目的:了解大专院校学生结核感染情况,防止结核病在学校暴发和流行,同时也为学校制定结核病控制政策和策略提供科学依据.方法:对黔东南州某大专院校2020年入学新生2080人进行普查,采用结核菌素试验开展调查.结果:共1773名学生接受了结核菌素试验,其中强阳性122人,强阳性率6.88％,对强阳性学生进一步筛查出4例活动性肺结核,患病率为225.61/10万.结论:黔东南州某大专院校入学新生结核菌素试验强阳性检出率和活动性肺结核患病率较高,必须加强大学生结核病防治工作.

目的 分析黔东南州狂犬病暴露处置人群的流行病学特征,为防控提供依据.方法 对2012-2017年黔东南州狂犬病暴露处置门诊就诊人群进行描述性流行病学分析.结果 2012-2017年,黔东南州狂犬病暴露处置门诊共接诊224200例狂犬病暴露病例,病例数男女性别比为1.39∶1;暴露人群以0～14岁年龄组为主,占40.36％;职业以农民最多,占45.14％;狂犬病暴露主要集中在6-9月;伤人动物中犬类占84.06％;84.79％暴露者在医疗机构进行了伤口处理,79.50％的暴露者在24h内接种疫苗,16.91％的Ⅲ度暴露者使用了狂犬病被动免疫制剂.结论 黔东南狂犬病暴露高危人群以农民、学生和儿童为主,Ⅲ度暴露者狂犬病被动免疫制剂使用率低,且一犬伤多人犬脑带毒率高,应进一步规范暴露后处置.

目的:分析2012～2017年黔东南州狂犬病疫情的流行病学特征,探讨有效的狂犬病防控策略.方法:运用描述性流行病学方法对个案资料进行分析.结果:黔东南州狂犬病发病率近年来呈逐渐下降趋势.2012～2017年期间共报告狂犬病75例,年平均发病率为0.36/10万,发病数天柱县最高,全年呈散在分布;男女性别比为2.41∶1,以60～69岁组老年人发病最多,占20％,职业以农民为主,占77.33％;大多数病例暴露后伤口未处理,占52.83％,狂犬疫苗接种率仅为11.11％;Ⅲ度暴露的病例中狂犬疫苗接种率为10.91％,狂犬免疫球蛋白注射率为3.64％.结论:黔东南州狂犬病防控形势依然严峻,加强对重点人群狂犬病防治知识的宣传、暴露后及时规范处置,强化犬只管理等措施是防控狂犬病的关键.

目的 对黔东南州台江县某村一起布鲁菌病疫情进行调查与分析,探讨布鲁菌病在无发病地区的发病原因及流行特点,为制定防控措施提供依据.方法 收集本次疫情的现场流行病学调查资料、检验结果和处理情况进行描述性流行病学分析.结果 对该村的养殖户及与家畜有密切接触的重点人员共130人进行流行病学调查和血清学检测,结果显示阳性17人.17例感染者中,有2例出现典型临床症状,即反复发热、关节疼痛和睾丸肿大等.17例感染者均为农民,从接触方式来看,直接从事养殖人员的感染率为19.28％(16/83),间接从事养殖人员的感染率为2.13％ (1/47).畜间调查显示,该村养殖点山羊布鲁杆菌抗体阳性率为10.29％.结论 此次疫情为一起因养殖感染布鲁杆菌的山羊导致的人间布鲁菌病暴发疫情,建议今后应加强畜间疫情监测,及时发现和消灭传染源;同时加强对布鲁菌病防治知识的宣传教育,增强从业人员的自我保护意识,以控制和减少布鲁菌病的发生.

What is already known on this topic? Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Brucella spp. The main source of infection in human brucellosis is sick animals, mainly including sheep, goat, and cattle, but sika deer (Cervus nippon) can also cause human brucellosis. The first human brucellosis case in Guizhou Province was reported in 2009, and no brucellosis outbreak was reported caused by sika deer ever before. What is added by this report? This is the first reported outbreak of human brucellosis caused by sika deer in Guizhou Province. Inappropriate regulation of animal movement may be the main driver of introducing and spreading brucellosis in southern areas. The ability to diagnose brucellosis in both humans and animals was weak in the county where the outbreak took place. What are the implications for public health practice? It was suggested to prioritize occupational protection and health education for sika deer breeders. The inspection of the movement of animals and the reimbursement policy need to be improved.

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of malaria epidemic situation before and after malaria elimination in Qiandongnan Prefecture, and to provide the basis for establishment of effective strategies and measures to consolidate the achievements of malaria prevention and control.Methods:The data of malaria cases in 16 counties (cities) of Qiandongnan Prefecture from 2005 to 2018 were collected, and descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the infection rate of Plasmodium among local residents and floating population before (2005-2011) and after (2012-2018) elimination of malaria, and the characteristics of population distribution, seasonal distribution, species of Plasmodium and types of malaria vectors were analyzed. Results:Before elimination of malaria, total of 1 412 cases of malaria were reported, among those cases, 1 361 cases were local cases, accounting for 96.39% of the total cases. After elimination of malaria, total of 17 cases were reported, all of them were imported cases. After comparison of malaria cases before and after the elimination, the proportion of people aged from 18 to 60 was 70.54% (996/1 412) before the elimination, all 17 imported cases were 18-60 years old after the elimination, and the proportion of children/students decreased from 24.65% (348/1 412) before the elimination to 0 after the elimination. The peak incidence of malaria cases before the elimination was from June to October, and cases occurred every month. After the elimination, the imported cases were sporadic. Plasmodium vivax was the main species of Plasmodium before the elimination (98.58%, 1 392/1 412), and Plasmodium falciparum was mainly imported after the elimination (70.59%, 12/17). Before and after the elimination, Anopheles sinensis, the malaria vector, was the dominant population, but no distribution of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles anthropophagus was found after 2015. Conclusions:After the elimination of malaria in Qiandongnan Prefecture, there is a risk of local malaria cases caused by imported cases. It is suggested that local authorities should focus on the treatment of suspected malaria cases and vector surveillance of overseas returnees in the future.

目的 分析黔东南州狂犬病疫情的流行病学特征,探讨流行因素,为制定防控策略提供依据.方法 用描述性流行病学方法对黔东南州2010-2014年报告的狂犬病病例进行分析.结果 黔东南州2010-2014年狂犬病年均发病率0.58/10万,呈下降趋势.2010-2014年分别报告27例、27例、19例、17例和15例,共105例.发病以男性为主,性别比2.3∶1;年龄以40～59岁组最多(35.2％);职业以农民为主(73.3％).在100例网络报告的本地病例中,除6例暴露史不详外,暴露后未处理伤口占63.8％,自行处理伤口占27.7％;狂犬疫苗接种率为9.4％,82例Ⅲ度暴露的病例中狂犬疫苗接种率为9.8％;狂犬免疫球蛋白注射率为3.7％.结论 加强对重点人群狂犬病防治知识的宣传,暴露后及时规范处置伤口,提高暴露后狂犬病疫苗的接种率,并强化犬只管理等措施,是防控狂犬病的关键.

目的：了解2015年黔东南州法定传染病流行特征及变化趋势，为有效预防控制传染病疫情提供科学依据。方法用描述性流行病学方法对2015年传染病报告信息管理系统中的法定传染病疫情进行分析。结果2015年黔东南州共报告法定乙丙类传染病27种，总发病数14935例，总死亡101人，总发病率、总死亡率和总病死率（以下简称“三率”）分别为429.48/10万、2.90/10万和0.68%，无甲类传染病。2015年发病率上升的疾病主要是乙肝、梅毒、肺结核、其他感染性腹泻、淋病；总死亡率上升主要是由于艾滋病和新生儿破伤风的死亡数增加所致。结论2015年黔东南州以呼吸道传染病为主，乙类传染病中的肺结核、乙肝、梅毒、淋病和丙类传染病中的手足口病、其他感染性腹泻病仍是当前传染病防治工作的重点，要针对重点疾病、重点人群，采取综合预防措施，积极开展防病知识健康教育。