ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Litsea coreana Levl. var. lanuginosa (Hawk Tea), a traditional herbal beverage widely consumed in southwestern China, is valued in folk medicine for promoting health, protecting the liver, regulating blood lipids, and preventing metabolic disorders. Rich in flavonoids and other bioactive metabolites, Hawk Tea exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial properties. However, its protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and inflammation-key mediators of chronic and degenerative diseases-remain insufficiently defined. AIM OF THE STUDY:This study investigated the protective effects of Hawk Tea aqueous extract (LC) against copper sulfate (CuSO4)-induced oxidative and inflammatory stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, focusing on developmental, biochemical, and molecular responses. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 3 μM CuSO4 and co-treated with LC at different concentrations. Survival, hatching, morphology, oxidative stress markers (ROS, MDA, SOD, CAT), and expression of apoptosis- and inflammation-related genes were assessed. RESULTS:LC significantly improved survival (10.4-13.5 %) and hatching (45.7-49.1 %) and enhanced body length (13.7-16.1 %), eye size (8.7-15.2 %), cardiac SV-BA distance (14.2-23.6 %), and heart rate (16.8-22.0 %) compared with CuSO4. LC reduced MDA content and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, with SOD increased by 38.1-84.1 % and CAT by 31.6-75.8 %. Gene expression showed upregulation of Mn-sod, CAT, GPx1a, IL-10, and Bcl-2, and downregulation of TNF-α, NLRP3, and Bax. CONCLUSION:These findings confirm the multilevel biological protection effect of LC including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Further studies incorporating ROS quantification and protein-level analyses are required to comprehensively verify these mechanisms and confirm the therapeutic potential of Hawk Tea as a functional health beverage.

Incubation behavior in chickens is closely associated with hypothalamus. Here, RNA sequencing of hypothalamus from Changshun green-shell laying hens, an indigenous chicken breed from China, in egg-laying period (LP) and incubation period (BP) was conducted to identify critical pathways and candidate genes involved in controlling the incubation behavior in hypothalamus. A total of 637 up-regulated and 305 down-regulated differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in chicken hypothalamus between LP and BP groups. Gene ontology term (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis further revealed that neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, hippo signaling pathway, and focal adhesion were significantly enriched. Five candidate genes (POMC, IGF1R, CHAD, VCL, and MYL9) were suggested to play crucial roles in the regulation of chicken incubation behavior. Our results further indicated the complexity of reproductive behavior of different chicken breeds.

Background Incubation behaviour, an instinct for natural breeding in poultry, is strictly controlled by the central nervous system and multiple neuroendocrine hormones and neurotransmitters, and is closely associated with the cessation of egg laying. Therefore, it is essential for the commercial poultry industry to clarify the molecular regulation mechanism of incubation behaviour. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to examine the pituitary transcriptome of Changshun green-shell laying hen, a local breed from Guizhou province, China, with strong broodiness, in two reproductive stages, including egg-laying phase (LP) and incubation phase (BP). We also analyze the differences in gene expression during the transition from egg-laying to incubation, and identify critical pathways and candidate genes involved in controlling the incubation behaviour in the pituitary. Results In this study, we demonstrated that a total of 2089 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the pituitary, including 842 up-regulated and 1247 down-regulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that steroid biosynthesis pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction were significantly enriched based on DEGs commonly identified in pituitary. Further analysis revealed that SRC, ITGB4, ITGB3, PIK3R3 and DRD2 may play crucial roles in the regulation of incubation behaviour. Conclusions We identified 2089 DEGs and the key signaling pathways which may be closely correlated with incubation in Changshun green-shell laying hens, and clarified the molecular regulation mechanism of incubation behaviour. Our results indicate the complexity and variety of differences in reproductive behaviour of different chicken breeds.

为了解笼养猕猴日活动时间分配的影响因素,提高动物园猕猴饲养管理水平,在2017年4月至2018年3月,采用瞬时扫描(Instantaneous scan sampling)法对都匀市西山公园笼养猕猴(Macaca mulatta)的行为进行观察和分析.结果表明,笼养猕猴的休息和摄食频次在晴天和阴天差异显著(P＜0.05),但晴天行为的发生频次与阴天相似:4个季节的日活动时间中,雄性、雌性猕猴的休息(69.71％)最多、摄食次之、鸣叫最少;雄性猕猴的休息和鸣叫频次在4个季节均高于雌性,而雌性猕猴的移动、梳理和玩耍频次高于雄性;一年中成年猕猴的休息频次最高(62.78％)、青年猕猴的梳理行为频次最高(9.17％)、而幼年猕猴的移动行为频次最高(12.63％).季节、天气、游客以及猕猴的性别和年龄等影响笼养猕猴日活动的时间分配,以期为动物园猕猴的人工饲养管理提供科学依据.

The eggshell color of avian species is an important trait that is predominantly determined by the pigments biliverdin and protoporphyrin. Various factors affect eggshell pigment deposition and coloration; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We analyzed the hepatic transcriptomes and metabolomes of Changshun green-shell hens laying dark green and light green eggs to investigate the potential role of the liver in regulating the intensity of the green eggshell color. In total, 350 differentially expressed genes and 211 differentially altered metabolites were identified. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the enriched pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) terms were mainly associated with energy, immunity, and nutrient metabolism. Metabolite set enrichment analysis revealed that the enriched pathways were mainly associated with amino acid, vitamin, bile acid, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, gene-metabolite interaction network analysis revealed 1 subnetwork. Most genes and metabolites in this subnetwork were determined to be related to melanin metabolism and transport. In conclusion, our results suggest that hepatic melanin metabolism and transport are critical for eggshell coloration. Six candidate genes (CDKN2B, DDC, PYCR1, ABCG5, SLC3A1, and P2RX2) and 7 candidate metabolites (serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, ornithine, acetylcholine, L-tryptophan, D-ornithine, and ADP) were suggested to play important roles in this process. Meanwhile, this study suggests that changes in hepatic energy metabolism, immune status, antioxidation activity, nutrient availability, and bile acid synthesis can impair eggshell coloration.

Oxidative stress was one of the major causes of heavy metal-induced toxicity in organisms. The polysaccharide from Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae) (BSP) has been recently recognized as a novel player in the management of oxidative stress response in organisms. Here, we took the midgut of adult Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (D. melanogaster), a functional equivalent to the mammalian intestine and stomach, as a model to evaluate the protective effects of BSP (50 μg/mL) on mercuric chloride-induced gastrointestinal toxicology in insects. As a result, BSP exposure significantly improved the survival rates and climbing ability of adult flies exposed to mercury. Further study demonstrated that BSP significantly alleviated the mercury-induced oxidative injury to midgut epithelium, at least partly, through increasing antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase), decreasing reactive oxidative species production, inhibiting cell death, restoring intestinal epithelial barrier and regulating intestinal stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration. Additionally, sestrin, an oxidative-stress gene, was required in mediating the protection of BSP against mercury-induced oxidative damage to midgut. This study suggested that BSP has great potential for future application in the treatment and prevention of heavy metal-induced gastrointestinal adversities in mammals.

本研究以贵州都匀地区本地种都匀毛尖茶树的叶、茎和根为材料,利用 Label-free蛋白组技术结合液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对茶树叶片、茎和根的蛋白质进行定量分析,共鉴定出 1 963 个蛋白质.将蛋白质进行 GO、KEGG功能分类和蛋白质相互作用网络分析,结果发现,过氧化物酶、木质素、茉莉酸和脱落酸等物质参与调控茶树防御病虫害的反应,说明参与以上途径的蛋白质在防御茶树病虫害方面具有重要作用.氨基酸、糖类和儿茶素代谢途径可产生令人愉悦的香味和特色风味,与茶叶品质相关.

In the past decade, mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN)-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects have been increasingly attracting worldwide attention. This study aimed to determine the gastrointestinal adverse effects of ZEN in Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) and reveal possible mechanisms of action of ZEN in insects. Here, chronic exposure of D. melanogaster to ZEN killed flies in a dose-dependent manner (2-20 mu M). ZEN (20 mu M) decreased the survival rates and climbing ability of flies, and activated immune deficiency-mediated intestinal immunity in midgut, leading to the production of antimicrobial peptides. Meanwhile, ZEN exposure induced morphological alteration of adult midgut. Further study suggested that high levels of oxidative stress was observed in ZEN-treated midgut due to the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression and activities of cellular antioxidant enzyme, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. ZENinduced oxidative stress then caused cell death, impaired gut barrier function and increased gut permeability, leading to oxidative injury in midgut. Subsequently, ZEN-induce midgut injury further disrupted intestinal stem cell (ISC) homeostasis, stimulating ISC proliferation and tissue regeneration, but did not alter cell fate specification of ISC. Additionally, activation of Jun N-terminal kinase pathway was involved in ZEN-induced oxidative injury and tissue regeneration in midgut. Antioxidant vitamin E alleviated ZEN-induced oxidative injury to midgut epithelium. Collectively, this study provided additional evidences for ZEN-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects from an invertebrate model, extended our understanding of the mechanisms mediating mycotoxin toxicity in organisms.

Duyun compound green tea (DCGT) is a healthy beverage with lipid-lowering effect commonly consumed by local people, but its mechanism is not very clear. We evaluated the effect of DCGT treatment on bile acids (BA) metabolism of mice with high-fat diet (HFD) - induced hyperlipidaemia by biochemical indexes and metabolomics and preliminarily determined the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways of hyperlipidaemia mice treated with DCGT as well as investigated its lipid-lowering mechanism. The results showed that DCGT treatment could reduce HFD - induced gain in weight and improve dyslipidaemia. In addition, a total of ten types of BA were detected, of which seven changed BA metabolites were observed in HFD group mice. After DCGT treatment, glycocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid were significantly down-regulated, while hyodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were markedly up-regulated. These results demonstrated that DCGT treatment was able to make the BA metabolites in the liver of hyperlipidaemia mice normal and alleviate hyperlipidaemia by regulating the metabolites such as glycocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic, as well as the BA metabolic pathway and cholesterol metabolic pathway involved.

Background Changshun green-shell laying hens are unique to the Guizhou Province, China, and have high egg quality but relatively low yield. Egg production traits are regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Thus, we conducted RNA sequencing of hypothalamic and pituitary tissues from low- and high-yielding Changshun green-shell laying hens to identify critical pathways and candidate genes involved in controlling the egg production rate. Results More than 39 million clean reads per sample were obtained, and more than 82% were mapped to the Gallus gallus genome. Further analysis identified 1,817 and 1,171 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus and pituitary, respectively. Nineteen DEGs were upregulated in both the hypothalamus and pituitary of high-yielding chickens. The functions of these DEGs were mainly associated with ion transport or signal transduction. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the pathways enriched in the hypothalamus were mainly associated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, neurotransmitter release, and circadian rhythms. The pathways enriched in the pituitary were mainly associated with GnRH secretion, energy metabolism, and signal transduction. Five and four DEGs in the hypothalamus and pituitary, respectively, were selected randomly for qRT-PCR analysis. The expression trends determined via qRT-PCR were consistent with the RNA-seq results. Conclusions The current study identified 19 DEGs upregulated in both the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which could provide an important reference for further studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying egg production in Changshun green-shell laying hens. In addition, enrichment analysis showed that GnRH secretion and signal transduction, especially neurotransmitter release, play crucial roles in the regulation of egg production.

In order to study the effects of ecological chicken farming on soil physicochemical properties and microflora structure in karst mountains, soil samples were collected from farming area（CA group）, rotation area（RA group） and non-farming area（NCA group）, and the pH value, moisture content, bulk density, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and microbial composition were analyzed. The results showed that compared with NCA group, the soil pH value of CA group extremely significantly decreased, the moisture content significantly decreased, and the total potassium and total phosphorus contents significantly or extremely significantly increased. The bacterial Alpha diversity indexes（Ace, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson index） of CA group was the lowest; compared with CA group, the Alpha diversity index of RA group increased significantly or extremely significantly. The fungal Shannon index was the lowest in CA group, while that in RA group was the highest. Compared with CA and NCA groups, the Ace index and Chao1 index in RA group increased significantly or extremely significantly. The dominant bacterial phyla of the three groups were Proteobacteria（36.452%～42.378%）, Acidobacteria（23.362%～31.836%） and Bacteroidetes（4.710%～11.488%）; the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycetes（17.453%～31.368%）, Basidiomycetes（13.295%～19.737%） and Mucorhyta（7.253%～21.492%）. Soil pH value and total nitrogen content extremely significantly or significantly affected the bacterial community structure; total potassium content and bulk density significantly affected the fungal community structure. In summary, continuous chicken farming in karst mountains could lead to soil acidification, weakening of water holding capacity, increase of potassium and phosphorus content, and decrease of bacterial richness and diversity and fungal diversity; the above situations could be improved after rest rotation.

The tea plant ( Camellia sinensis ) is an important economic crop, which is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, and is now planted in more than 50 countries. Tea green leafhopper is one of the major pests in tea plantations, which can significantly reduce the yield and quality of tea during the growth of plant. In this study, we report a genome assembly for DuyunMaojian tea plants using a combination of Oxford Nanopore Technology PromethION ™ with high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology and used multi-omics to study how the tea plant responds to infestation with tea green leafhoppers. The final genome was 3.08 Gb. A total of 2.97 Gb of the genome was mapped to 15 pseudo-chromosomes, and 2.79 Gb of them could confirm the order and direction. The contig N50, scaffold N50 and GC content were 723.7 kb, 207.72 Mb and 38.54%, respectively. There were 2.67 Gb (86.77%) repetitive sequences, 34,896 protein-coding genes, 104 miRNAs, 261 rRNA, 669 tRNA, and 6,502 pseudogenes. A comparative genomics analysis showed that DuyunMaojian was the most closely related to Shuchazao and Yunkang 10, followed by DASZ and tea-oil tree. The multi-omics results indicated that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, α-linolenic acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis and 50 differentially expressed genes, particularly peroxidase, played important roles in response to infestation with tea green leafhoppers ( Empoasca vitis Göthe). This study on the tea tree is highly significant for its role in illustrating the evolution of its genome and discovering how the tea plant responds to infestation with tea green leafhoppers will contribute to a theoretical foundation to breed tea plants resistant to insects that will ultimately result in an increase in the yield and quality of tea.

Polyamine oxidase (PAO) is a key enzyme maintaining polyamine homeostasis, which affects plant physiological activities. Until now, the gene members and function of PAOs in tea (Camellia sinenesis) have not been fully identified. Here, through the expression in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified six genes annotated as CsPAO in tea genome and transcriptome and determined their enzyme reaction modes and gene expression profiles in tea cultivar 'Yinghong 9'. We found that CsPAO1,2,3 could catalyze spermine, thermospermine, and norspermidine, and CsPAO2,3 could catalyze spermidine in the back-conversion mode, which indicated that the precursor of γ-aminobutyric acid might originate from the oxidation of putrescin but not spermidine. We further investigated the changes of CsPAO activity with temperature and pH and their stability. Kinetic parameters suggested that CsPAO2 was the major PAO modifying polyamine composition in tea, and it could be inactivated by β-hydroxyethylhydrazine and aminoguanidine. Putrescine content and CsPAO2 expression were high in tea flowers. CsPAO2 responded to wound, drought, and salt stress; CsPAO1 might be the main member responding to cold stress; anoxia induced CsPAO3. We conclude that in terms of phylogenetic tree, enzyme characteristics, and expression profile, CsPAO2 might be the dominant CsPAO in the polyamine degradation pathway.

为探究复合绿茶干预高脂血症小鼠肝脏的差异有机酸代谢物,研究复合绿茶对小鼠有机酸代谢的影响.在高脂饮食型小鼠的基础上,将30只雄性KM小鼠分为高脂模型组、复合茶低浓度组和高浓度组,进行1个月干预实验;利用代谢组学技术观察高脂饮食型小鼠的肝脏有机酸代谢通路.结果表明:共检测出有机酸及其衍生物121种;高浓度茶样处理组中存在DL-甘油醛-3-磷酸、磷酸二羟丙酮、(S)-2-羟基丁酸、2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸、D-羟基丙酸等代谢物显著下调;低浓度茶样组中DL-甘油醛-3-磷酸、磷酸二羟丙酮、(S)-2-羟基丁酸、糠醛等代谢物显著下调,羟基异己酸乙酯、咖啡酸N-油酰甘氨酸上调;其中,DL-甘油醛-3-磷酸、磷酸二羟丙酮与糖异生作用有关,可能在肝细胞糖原的分解和体内血糖稳态的维持过程中有重要作用.研究表明:复合绿茶可通过调节高脂血症小鼠体内差异有机酸代谢物所对应的代谢通路(如糖酵解途径等),使其向正常状态转变,从而缓解高脂血症小鼠代谢紊乱的症状.

Recently, the chemical compound Bisphenol A (BPA) has been attracting worldwide attention due to its various toxic effects in animals, including reprotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Here, the midgut of adult Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster), an invertebrate model organism, was employed to investigate the gastrointestinal toxicity of BPA in D. melanogaster and explore its underlying mechanisms of action in insects. As a result, exposure of flies to 0.5 mM BPA resulted in a dramatic morphological alteration of D. melanogaster midgut and decrease in survival rates and climbing ability of flies. Further study indicated that BPA induced high levels of oxidative stress in D. melanogaster midgut due to the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the activities of cellular antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Oxidative stress induced by BPA then caused intestinal epithelial cell death and gut barrier dysfunction and elevated gut permeability, leading to oxidative injury of midgut epithelium. Antioxidant vitamin E alleviated midgut injury induced by BPA. Subsequently, BPA-induced oxidative injury of midgut further stimulated the proliferation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) and ISC-mediated midgut regeneration, but did not alter cell fate determination of ISCs in Drosophila midgut. Meanwhile, activation of Jun N-terminal kinase signal pathway was found to be required for BPA-induced cell death and tissue regeneration in midgut. Collectively, the present study provided additional evidence from an invertebrate model organism that BPA exposure induced gastrointestinal toxicity in D. melanogaster and further extended our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating BPA toxicity in insects.

文章认为产出为导向的教育理念(OBE)已成为我国高校师范类专业认证的核心理念.高校图书馆作为第二课堂应以学校的改革政策为引领,把OBE理念融入图书馆阅读推广活动中,从而提高学生的阅读能力,为高校的人才培养做出贡献.

The lipid-lowering effects of compound tea were investigated to determine the mechanism underlying its action and provide theoretical support for the development and application of this compound tea. Specific pathogen-free male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: a model control group (NK), positive control group (YK), blank control group (CK), and compound tea treatment group (DH), with 10 mice in each group. After 30 days of intragastric administration of compound tea, the body weight, liver coefficient, liver morphology, and liver metabolism of organic acids were analyzed in mice with hyperlipidemia. The weight of mice in the NK group was significantly increased compared to that of the mice in the CK group, whereas the weight gain and liver-to-body ratio of mice in the DH group exhibited no significant difference. Fifty-two differential organic acid metabolites were detected. Compared to the CK group, b-ureaisobutyric acid and n-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate in the DH group were significantly upregulated, whereas creatine and 14 other organic acids were significantly downregulated. In the YK group, 13 organic acids, including argininosuccinic acid, were upregulated, whereas 17 organic acids, including chlorogenic acid, were downregulated. Compound tea had a better ability to regulate blood lipids compared with the YK (positive control, Xuezhikang). This may be because compound tea can regulate the metabolism of organic acids, such as chlorogenic acid, and their associated metabolic pathways, as well as ameliorate dyslipidemia induced by a high-fat diet in mice, thereby reducing body weight and blood lipid levels.

研究旨在明确长顺绿壳蛋鸡肠道菌群结构及功能.健康、体重无差异的20只27周龄长顺绿壳蛋鸡饲养35 d,随机选择4只,分别提取十二指肠、回肠和盲肠内容物的微生物总DNA,对16S rRNA进行高通量测序.结果显示:盲肠OTUs个数最多,其次为回肠,最少为十二指肠.盲肠的Ace指数、Chao-1指数和Shannon指数极显著高于十二指肠和回肠(P<0.01).回肠的Ace指数和Chao-1指数显著高于十二指肠(P<0.05).在门水平上,厚壁菌门为十二指肠(97.06％)和回肠(96.36％)的优势菌门;拟杆菌门(62.55％)和厚壁菌门(34.05％)为盲肠的优势菌门.在属水平上,乳杆菌属为十二指肠(94.133％)和回肠(95.273％)的优势菌属;拟杆菌属为盲肠(40.548％)的优势菌属.PICRUSt功能预测显示,肠道微生物基因主要富集于KEGG的新陈代谢(44.74％～49.34％)通路,其中盲肠营养物质代谢相关通路中富集基因相对丰度较高,如氨基酸代谢、能量代谢以及辅因子与维生素代谢等.研究表明,随着长顺绿壳蛋鸡肠道延伸,菌群多样性程度明显增加,且盲肠菌群的营养代谢作用更为活跃.

为了解动物园笼养条件下熊猴(Macaca assamensis)种群社会等级结构及其对笼舍空间的利用情况,于2017年4月—2018年1月,采用瞬时扫描法记录都匀市西山动物园5只熊猴(青年♂1、青年♂2、青年♀1、成年♂1以及成年♀1)行为.结果显示:(1)攻击—屈服行为矩阵表明,青年♂1发出攻击行为最多(295次),青年♂2发出屈服行为最多(74次),该熊猴群体等级顺位从高到低依次是成年♂1、成年♀1、青年♀1、青年♂1和青年♂2.(2)熊猴对笼舍5个区域利用率从高到低依次是丰容区(C区)、笼底区(D区)、前笼区(E区)、休息区(B区)和高空区(A区).(3)雌性或雄性个体对笼舍各区的利用率趋势相似,但利用率差异显著(P<0.05);A区、B区、C区和E区在不同性别间的利用率组间差异显著(P<0.05).(4)成年或青年熊猴对笼舍不同区域的利用率差异显著(P<0.05),同时二者对笼舍同区域的利用率也有显著差异(P<0.05).(5)熊猴对笼舍不同区域组间利用率存在显著的季节差异(P<0.05);对B区、C区和D区的利用率在4个季节中组间差异显著(P<0.05).(6)晴天或阴天熊猴均对笼舍不同区域的利用率差异显著(P<0.05),但同区域中,晴天和阴天对利用率无显著影响.研究表明,熊猴的等级结构具有亲代高于子代、雄性高于雌性、子代年龄大的个体等级高的特点;该熊猴群青年♂1和青年♂2的攻击、屈服次数多,说明雄性子代到青年期应该适时分群饲养;熊猴对笼舍不同区域的利用率除了受丰容、天气和季节等影响外,还与其社会等级顺位高低有关.