牛巴贝斯虫病是一种由硬蜱传播的血液原虫病,其流行范围广,呈全球性分布.临床症状主要表现为贫血、发热、黄疸、血红蛋白尿等.严重时可导致牛死亡,给养牛业造成巨大的经济损失.本文总结牛巴贝斯虫病的病原种类、传播媒介、流行概况、诊断与防制等,为牛巴贝斯虫病的防控提供参考依据.

The objective of this investigation was to understand the epidemiology of fascioliasis in yaks in the alpine pastoral areas of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection was estimated by examining eggs in the feces of yaks and by autopsy after the slaughter. Yaks were sampled from a total of 16 representative counties in Qinghai province, and risk factors were assessed based on regional and age characteristics. Fecal samples were obtained from 1542 yaks aged 0–1 (<1 year old), 1–2 (≥1 year old and <3 years old), and over 3 years (≥3 years old). In addition, 242 yaks over 3 years old who had not undergone fecal examinations were randomly selected for autopsy. A total of 267 fecal samples were positive for Fasciola spp. eggs. The average infection rate was 17.32% (0–60.61%), and the average infection intensity was 51.9 eggs per gram (epg) of feces, with intensities ranging from 18 to 112 epg. In Maduo, Dari, Zhiduo, Chengduo, and Datong counties, the Fasciola spp. eggs infection rate was zero. Fasciola spp. adult flukes were detected in 66 out of 242 yaks at autopsy, with a total infection rate of 27.27% and an average infection intensity of 21.2 (adult worms), with intensities ranging from 3 to 46 worms. Logistic regression model analysis showed that age was a significant risk factor for yak infection with Fasciola spp. In addition, the risk varied between regions: Haiyan, Gangcha, Duran, and Wulan were all high-risk areas for yak infection with Fasciola spp. The spatial distribution of the Fasciola spp. infection rate in each region showed a very weak negative correlation (Moran’s I = −0.062), Duran formed a spatial distribution of high–low clusters with surrounding areas, and Datong formed a low–high clustering distribution characteristic with the surrounding areas. This investigation revealed that the infection rate of Fasciola spp. in yaks was higher on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Increasing age was a risk factor for infection with Fasciola spp.; different regions also have a different risk of Fasciola spp. infection. Only two regions showed clustering characteristics in the spatial distribution of infection rates. These findings extend the epidemiological information on Fasciola spp. infection in yaks and provide baseline data for the execution of control measures against Fasciola spp. infection.

为评价高原地区黄羽肉鸡、青脚麻鸡和黑麻鸡的生产性能,选取1日龄黄羽肉鸡、青脚麻鸡和黑麻鸡各3 000只,相同条件下饲养17周后出栏,测定每周的增重和生长速度.结果显示,黄羽肉鸡、青脚麻鸡和黑麻鸡统一管理条件下饲养17周,累计料重比分别为2.03∶、2.77∶1、2.91∶1;1～17周龄黄羽肉鸡的累计成活率为96.3％,明显高于青脚麻鸡的累计成活率(90.3％)和黑麻鸡的累计成活率(90.2％),青脚麻鸡和黑麻鸡成活率无明显差异;黄羽肉鸡、青脚麻鸡和黑麻鸡的出壳重差别不显著,饲养17周3个品种的相对生长速度无明显差异,黄羽肉鸡的绝对生长速度高于青脚麻鸡和黑麻鸡.试验结果表明,黄羽肉鸡的增重、各阶段的料重比和生长速度等生产性能优于青脚麻鸡和黑麻鸡.

采用有氧发酵技术,进行规模化鸡场粪便无害化处理及发酵处理生产有机肥.发酵产品检测结果:总养分9.5％、有机质含量为56％、含水量为28.6％、酸碱值pH7.7、蛔虫虫卵死亡率达到了 96％,未检出大肠杆菌、砷含量为6mg/kg、汞含量为0.19mg/kg、铅含量为9.89mg/kg、镉含量为0.248mg/kg、铬含量为720mg/kg.仅铬含量超标,其他成分的含量均达到国家标准要求.

为观察牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术防治示范应用效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的牦牛40头,应用埃谱利诺菌素注射剂,按0.2 mg/kg体重剂量进行牦牛线虫病及外寄生虫病规模防治技术示范,设埃谱利诺菌素注射剂防治组和未防治的对照组,进行防治效果检查.结果:技术示范群牦牛防治后7、14、21、28、35d对牦牛消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率均达100.0％,近中期防治效果佳;对牦牛原圆科线虫幼虫的转阴率分别为61.5％、92.3％、100.0％、100.0％和100.0％,减少率分别为67.2％、96.2％、100.0％、100.0％和100.0％,近期防治效果随时间的变化而逐步提高,在21d后均达100.0％.防治后146d对牦牛消化道线虫的虫卵转阴率、减少率分别达75.0％和88.7％;对牦牛原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别达90.0％和87.4％,远期防治效果显著.防治后第7d牛颚虱全部死亡干瘪,转阴率达100％,对牛颚虱有高效驱杀作用.结果表明应用本项技术防治牦牛主要寄生虫病高效安全低残留,能有效降低牦牛寄生虫病的危害,在冷季保膘、保重和提高牦牛成活率等方面效益显著,牧民乐于接受使用.

本试验应用1％埃谱利诺菌素注射剂,分别按0.1、0.2、0.3 mg/kg体重剂量皮下注射给药,并设1％伊维菌素(0.2 mg/kg)颈部皮下注射作药物对照与未给药的阳性对照组,评价对牦牛外寄生虫的驱杀效果.结果显示,埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2、0.3 mg/kg组在给药后3、7、14、21d对牛颚虱的转阴率均达100％;3、7、14d对草原革蜱的转阴率均达100％,21d转阴率分别为91.7％、100％.0.1 mg/kg剂量组的转阴率低于中、高剂量组.对照药物1％伊维菌素的转阴率与同剂量埃谱利诺菌素注射剂无明显差异.结果表明,埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.1、0.2、0.3 mg/kg体重剂量对上述两种外寄生虫均有杀虫效果,其中0.2、0.3 mg/kg剂量驱杀达高效,0.2 mg/kg剂量可作为推荐剂量.

为评价埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对绵羊消化道线虫驱虫效力,选择1.5岁自然感染消化道线虫的绵羊100只,随机分为5组,每组20只,1～3组为埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.4、0.5和0.6mg/kg.b w组,沿背部皮肤中线浇注给药,4组为埃谱利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组,按0.2mg/kg剂量颈部皮下注射,5组为阳性对照组,不给药;采用粪便虫卵检查法评价驱虫效果.结果:给药后7、14d检查,0.5mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为90.0％、95.0％,减少率分别为97.0％和99.3％;0.6mg/kg剂量给药后7、14d检查,对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率均达100.0％;0.4mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵的转阴率、减少率均低于0.5、0.6mg/kg剂量组.对照药物埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg剂量组对消化道线虫的驱虫效果略高于埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg剂量组;埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂3个剂量组试验绵羊未见异常反应.试验证明埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂0.4、0.5、0.6mg/kg体重剂量驱除绵羊消化道线虫安全有效,其中0.5、0.6mg/kg剂量高效安全低残留,推荐剂量以0.5mg/kg为宜.

本文从牛泰勒虫病的病原种类、传播媒介、流行情况、临诊表现、诊断、防治等方面的研究进行综述.

为评价埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对牦牛消化道线虫驱虫效力,选择1.5岁自然感染消化道线虫的牦牛100头,随机分为5组,每组20头,1～3组分别为埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/kg,b w组,沿背部皮肤中线浇注给药,4组为埃谱利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组,按0.2mg/kg剂量颈部皮下注射,5组为阳性对照组,不给药.结果:1.埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂0.5 mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫(除毛首线虫外)的虫卵转阴率、减少率分别达90.0％和97.2％;对线虫的总计驱虫率达96.8％.2.0.6mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫(除毛首线虫外)的虫卵转阴率、减少率均达100.0％;对线虫的总计驱虫率达98.8％.3.0.4 mg/kg剂量对线虫虫卵的转阴率、减少率、驱虫率均低于0.5、0.6mg/kg剂量组.4.对照药物埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2 mg/kg剂量组对线虫的驱虫效果与埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5 mg/kg剂量组无显著差异.5.埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂3个剂量组试验牦牛未见异常反应.试验证明埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂0.4、0.5、0.6 mg/kg体重剂量驱除牦牛消化道线虫安全有效.其中以0.5 mg/kg剂量高效安全低残留.

Background The schizothoracine fishes, an excellent model for several studies, is a dominant fish group of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). However, species populations have rapidly declined due to various factors, and infection with Echinorhynchus gymnocyprii is cited as a possible factor. In the present study, the molecular characteristics of E. gymnocyprii in four species of schizothoracine fishes from the QTP were explored. Methods We investigated the infection status of E. gymnocyprii in 156 schizothoracine fishes from the upper Yangtze River, upper Yellow River, and Qinghai Lake in Qinghai Province, China. The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1) gene of 35 E. gymnocyprii isolates from these fishes were sequenced and their characteristics analyzed. In addition, we inferred phylogenetic relationships of the E. gymnocyprii populations based on the rRNA-ITS and cox 1 sequences. Results The total prevalence of E. gymnocyprii in schizothoracine fishes was 57.69% (90/156). However, the prevalence among different species as well as that across the geographical locations of the schizothoracine fishes was significantly different. The results of sequence analysis showed that the four E. gymnocyprii populations from different hosts and regions of Qinghai Province were conspecific, exhibiting rich genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA-ITS and cox 1 sequences supported the coalescence of branches within E. gymnocyprii ; the cox 1 gene of E. gymnocyprii populations inferred some geographical associations with water systems. In addition, three species of schizothoracine fishes were recorded as new definitive hosts for E. gymnocyprii . Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular description of E. gymnocyprii populations in schizothoracine fishes from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau that provides basic data for epidemiological surveillance and control of acanthocephaliasis to protect endemic fish stocks.

为了解牦牛主要消化道线虫对阿苯达唑的抗药性,采用粪便虫卵减少试验,将60头供试牛随机分为4组,每组15头.1～3组为试验组,第4组为阳性对照组.按照分组对试验牛逐头称重、编号、记录,1～3组分别按5、10、15mg/kg体重剂量经口投服阿苯达唑片剂,第4组给予安慰剂.给药前1d,给药后7d和14d各组试验牛逐头直肠采粪,采用饱和盐水漂浮法进行实验室检查,统计消化道线虫1g粪便中的虫卵数(EPG).根据投药后7d和14d EPG的变化情况,奥斯特线虫7d的虫卵减少率为86.5％,90.4％,100％,14d的虫卵减少率为89.2％,93.8％,97.0％;马歇尔线虫7d的虫卵减少率为73.1％,96.2％,94.5％,14d的虫卵减少率为84.9％,98.0％,100％;细颈线虫7d的虫卵减少率为83.2％,90.4％,93.8％,14d的虫卵减少率为81.5％,93.3％,95.1％.结论:根据世界兽医寄生虫学促进协会(WAAVP)推荐的虫卵减少百分率95％置信域来判定虫体是否产生了抗药性,得出奥斯特线虫、细颈线虫和马歇尔线虫对阿苯达唑均未产生抗药性.

为评价埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂的驱虫效果与对牦牛线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范应用效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的牦牛150头,设埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/kg体重剂量组和埃谱利诺菌素注射剂对照组,进行驱虫效果评价;按0.5mg/kg体重剂量进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益.结果:药效试验中埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5 mg/kg对牦牛消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为96.7％和99.3％,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0％和97.8％;0.6 mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0％;0.4mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为83.0％,减少率为90.4％,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为76.7％和88.9％.在冬季应用埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂按0.5 mg/kg体重剂量对牦牛进行规模防治技术示范,近期防治示范群牦牛消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为96.7％,虫卵减少率为97.7％;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为93.3％和97.6％.远期防治效果达88.5％.同期检查未防治对照组牦牛虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加.埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg剂量试验组给药后第1d牦牛体表的牛颚虱活力减弱;第3d牛颚虱大部分死亡干瘪,部分虫体处于麻痹状态,活力较差;第7d检查牛颚虱全部死亡干瘪,杀灭率达100％;0.4mg/kg剂量,第3、7d检查杀灭效果次于上述剂量.而未防治的对照组牦牛上述外寄生虫活力旺盛,感染情况与给药前无明显变化.检查技术示范群比未示范群每头成年牦牛平均多增重或少减重5.76kg、幼年牛成活率平均提高2.51个百分点.结果表明该防治技术对牦牛主要寄生虫病高效安全低残留,效益显著.

为评价埃谱利诺菌素注射剂的驱虫药效与对放牧绵羊线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范应用效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的绵羊150只,设埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.1,0.2和0.3 mg/kg体重剂量组和埃谱利诺菌素原料药对照组,进行驱虫效果评价,按0.2 mg/kg体重剂量进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益.结果:药效试验中埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2 mg/kg剂量对绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为96.7％和99.3％,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0％和97.5％;0.3 mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0％;0.1mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为83.3％和90.4％,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为76.7％和88.9％.在冬季应用埃谱利诺菌素注射剂按0.2 mg/kg体重剂量对放牧绵羊进行规模防治技术示范,防治示范群绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为96.7％和97.7％;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为93.3％和97.6％.同期检查未防治对照组绵羊虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加.埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg剂量试验组给药后第1d绵羊体表的绵羊颚虱、足颚虱、羊蜱蝇活力旺盛;第3d绵羊颚虱、足颚虱大部分死亡干瘪,部分虫体移行到被毛表面,处于麻痹状态,活力较差;第7d检查对足颚虱的杀虫率达100％;绵羊颚虱全部死亡干瘪,杀虫率达100％;对羊蜱蝇的转阴率为83.3％.0.1mg/kg剂量,第3、7d检查杀灭效果次于上述剂量.未防治的对照组绵羊上述外寄生虫活力旺盛,感染情况与给药前无明显变化.同期检查技术示范群比未示范群每只成年羊平均少减重5.96kg、幼年羊成活率平均提高2.35个百分点.结果表明该防治技术对放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病高效安全,效益显著.

为评价伊维菌素注射剂的驱虫效果与对放牧绵羊线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的绵羊150只,设伊维菌素注射剂0.1,0.2和0.3mg/kg体重剂量组和伊维菌素片剂对照组,进行驱虫效果评价;在冬季应用伊维菌素注射剂按0.2mg/kg体重剂量对放牧绵羊进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益.结果:药效试验中伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg对绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为93.3％,99.3％,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0％和96.1％;0.3mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0％;0.1mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为76.7％,88.6％,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为66.7％和86.1％.防治示范群绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为93.3％,虫卵减少率为96.8％;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0％和96.2％.同期检查未防治对照组虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加.技术示范群比未示范群每只成年羊平均多增重5.47kg、幼年羊成活率平均提高2.1个百分点.结果表明该防治技术对放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病高效安全,效益显著.

为观察伊维菌素浇泼剂、注射剂对牦牛皮蝇蛆病的防治示范效果,选择放牧饲养的牦牛,伊维菌素浇泼剂按0.5mg/kg体重剂量沿背中线浇泼给药,伊维菌素注射剂按0.2mg/kg体重剂量颈部皮下注射给药,同时留未防治的对照群,分别在3、5月份采用触摸法抽样进行防治效果检查.结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂防治示范组牦牛2次检查的皮蝇蛆感染率在1.61％ ～3.23％之间,平均感染率2.42％,查出瘤疱和皮肤虫孔总数7个,平均感染强度1.75个,感染范围0～2个.2次检查未防治的对照组牦牛皮蝇蛆感染率在33.33％ ～ 38.89％之间,平均感染率为36.11％,查出瘤疱和皮肤虫孔总数152个,平均感染强度4.22个,感染范围0～14个.结果表明:伊维菌素浇泼剂防治示范组牦牛皮蝇蛆病治愈率为98.39％,驱虫率99.08％～99.54％,平均驱虫率99.31％;伊维菌素注射剂防治示范组牦牛皮蝇蛆病治愈率在98.39％～100.0％之间,平均治愈率为99.20％,驱虫率98.62％～100.0％,平均驱虫率99.31％.2种剂型的推荐剂量均达到了高效安全,可在高寒牧区牦牛皮蝇蛆病防治中推广应用.

The tabletting microscopy was used to examine the Sarcocystis infection in 390 yaks from thirteen counties of Qinghai province,including Yushu,Zhido,Jiuzhi,Dari,Guide,Xinghai,Guinan,Xunhua,Wulan,Tianjun,Menyuan and Qilian County.The results showed that 144 yaks were positive for Sarcocystis.The Sarcocystis infection rates of yaks were between 23.3％ and 53.3％,the average infection rate was 36.92％,and the average intensity of infection was 4.79/0.lg.The highest infection rate was found in Menyuan county,as high as 53.3％;the highest intensity of infection was in Wulan County,with the infection intensity of 10.1 (2.13 to 14.25) per 0.1 gram of tissue.These findings suggest that much attention should be paid to prevention and treatment of Sarcocystis infection of yaks in Qinghai province.