Artificial intelligence (AI) enabled electronic textiles inherit the advantages of traditional textiles, such as softness, flexibility, and wearable convenience, and demonstrate significant potential for wearable applications. However, the existence of metallic electrodes and polymer thin films sensitive/encapsulating layers in current textile- or fiber-based pressure sensors significantly reduces the unique advantages of textiles, particularly in terms of renewability and biodegradability. Here, an all-textile biodegradable AI enabled pressure sensor is demonstrated using tunable conductivity cotton as the electrode/sensitive layer, incorporating real-time deep learning-based data analysis. The metal electrode and polymer thin film widely adopted in smart textile-based pressure sensors are avoided, and the all-textile components allow the sensors to be freely cut and reassembled like Lego. Based on these Lego-like smart textiles, intelligence applications such as real-time health monitoring, game control, gait analysis, and authentication systems are demonstrated. After completing the functions, the whole device can be rapidly degraded in the cellulase solution and broken down into reducing sugars, thus effectively reducing the environmental pollution. This work provides a new strategy for creating renewable and sustainable textile pressure sensors with significant application potential in next-generation smart green electronics.

The traditional von Neumann structure computers cannot meet the demands of high-speed big data processing; therefore, neuromorphic computing has received a lot of interest in recent years. Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing has the advantages of low power consumption, high speed and high accuracy. In human brains, the data transmission and processing are realized through synapses. Artificial synaptic devices can be adopted to mimic the biological synaptic functionalities. Nanowire (NW) is an important building block for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, and many efforts have been made to promote the application of NW-based synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing. Here, we will introduce the current progress of NW-based synaptic memristors and synaptic transistors. The applications of NW-based synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing will be discussed. The challenges faced by NW-based synaptic devices will be proposed. We hope this perspective will be beneficial for the application of NW-based synaptic devices in neuromorphic systems.

Human beings have a greater need to pursue life and manage personal or family health in the context of the rapid growth of artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, and 5G/6G technologies. The application of micro biosensing devices is crucial in connecting technology and personalized medicine. Here, the progress and current status from biocompatible inorganic materials to organic materials and composites are reviewed and the material-to-device processing is described. Next, the operating principles of pressure, chemical, optical, and temperature sensors are dissected and the application of these flexible biosensors in wearable/implantable devices is discussed. Different biosensing systems acting in vivo and in vitro, including signal communication and energy supply are then illustrated. The potential of in-sensor computing for applications in sensing systems is also discussed. Finally, some essential needs for commercial translation are highlighted and future opportunities for flexible biosensors are considered.

2018年1月,教育部发布《普通高中课程方案(2017年版)》以及高中各学科的普通高中课程标准.新版课程标准更新了课程内容与评价体系,首次提出以学科大概念为核心,促进课程内容的结构化,进一步落实学科核心素养.

We demonstrate a two-terminal and self-powered optoelectronic synaptic device based on a 2D lead-free perovskite, Cs 3 Bi 2 Br 9 . The fabricated device successfully mimics typical biological synaptic functions under programmed optical stimuli.

Smart textile for sensor is identified as a superior platform with greatly improved convenience and comfort for wearable bioelectronics. However, most reported textile-based sensors cannot fully demonstrate the inherent advantages of textiles, such as comfortability, breathability, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness, mainly due to the intrinsic limitation of non-textile or inorganic components. Here, an all-textile, all-organic, washable, and breathable sensor with discriminable pressure, proximity, and temperature sensing function is first reported. Multiple sensing functions and outstanding washability are demonstrated. The all-textile sensor can also be seamlessly integrated into diverse types of fabrics to realize wide-range sensing of human activities and noncontact stimuli without sacrificing biocompatibility and comfortability. Additionally, by combining with the deep-learning technique, an all-textile sensing system is established to recognize object shape, contactless trajectory, and even environmental temperature. These results open a new avenue for designing low-cost, washable, comfortable, and biocompatible green textile electronics, providing a meaningful guideline in intelligent textiles.

Great effort has been made for the development of optoelectronic synapses that play an important role in constructing artificial visual systems. However, most reported optoelectronic synaptic devices have difficulty mimicking depression-related synaptic functions under optical stimulation. Herein, we report a self-powered optoelectronic synaptic device based on an organic heterojunction of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE))/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/hexadecafluorophthalocyanine copper (F16CuPc). A dielectric layer of P(VDF-TrFE) was induced to generate an energy barrier to improve its synaptic performance. The fabricated device exhibited inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) function under continuous stimulation of 660 nm optical pulses. Some basic functions of biological synapse, such as paired-pulse depression (PPD), spiking-number-dependent plasticity (SNDP), and spiking-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP), were successfully mimicked. The capability of the device as a low-pass filter for image processing was also demonstrated.

The lead-free perovskite-inspired materials are regarded as one of the alternatives to lead-based perovskite for the preparation of neuromorphic devices due to their low toxicity, excellent optical and transport properties. Herein, a two-terminal artificial synapse was fabricated based on a novel lead-free halide Cu2AgBiI6 thin film. The fabricated device exhibited the versatile synaptic behavior whether subjected to external electrical or optical stimulation benefitting from the excellent photoelectric characteristics of Cu2AgBiI6. Furthermore, the intrinsic photovoltaic feature of Cu2AgBiI6 enabled the device with capabilities of operating in a self-powered mode under optical stimulation. The device successfully imitated the retina's capacity for color perception by employing optical pulses of various wavelengths. The dependence of the device response on the optical pulse frequency allowed it to function as a high-pass filter for image sharpening. At last, the device was applied for the information encryption and decryption transmission based on a constructed password book including 128 common characters and numbers, which shows great potential for information encryption and decryption transmission. The comprehensive characters of the device display great superiority over other artificial synaptic devices.

Cellulose paper has emerged as an ideal sensing element for wearable pressure sensors owing to its inherent flexibility, high porosity, and light weight. However, traditional paper‐based pressure sensors use metal‐based materials as electrodes, which significantly limits the unique advantages of paper, particularly in terms of degradability. In this study, a degradable pressure sensor is designed by combining the highly conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) Xuan paper electrode with a low‐conductivity PEDOT:PSS tissue paper sensitive layer. Notably, Xuan paper, also called rice paper, has been a prominent substrate owing to its softness and good durability. By introducing a perforated structure in the sensitive layer, a novel sensing mechanism, conductivity conversion under pressure, is realized to improve the sensitivity. The obtained sensor exhibits a high sensitivity (13.9 kPa −1 at < 8.3 kPa, 151 kPa −1 at 8.3–20.8 kPa), ensuring that it can precisely monitor the full‐range human activities. Additionally, as the sensor does not rely on metal materials, it can degrade in water or fire without causing any negative environmental impacts. These findings establish a new approach to producing highly sensitive degradable sensors, which hold significant potential for application in green electronics, paper‐based sensing matrices, new prosthetics, and other fields.

地理核心素养测评是地理教育界关注的重要话题之一.随着新版课程标准的推行,地理核心素养测评的研究逐渐呈现繁荣发展态势.本文以"地理核心素养测评"为主题,筛选出相关文献85篇,归纳分析发现,目前地理核心素养测评研究主要集中在地理核心素养测评的理论基础、工具和技术三个方面.结合研究现状,本文提出研究展望:创建科学规范的地理核心素养测评框架、探讨地理核心素养和试题考查内容的关系、探索地理核心素养测评的新技术.

Organic materials show great potential in the fields of biomimetics and neuromorphic computing due to their molecular diversity, cost-effective manufacturing processes, unique optical and chemical properties, and remarkable mechanical flexibility. In this work, an optoelectronic synaptic device based on the organic semiconductor poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl))thieno[3,2b]thiophene] (DPPDTT) is fabricated by a simple solution process. The fabricated device successfully emulates typical functions of biological synapses, including excitatory postsynaptic current, pair-pulse facilitation, the conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory, and "learning experience" behavior by modulating light stimuli. Furthermore, the light logic functions of "AND" and "OR" are realized by using light pulses with different wavelengths, as well as the simulation of associative learning. Moreover, a flexible device was fabricated on a PET substrate, which not only exhibits good synaptic performance but also demonstrates excellent bending stability. Eventually, through the simulation based on a convolutional neural network algorithm, our device successfully realizes the high-precision recognition of handwritten digital even after bending 1000 times. This work showcases a promising methodology for developing brain-inspired flexible optoelectronic synapses for future neural computing networks based on organic materials.

With the advantages of wide bandwidth, low power consumption, high propagation speed, and excellent interconnectivity, the light-tunable synapse is regarded as one of the most promising candidates to pave the way for constructing neuromorphic computing and overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck. Herein, an optoelectronic synaptic memristor based on zinc oxide/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (ZnO/ P3HT) heterojunction is fabricated via a simple two-step spin coating process. The prepared device can simulate typical neuromorphic manners, such as excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), the transformation from short-term plasticity (STP) to long-term plasticity (LTP), and "learning-experience " behavior by modulating the applied light pulses. In addition to the optoelectronic synaptic behaviors, our device incorporates light logic functions ( "AND " and "OR " operations) and optical information detection and memory functions analogous to those in the human's visual recognition memory system.

Fabricating devices with functions of biosynapses is one of attractive highlights in the field of artificial intelligence. Optoelectronic synapses are believed to be an important cornerstone of neuromorphic intelligent systems because they can directly process visual input signals. In this work, a transparent and metal-electrode-free optoelectronic synapse with a structure of CuI/ITO is prepared, in which the CuI layer acts as both an active layer and electrode. Some basic functions of biosynapses are realized by this device, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), spike-number-dependent plasticity (SNDP), spike-width-dependent plasticity (SWDP), and "learning-experience" behavior. Furthermore, this device exhibits the capability of detecting and processing the integrated optical information, and image recognition and memory. This work illustrates the great application potential of CuI in transparent optoelectronic synapse due to its unique properties.

Owe to their advantages of unique electronic structure, physical flexibility and easy processability, conducting polymers are considered as one of the most competitive candidates for organic synaptic devices. However, conventional organic synaptic devices are based on electric modulation or three-terminal structure which are not conducive to construction of neural networks with high integration density. Here, a two-terminal organic optoelectronic device based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is prepared via a simple spin-coating method. The fabricated synaptic device shows sensitive response to the light stimuli and successfully simulates the basic functions of biological synapse, such as excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), pair-pulse facilitation (PPF). Furthermore, the capabilities of simulating “learning-experience” behavior, detecting and memorizing the integrated optical information are also realized by this artificial synapse.

Transparent optoelectronic synapses are attracting great attention due to their great potentials in constructing "invisible" electronic products. In this work, CuI, a p-type semiconductor with good conductivity and transparency, is adopted as the electrode material. A transparent optoelectronic synapse is fabricated with a structure of CuI/copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc)/indium-tin oxide. The device shows a sensitive and linear response to the light stimulation with a wavelength of 660 nm. Some basic functions of biological synapses, such as paired-pulse facilitation, spike-rate-dependent plasticity, spike-number-dependent plasticity, and so forth, are successfully simulated by this transparent optoelectronic synapse. Furthermore, based on the high linear relationship between the device response and the number of light pulses, basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division within 20 are realized. The experimental results not only show the good performance of the device as an artificial synapse but also illustrate the great application potential of CuI in transparent and metallic electrode-free optoelectronics.