污染状况,获得地域代表性数据.方法 按照《2017年云南省食品安全风险监测方案》,采用国家标准规定的检测方法,对60份过桥米线样品进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌计数、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、变形杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特杆菌8个微生物指标检测.结果 60份过桥米线样品中,菌落总数检出率83.33％(50/60),大肠埃希氏菌计数检出率40.00％(24/60),霉菌计数检出率65.00％(39/60);致病菌总检出率33.33％(20/60),共检出食源性致病菌23株,检出菌株数(检出率)分别是:蜡样芽胞杆菌9株(15.00％)、金黄色葡萄球菌6株(10.00％)、变形杆菌5株(8.33％)、沙门氏菌3株(5.00％),单核细胞增生李斯特杆菌未检出.结论 楚雄地区过桥米线微生物污染严重,应加强监管,控制食用安全风险;同时应尽快制定云南省地方特色食品过桥米线的食品质量或安全标准.

Objective To investigate the content of heavy metals and assess heavy metals contamination and health related risks of common edible fungi in Chuxiong.Methods The content of total mercury (Hg),cadmium (Cd),lead (Pb),and arsenic (As) in edible fungi were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluoresce spectrometry,and assessment of heavy metals contamination was made by single factor pollution index.Results The detection rate of heavy metals was 100％ in 86 edible fungi samples,the exceeding standard rate of heavy metals was 44.19％,and the exceeding standard rate of Hg was higher than that of Cd,As,and Pb (P＜0.01).There were significant differences in the content of the same heavy metal in edible fungi in different species and different areas.The quality of edible fungi samples could be evaluated as grade three.The intemational food standard (IFS) of dried edible fungi and fresh wild boletus were both higher than 1.Conclusion The current situation of heavy metals contamination of Hg,Cd,Pb,and As in edible fungi cannot be ignored.The heavy metal contamination degree and food safety risk level of wild boletus are both high.Close attention should be paid to the risk management since there are definite health hazards to human body.

Objective To investigate the drug resistance and variation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tuberculosis) in sputum specimen of tuberculosis(TB) patients in Chuxiong,so as to provide technical basis for developing TB control programs.Methods M.tuberculosis was collected from sputum specimen of TB patients in CDCs distributing in 10 counties(or areas) of Chuixong during 2011-2015,so as to identify its type and perform sensitivity test of anti-tuberculosis drugs.Results A total of 839 strains of M.tuberculosis were identified,with 92.85％ for human type,2.14％ for cattle type and 5.01％ for NTM;the rates of drug resistance were 11.80％ for INH,7.51％ for RFP,12.28％ for SM,4.05％ for EMB,5.36％ for KN and 5.36％ for OFX,respectively.Moreover,the resistance rates of different resistance types were 23.72％ for overall resistance rate,12.63％ for single resistance rate,5.24％ for MDR-TB,5.84％ for multi-resistance,1.19％ for XDR-TB,and 1.67％ for second-line resistance.Conclusion The pulmonary lesions were mainly caused by human type M.tuberculosis in Chuxiong,the proportion for NTM was low,even though,the drug resistance rate was significantly high.Importantly,XDR-TB was higher than the national average level,and there was no marked association between sexes,ages,nations,professions and the drug resistance of M.tuberculosis.Finally,the overall resistance rate and MDR-TB were significantly higher than average level of Chuxiong.

目的 掌握楚雄州食品中病原微生物的污染水平及变化趋势,为制定食源性疾病防控措施及食品安全标准提供技术依据.方法 2015-2016年对楚雄州10个县(市)的城乡农贸市场、超市、便利店、学校食堂、流动摊点、餐饮店、屠宰场等场所采集不同种类的食品,进行病原微生物检测.结果 共监测21个品种442件样品,致病菌总检出率为11.76％,其中蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率8.14％,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率1.36％,沙门氏菌检出率1.13％,副溶血性弧菌检出率0.90％,单核细胞增生李斯特菌检出率0.23％.结论 楚雄州各采样环节的食品受病原微生物污染的情况比较普遍,尤其以即食食品、散装食品更为突出,应该引起各级卫生行政部门及食品监管机构的高度重视.

Objective To master the distribution and mutation law of avian influenza virus in external environment in Chuxiong prefecture,so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by viruses of H5N1,H5N6 and H7N9 subtype.Methods During every January-April in 2014-2016,according to the Project of Environmental Monitoring of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Yunnan Province,we detected the nucleic acid of avian influenza viruses collected from large poultry farms,transaction markets of poultry and poultry parks locating in villages or towns of Chuxiong prefecture.Results 199 samples were collected,and the positive rate was 20.1％.The positive rate of A/H5 subtype was 2.5％,that of A/H9 was 16.1％,that of A/Unknown was 1.5％.Positive A/H1,A/H3 and A/H7 were not detected.Conclusion The main subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in external environment in Chuxiong prefecture are A/H9 and A/H5.The positive samples are mainly from transaction markets of poultry.The positive samples of A/H5 subtype concentrated inChuxiong.Therefore,Chuxiong is a crucial area with preventing and controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by viruses of H5N1 and H5N6 in Yunnan Province.The environmental monitoring of highly pathogenic avian influenza should focus on transaction markets of poultry.

目的 分析楚雄州麻疹/风疹疑似病例标本实验室检测结果,为消除麻疹和控制风疹疫情提供科学依据.方法 用ELISA法对415例病例血清标本进行麻疹和风疹IgM抗体测定,用real-time RT-PCR对415例病例咽拭子及尿液标本进行麻疹和风疹病毒核酸检测.结果 415例疑似病例麻疹病毒核酸检测及IgM抗体检测阳性仅有1例,均为同一病例,阳性率为0.24％.风疹病毒IgM抗体阳性率为7.95％,咽拭子标本、尿液标本风疹病毒核酸测阳性率分别为18.07％和9.64％,3种标本阳性率间差异有统计学意义(x2=23.296,P＜0.01).ELISA法检测风疹病毒IgM抗体阳性率与real-time RT-PCR法核酸检测阳性率间差异有统计学意义(r=27.556,P＜0.01).结论 本州麻疹疫情控制较好,但风疹疫情态势严峻,应加强对风疹疫情的控制;real-time RT-PCR法阳性率高于ELISA法,进行麻疹/风疹病原学检测时应重点采集咽拭子标本.

目的 掌握楚雄州食品中化学污染物及有害因素污染的情况和变化趋势,为防控食源性疾病及制(修)订食品安全标准提供依据.方法 2011年-2015年对楚雄州10个县(市)的农贸市场、超市、专卖店、餐饮店、城乡小卖部、学校食堂、流动摊点、种植、养殖等场所,采集食品样品进行检验检测及分析评估.结果 化学污染物常规监测:共监测14个品种1242件样品,合格1102件,合格率为88.7％;化学污染物专项监测:共监测14个品种486件样品,合格476件,合格率为97.9％;食源性致病菌监测:共监测27个品种1170件样品,合格756件,合格率为64.6％,检出致病菌73株.结论 楚雄州不同类别的食品在种植、养殖、加工生产、储藏运输、销售等环节化学物质污染超标,存在一定的风险;相关食品在加工生产方面有滥用食品添加剂的情况,需加大监管力度;食品受病原微生物污染比较普遍,引发食源性疾病的风险较大.

[目的]了解楚雄州疾控机构实验室能力建设现状，为进一步强化疾控机构实验室能力建设，提高疾控整体能力提出建议。[方法]对楚雄州及10个县市疾控中心实验室人员、仪器设备、检验能力、应急能力、质量管理、档案管理等情况进行调查和分析。[结果]①疾控中心实验室面积占房屋总面积的比例：州级为24.8%，县级为29.93%；②检验人员占专业技术人员比例：州级为19.66%，县级为12.3%；③仪器设备配置类别达标率和台件数达标率：州级A类87.72%、87.83%，B类54.17%、47.81%，C类24.14%、37.10%；县级平均A类76.15%、68.69%，B类18.30%、13.65%，C类9.64%、9.31%；④检测项目达标率：州级A类为73.01%，B类为18.05%；县级平均A类为76.27%，B类为38.20%。[结论]楚雄州疾控机构现有实验室面积小，检验人员数量不足，仪器设备装备和检测能力达不到国家相关要求，与正常工作需要还有一定差距。需进一步强化人力资源配置、增加投入、添置必需的仪器设备、加强业务技术培训，将实验室质量管理落到实处，促进实验室能力的快速提升。

[目的]了解楚雄州手足口病的病原体型别流行分布特征,为今后制定预防控制手足口病的防治策略提供依据。[方法]对2012年楚雄州各县(市)上送的手足口病临床诊断病例标本615份进行病毒核酸提取,采用荧光PCR法检测EV71和COXA16。[结果]EV71和COXA16阳性率分别为6.02%和48.29%,EV71和COXA16构成比分别为11.08%和88.92%。[结论]楚雄州目前手足口病的主要病原是COXA16和EV71还存在由其他肠道病毒引起的手足口病;手足口病易感人群为学龄前儿童;春夏季高发,发病高峰为5-6月,EV71在下半年有扩散的情况。

[目的]对楚雄州流感流行特征及流感病毒毒株型别进行分析,探讨科学有效的流感防控措施。[方法]收集2006～2010年楚雄州流感监测系统流感样病例(ILI)监测资料,对病毒分离与鉴定结果以及暴发疫情信息进行描述流行病学分析。[结果]2006～2010年间,哨点监测医院共报告ILI 10139例,0～15岁组报告了7364例,占72.63%,ILI占门诊量百分比和流感病毒检出阳性高峰均出现在1～4月和9～11月;共检测ILI咽拭子标本2 942份,检出流感病毒阳性255份,季H1型、季H3型和B型流感病毒检出阳性率最高的均是5～14岁年龄组,甲型H1N1流感病毒检出阳性率最高的是15～24岁年龄组(χ2=81.37,P=0.001);共报告流感暴发疫情13起,发生在3月(8起)和9～10月(5起),分布在7个县(市)9个乡镇的中小学校。[结论]流感样病例(ILI)存在春季和秋季2个流行高峰,15岁以下儿童是流感防控的重点人群,加强中小学校流感防控工作、增加流感疫苗接种时间、不同人群有选择性地接种相应组份的流感疫苗是楚雄州预防和控制流感发病的重要措施。