This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with walnut green husk phenolic extract on the laying performance, egg quality, and immune function in laying hens. A total of 360 healthy 43-week-old Hyline brown laying hens weighing (1.8±0.1) kg were randomly divided into three groups, with eight replicates per group and 15 hens per replicate. The control group (group CON) was fed a basal diet, while experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% walnut green husk phenolic extract in the basal diet, respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for seven days, and the formal trial period lasted for 60 days. The results showed that compared with group CON, there were no significant differences in laying rate, average daily feed intake, feed-to-egg ratio, and average egg weight among the experimental groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, yolk color, albumen height, and Haugh unit in each experimental group (P>0.05), but the egg shape index was significantly increased (P<0.05). The concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and complement C3 in the serum of group Ⅰ were significantly increased (P<0.05). Experimental group Ⅰ showed significantly increased jejunal villus height (VH), and crypt depth (CD) in jejunum and ileum (P<0.05), while the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH/CD) in jejunum and ileum was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The study shows that dietary supplementation with walnut green husk phenolic extract has not negatively affected laying performance and egg quality, can effectively enhance immune function and optimize intestinal morphology in laying hens, with a recommended addition level of 0.5%.

Introduction:Choline is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in lipid metabolism and growth performance in livestock. Methods:This study investigated the effects of rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation on serum metabolite profiles in fattening lambs. Twenty 3-month-old hybrid rams (Small-Tailed Han × Northeast Fine-Wool; initial body weight: 15.3 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10 each): a control group (CON; 0 g RPC/kg dry matter [DM]) and an RPC group (5 g RPC/kg DM). Over a 122-day feeding period, lambs were provided ad libitum access to feed and water, with feedings at 08:00 and 15:00 daily. Serum samples were collected at the end of the trial and analyzed using untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results:A wide range of metabolites were identified, including benzenoids, lipids and lipid-like molecules, nucleosides and nucleotides, organic acids, and derivatives. Pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed involvement in lipid, amino acid, vitamin, and carbohydrate metabolism. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed clear separation between CON and RPC groups. Triacylglycerol, L-methionine, plasmenylcholine, taurocholate, 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were identified as potential bio markers associated with increased hot carcass weight (HCW) and slaughter rate. Discussion:RPC supplementation significantly modulated the serum metabolome, enhancing HCW and slaughter rate, likely via lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism pathways.

为探究中药活性成分与抗菌药物联合对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效果及增敏效应,本研究分别对其最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)进行了测定,并在此基础上将倍比稀释的1/2MIC备选中药联合2MIC抗菌药物对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行连续传代培养;通过对联合用药及单独抗菌药物MIC进行比较,来判断中西药联合对产ESBLs菌株的增敏作用效果.结果表明:6种中药提取物中,小檗碱的杀菌效果最佳(16μg/mL),丁香酚(64μg/mL)、黄芩苷(256 μg/mL)和没食子酸(256μg/mL)其次,原儿茶酸和异甘草酸抑菌效果较差;在联合应用研究中发现,小檗碱与GEN、APR、MMP联用后其最小抑菌浓度分别降低至1.25、0.02、0.02 μg/mL,没食子酸与GEN、APR、MMP联用后其最小抑菌浓度分别降低至1.25、2.50、0.01μg/mL.中药活性成分与抗菌药联合应用中,可提高抗菌药对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的抗菌效果,增敏效应甚至提高200倍以上,且随着传代次数增加,抗菌药物的MIC逐代降低.该研究为临床上大肠杆菌病的中药防治以及开发新兴的中药抑菌剂提供了参考依据.

Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) enriched with high fractions of X2-X3 are regarded as an effective prebiotic for regulating the intestinal microflora. In this study, the original XOS solution was obtained from bamboo shoots through hydrothermal pretreatment under optimized conditions. Subsequently, enzymatic hydrolysis with endo-xylanase was performed on the original XOS solution to enhance the abundance of the X2-X3 fractions. The results demonstrated that hydrothermal pretreatment yielded 21.24% of XOS in the hydrolysate solution, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the proportion of the X2-X3 fractions from 38.87% to 68.21%. Moreover, the XOS solutions with higher amounts of X2-X3 fractions exhibited superior performance in promoting the growth of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro, leading to increased production of short-chain fatty acids. In the in vivo colitis mouse model, XOS solutions with higher contents of X2-X3 fractions demonstrated enhanced efficacy against intestinal inflammation. Compared with the colitis mice (model group), the XOS solution with higher X2-X3 fractions (S1 group) could significantly increase the number of Streptomyces in the intestinal microflora, while the original XOS solution (S2 group) could significantly increase the number of Bacteroides in the intestinal microflora of colitis mice. In addition, the abundances of Alcaligenes and Pasteurella in the intestinal microflora of the S1 and S2 groups were much lower than in the model group. This effect was attributed to the ability of these XOS solutions to enhance species diversity, reversing the imbalance and disorder within the intestinal microflora. Overall, this work highlights the outstanding potential of XOS enriched with high contents of X2-X3 fractions as a regulator of the intestinal microbiota and as an anti-colitis agent.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in improving meat quality by binding to messenger RNAs (mRNAs). We performed an integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiling between bulls and steers based on the differences in meat quality traits. Fat and fatty acids are the major phenotypic indices of meat quality traits to estimate between-group variance. In the present study, 90 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and 18 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified. Eighty-three potential DEG targets and 18 DEMs were used to structure a negative interaction network, and 75 matching target genes were shown in this network. Twenty-six target genes were designated as intersection genes, screened from 18 DEMs, and overlapped with the DEGs. Seventeen of these genes enriched to 19 terms involved in lipid metabolism. Subsequently, 13 DEGs and nine DEMs were validated using quantitative real-time PCR, and seven critical genes were selected to explore the influence of fat and fatty acids through hub genes and predict functional association. A dual-luciferase reporter and Western blot assays confirmed a predicted miRNA target (bta-miR-409a and PLIN5). These findings provide substantial evidence for molecular genetic controls and interaction among genes in cattle.

《动物药理学》课程是五年制动物医学专业的一门专业核心课,也是一门实践性较强的基础学科,是疾病治疗的基础和保障,通过理论课的学习,可以掌握各种药物的作用与应用、禁忌等;将《动物药理学》的内容与学生感兴趣的相关的常见疾病结合起来,使学生能够扩大知识面并联系实际建立起完整的理论知识体系.通过实验课的学习,观察动物用药后的反应,并且掌握临床病例处方的开写及药物的配制,在验证、巩固和加深课堂所学的基础理论知识的同时,也提高实验操作与常用仪器设备的使用,从而培养学生具有独立观察、思考、分析和解决问题的能力,养成严肃认真、实事求是和科学严谨的学习态度,为今后从事教学、科研及开发等工作奠定基础.《动物药理学》为学生拓宽知识面和提高其适应能力奠定坚实的理论基础,能运用所学的基本知识来分析解决生产实践中存在的问题,用理论指导实践,从而培养学生实践动手能力和独立操作能力,为生产一线培养应用型和技能型人才.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a highly contagious disease and brings huge economic losses to commercial pork production worldwide. PRRSV causes severe reproductive failure in sows and respiratory distress in piglets. To trace the evolution of PRRSV in pigs with respiratory diseases in some regions of China, 112 samples were collected from nine provinces in China during 2016–2018. All samples were detected by RT-PCR and analyzed by the Nsp2/ORF5 (ORF5a)-genes-phylogeny. Sequence analysis and recombination analysis were conducted on the Nsp2/ORF5 (ORF5a) genes of the identified strain in the study. The RT-PCR result shown that the positive rate of PRRSV was 50.89% (57/112). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the identified PRRSV strains were all NA genotype and belonged to lineage 1, 3, and 8. The Nsp2 gene of identified PRRSV strains exhibited nucleotide homologies of 53.0 ~ 99.8%, and amino acid homologies of 46.8 ~ 99.7%. The ORF5 gene of identified PRRSV strains exhibited nucleotide homologies of 82.4 ~ 100%, and amino acid homologies of 79.6 ~ 100%. Sequence analysis revealed that a discontinuous 30-amino-acid deletion (positions 481 and 533–561) and a 131-amino-acid discontinuity deletion (positions 323–433, 481, and 533–551) in Nsp2 of PPRSV isolates; all identified strains in this study may be wild strains, and most identified strains may be highly virulent strains. Sequence analysis of ORF5 and ORF5a revealed that the mutation sites of GP5 were mainly concentrated in the signal peptide and epitopes region, while the mutation sites of ORF5a were mainly concentrated in the transmembrane and the intramembrane region. The recombination analysis indicated that there may be multiple recombination regions in identified strains, and the recombination pattern was more complex. This study showed that the prevalent PRRSV strain in some regions of China was still HP-PRRSV, while NADC30 strain also occupied a certain proportion; different types of PRRSV strains showed different patterns and variation in China. This study suggested that the monitoring of PRRSV prevalence and genetic variation should be further strengthened.

由病毒引起的腹泻是当前集约化养殖下的常见仔猪疾病,其发病快、致死率高.中草药不易产生耐药性、毒副作用低,对仔猪病毒性腹泻具有较好的防治效果,具有提高动物生长生产性能、增强机体免疫力、修复肠黏膜、抗炎等作用.文章探索中药作为饲料添加剂在畜牧业无抗养殖中的应用前景,以期推动我国畜牧业无抗养殖的健康发展.

Lignin from different biomasses possess biological antioxidation and antimicrobial activities, which depend on the number of functional groups and the molecular weight of lignin. In this work, organosolv fractionation was carried out to prepare the lignin fraction with a suitable structure to tailor excellent biological activities. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis showed that decreased molecular weight lignin fractions were obtained by sequentially organosolv fractionation with anhydrous acetone, 50% acetone and 37.5% hexanes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results indicated that the lignin fractions with lower molecular weight had fewer substructures and a higher phenolic hydroxyl content, which was positively correlated with their antioxidation ability. Both of the original lignin and fractionated lignins possessed the ability to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) and Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus) by destroying the cell wall of bacteria in vitro, in which the lignin fraction with the lowest molecular weight and highest phenolic hydroxyl content (L3) showed the best performance. Besides, the L3 lignin showed the ability to ameliorate Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea damages of mice to improve the formation of intestinal contents in vivo. These results imply that a lignin fraction with a tailored structure from bamboo lignin can be used as a novel antimicrobial agent in the biomedical field.

Drugs have been widely adopted in animal production. However, drug residues and bacterial resistance are a worldwide issue, and thus the most important organizations (FAO, USDA, EU, and EFSA) have limited or banned the use of some drugs and the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. Natural products such as medicinal herbs are unlikely to cause bacterial resistance and have no chemical residues. With these advantages, medicinal herbs have long been used to treat animal diseases and improve animal performance. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal herbs. S. baicalensis is a herb with a high medicinal value. The main active compounds are baicalin and baicalein. They may act as antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents. They also possess characteristics of being safe, purely natural, and not prone to drug resistance. S. baicalensis and its extracts can effectively promote the production performance of livestock and treat many animal diseases, such as mastitis. In this review, we summarize the active compounds, biological functions, and applications of S. baicalensis in the production of livestock and provide a guideline for the application of natural medicines in the production and treatment of diseases.

Objective Puerarin has the potential of regulating the differentiation of preadipocytes, but its mechanism of action has not yet been elucidated. Adipocytes found in adipose tissue, the main endocrine organ, are the main sites of lipid deposition, and are widely used as a cell model in the study of in vitro fat deposition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of puerarin on adipogenesis in vitro. Methods Puerarin was added to the culture medium during the process of adipogenesis. The proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes was measured through cell viability and staining with oil red O. The content of triacylglycerol was measured using a triglyceride assay kit. The mRNA and protein expression levels of adipogenic genes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Results The addition of puerarin significantly increased adipogenesis of bovine preadipocytes and enhanced the mRNA and protein level expression of PPARγ (p<0.01). The expression of P-Akt increased after adipogenic hormonal induction, whereas puerarin significantly increased PPARγ expression by promoting the Akt signaling component, P-Akt. The mechanism of adipogenesis was found to be related to the phosphorylation level of Ser473, which may activate the downstream signaling of the Akt pathway. Conclusion Puerarin was able to promote the differentiation of preadipocytes and improve fat deposition in cattle. The mechanism of adipogenesis was found to be related to the phosphorylation level of Ser473.

为克隆绵羊胎盘生长因子(Placental grow th factor,PGF)基因,并分析该基因在绵羊组织器官中的表达模式,本研究首先利用RT-PCR(Reverse Transcript Polymerase Chain Reaction,RT-PCR)方法从小尾寒羊与新吉细毛羊皮肤组织克隆出PGF基因mRNA片段,随后利用可变剪切(alternative splicing,AS)鉴别引物和qRT-PCR(Quantity reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)方法对不同组织器官PGF基因AS及其表达模式进行分析.以两个品种绵羊皮肤组织cDNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增显示存在2条特异性扩增片段,克隆测序结果发现片段长度依次为1339 bp和1276 bp,分析发现1276 bp片段是由于主转录本第7外显子缺失产生,为编码羧基末端缺失21个氨基酸的PGF蛋白突变体.该突变体并未引起血小板源生长因子(Platelet derived grow th factor,PDGF)结构域改变,可能通过改变PDGF结构域下游单位酶切位点来影响PGF分子的成熟.PGF基因AS检测及qRT-PCR结果发现小尾寒羊与新吉细毛羊不同组织器官PG F基因可变剪切突变体组织分布及其表达模式存在明显差异.本研究证明绵羊皮肤组织中表达PGF基因且存在AS现象,为进一步研究PGF基因在绵羊毛囊发育及毛用性状形成中的作用奠定了基础.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious respiratory syndrome featured with uncontrolled inflammatory response. Biochanin A has been showed to possess and anti-inflammatory effect. This study intended to explore the suppression of biochanin A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Seven hours later LPS-induced ALI model established, the indexes including, pathological changes, MPO activity, wet/dry ratio, proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, production, as well as and TLR4/NF-κB and PPAR-γ signaling pathway expression were compared bwtween different groups. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and the levels of total protein, inflammatory cells and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected. The results revealed that LPS lead to significantly lung pathological injury, and damage of lung vascular permeability showing by higher lung wet/dry ratio and total protein levels in the BALF when compared to the control group mice. However, these changes significantly reversed by biochanin A. Moreover, the levels of inflammatory cells in BALF, proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in both lung and BALF were also dose-dependently reduced by biochanin A during ALI process. To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of biochanin A, we found that biochanin A significantly inhibited the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway induced by LPS. Furthermore, the expression of PPAR-γ also markedly increased in the mice after treated with biochanin A. In conclusion, biochanin A alleviated LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting the inflammatory response, which was mediated via down-regulating the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and enhancing the expression of PPAR-γ.

Domestic cattle are an important type of livestock, with beef production playing a major role in the agricultural economy. Adipocyte levels and fat content are interrelated, with meat quality being highly dependent on its fat content and distribution. Acyl-CoA synthetases of long-chain (ACSL) fatty acids (FAs) play an integral role in virtually every metabolic pathway in mammalian biochemistry, including complex lipid biosynthesis, protein modification, and β-oxidation processes. ACSL3 activity is also known to be associated with adipocyte differentiation; however, its biological mechanism of action is currently unclear. Gene expression in subcutaneous preadipocytes isolated from subcutaneous deposits of Chinese Red Steppe cattle has been studied using in vitro cell transfection, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The lipid and triglyceride contents of lipid droplets have also been measured to verify the levels of gene expression. These combined studies show that ACSL3 is induced during adipocyte differentiation, with its overexpression promoting an increase in the triglyceride content of lipid droplets. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression levels for adipocyte differentiation marker genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), were markedly increased during mature adipocyte cell differentiation. Knockdown of ACSL3 expression using ACSL3 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) resulted in a decrease in lipid content of cattle adipocytes, providing further evidence that ACSL3 plays a key role in the differentiation process.

In recent years, Yanhuang cattle, one of the Chinese five major breeds of cattle, has been received more and more attention because of its excellent meat quality, unique taste, and typical characteristics of the marble pattern. The aim of this study was to establish the preadipocyte in vitro cultures system and explore the biological characteristics and potential mechanism of Yanhuang cattle adipocyte at the cellular and molecular level, and lay a foundation for improvement of beef quality. The subcutaneous adipose tissue of bovine was isolated by collagenase digestion method, and the morphological characteristics were observed; the growth curve was drawn by MTS method; the lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O staining; the triglyceride method was used to detected intracellular triglyceride content; andreal-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of adipogenic marker genes including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ) and CCAAT /enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) mRNA expression during the differentiation of buffalo preadipocytes. The results showed that the isolated adipocytes of primary adipocytes from Yanhuang cattle presented monolayer growth, the components of preadipocytes were uniform with the shape of fibroblasts after passage. The cells began to logarithmic growth phase from the second day, and reached the plateau phase after the fourth day, with obviously slow proliferation rate. The cell growth curve was approximately "S" shape, which was accorded with the normal law of cell growth. The differentiated cells could be stained with Oil Red O, showing the typical round lipid drop lets with the typical characteristics of mature adipocytes. The content of triglyceride changed slowly from Day 0 to Day 4 and significantly increased after Day 4. The adipogenic marker gene PPARγ, C/EBPαsignificantly increased in the early stage of differentiation as the differentiation progressed, and decreased slightly with the end of the differentiation process. In summary, the present study has successfully established the method of isolation and culture of Yanhuang cattle preadipocytes, which lays a foundation for further study on the mechanism of fat deposition in Yanhuang cattle and the improvement of beef quality.

为了提高蓝舌病病毒16型(BTV-16)的效价,试验将实验室长期冻存的BTV-16接种96孔仓鼠肾细胞(BHK-21)培养板,测定细胞毒半数感染量(TCID50)最初值,然后选取7日龄培养于隔离器中的SPF鸡胚,将BTV-16分别接种到鸡胚尿囊腔和卵黄囊中,接毒后24～ 72 h观察鸡胚状况,第72小时收毒.将收获的病毒接种到BHK-21细胞中繁殖传代,测定TCID50.结果表明:尿囊腔和卵黄囊接种BTV-16可感染部分鸡胚,收获的病毒接种到BHK-21可使病毒效价从原来的2.4提升到4.5～7.6,卵黄囊接毒的方式可以获得更好的效果,病毒效价可达到7以上.BTV对BHK-21细胞的适应性和敏感性较高,BTV先经过鸡胚尿囊腔和卵黄囊接种适应鸡胚后再进行BHK-21细胞传代,大大提高了BTV-16的细胞毒效价,高效价的BTV-16为血清型鉴定和血清分析提供了材料储备.

In this study, we performed high throughput RNA sequencing at the primary bovine preadipocyte (Day-0), mid-differentiation (Day-4), and differentiated adipocyte (Day-9) stages in order to characterize the transcriptional events regulating differentiation and function. The preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous fetal bovine adipose tissues and were differentiated into mature adipocytes. The adipogenic characteristics of the adipocytes were detected during various stages of adipogenesis (Day-0, Day-4, and Day-9). We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate a comprehensive transcriptome information of adipocytic differentiation. Compared to the pre-differentiation stage (Day-0), 2510 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the mid-differentiation stage (Day-4). We found 2446 DEGs in the mature adipocytic stage relative to the mid-differentiation stage. Some adipogenesis-related transcription factors, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were differentially expressed at Day-0, Day-4, and Day-9. We further investigated the adipogenic function of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A) in adipogenesis. Overexpression of HTR2A stimulated the differentiation of preadipocytes, and knockdown of HTR2A had opposite effects. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was the significantly enriched pathway, and HTR2A regulated adipogenesis by activating or inhibiting phosphorylation of phospho-AKT (Ser473). In summary, the present study provides the first comparative transcription of various periods of adipocytes in cattle, which presents a solid foundation for further study into the molecular mechanism of fat deposition and the improvement of beef quality in cattle.

为探究葛根素对牛前体脂肪细胞分化的调控作用,在脂肪形成过程中将葛根素加入到培养基中,观察其对成脂分化的影响.分别采用油红O染色法及甘油三酯酶法检测脂肪细胞分化过程中的脂滴积聚及细胞内的甘油三酯含量;采用qRT-PCR和Western blot技术检测成脂分化过程中脂肪形成相关转录因子CCAAT-增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的mRNA和蛋白的表达水平.结果表明:低浓度的葛根素能促进脂肪细胞的分化,增加细胞内的甘油三酯含量,促进成脂标志基因的mRNA及蛋白的表达.葛根素的添加可促进脂肪分化,增加脂肪沉积,这为进一步研究延黄牛脂肪沉积作用机制以及改善牛肉品质奠定基础.

为了研究葛根素(puerarin)对3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞分化的影响,探索其在成脂分化过程中的潜在作用机制,试验在脂肪形成过程中将0、10、50 μmol/L葛根素加入到诱导分化培养基中诱导分化,分别通过油红O染色法及甘油三酯酶法检测葛根素对3T3 L1脂肪细胞的脂滴积累、甘油三酯的影响;采用实时荧光定量PCR检测脂肪细胞中CCAAT-增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的mRNA表达量,Western blotting检测脂肪形成相关转录因子及Akt信号通路的蛋白水平的表达量.结果表明,10 μmol/L葛根素极显著增加了成熟脂肪细胞中脂滴和甘油三酯(TG)的积聚,极显著促进了脂肪形成相关转录因子C/EBPα和PPARγ的mRNA和蛋白水平的表达量(P＜0.01).进一步研究发现,与对照组相比,葛根素的刺激可增强Akt信号通路Ser473蛋白的磷酸化表达水平,表明葛根素对成脂分化过程的促进作用很大程度上是通过Akt信号通路的磷酸化来实现的.综上所述,葛根素能够促进3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞的分化,改善胰岛素敏感性,其作用机制与激活Akt信号通路Ser473位点的磷酸化水平有关.本试验结果可为研究胰岛素的效应机制提供新见解,为胰岛素抵抗相关疾病的治疗提供新思路.

为了研究鸡白介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)抗病基因外显子4在群体中的多态性,试验采用测序法和群体遗传学方法进行数据分析,提取150日龄吉林高脚芦花鸡、吉林矮脚芦花鸡、吉林黑鸡肝脏DNA,依据GenBank中鸡IL-6基因序列扩增外显子4.结果表明:外显子4第76位氨基酸有A＞G的突变,共得到AA、AB、BB三种基因型.纯合度(Ho)分别为0.535,0.671,0.556,杂合度(He)分别为0.465,0.329,0.444,有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为1.869,1.490,1.799,多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.345,0.275,0.346.