The non/hypo-response rate of the hepatitis B vaccine among hemodialysis (HD) patients is still high, it is of great significance to explore the influencing factors and their relationships. To study the related factors and their relationships using logistic regression model and Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) decision tree model. A randomized controlled trial was conducted between February 2014 and May 2015 in China. HD patients being serologically negative for HBsAg and anti-HBs were randomly assigned to receive three intramuscular injections of the standard dose (20 µg) or high dose (60 µg) of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6. Those with anti-HBs concentrations <100 mIU/mL, and ≥100 mIU/mL at month 7 were considered as non/hypo-response and high-level response, respectively. The non/hypo-response was 31.34% (89/284). After adjustment for confounders, logistic analysis showed that males (OR = 2.203, 95%CI: 1.109-4.367) and those with higher dialysis frequency (>4 times per 2 weeks) (OR = 1.918, 95%CI: 1.015-3.626) had a significant risk of non/hypo-response. While the CHAID analysis showed that gender, dose, and dialysis frequency were influencing factors of non/hypo-response, and gender is most important. The interaction between gender and dialysis frequency had the greatest effect on immunization, and followed by the interaction between dialysis frequency and vaccine dose. Taken together, gender, dose and dialysis frequency were influencing factors of hepatitis B vaccine in HD patients.

Background: Although the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccines among hemodialysis patients has been documented, the long-term persistence of immunogenicity in this population remains largely unknown. We explored the long-term persistence of immunogenicity induced by different hepatitis B vaccine regimens in hemodialysis patients. Methods: In initial study, we conducted a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial among hemodialysis patients in 13 hospitals in Shanxi Province, China. A total of 352 hemodialysis patients were allocated to receive 3-dose 20 mu g (IM20 group) and 3-dose 60 lg (IM60 group) recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6. Vaccine-induced immune responses were measured at month 7. In this study, the responders (anti-HBs >= 10 mIU/mL) were followed up at months 18, 24, 30, 36 and 42, respectively. We used the generalized log-rank test and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to analyze the long-term durability of responses and the kinetics of anti-HBs levels, respectively. Results: A total of 284 patients were involved in the extended follow-up period. The duration of vaccine induced response with 75% of patients maintained protective antibody were 12 months and 18 months in the IM20 group and IM60 group, respectively (P = 0.291). The long-term persistent immunogenicity induced by 3-dose 60 lg was more satisfactory than that by 3-dose 20 lg hepatitis B vaccine in patients with hemodialysis duration >= five years (P = 0.023). The peak anti-HBs levels in 100-1000 mIU/mL or >= 1000 mIU/mL were more likely to maintain long-term protective antibody compared to anti-HBs levels in 10-100 mIU/mL (P < 0.05). The kinetic profile was similar between the two groups (P = 0.334). Conclusion: High-dose 60 mu g hepatitis B vaccine could lead a satisfactory long-term durability of immunogenicity among patients with hemodialysis duration of five years or more. Peak anti-HBs level after vaccination was associated with the long-term persistence of immunogenicity. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives: To explore the immunogenicity and persistence of the 60 mg hepatitis B vaccine in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: We conducted a randomised controlled trial for adults infected with HIV. A total of 182 patients were randomly allocated to receive 20 mg (IM20 group) or 60 mg (IM60 group) of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6 to assess the immunogenicity and were followed-up from month 7 to 42 to assess long-term immunogenicity. Results: Our data showed that the response rate and geometric mean concentration (GMC) of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in the IM60 group at month 7 were higher than those in the IM20 group (P > 0.05). The GMC of anti-HBs among the two groups decreased rapidly during the follow-up period (P > 0.05). Survival analysis showed that 25% of patients with anti-HBs > 10 mIU/mL were 20 months in the IM60 group and 9.3 months in the IM20 group. Conclusion: The three-dose 60 mg hepatitis B vaccine showed partially better immunogenicity and persistence than the three-dose 20 mg vaccine. Trial Registration: The trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03316807. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection in infancy or early childhood leads to high rate of persistent infection (25-90%). The immunological basis of high rate of viral persistence in vertically acquired HBV infections is not completely understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) and play pivotal roles in the enhancement or regulation of antiviral immune reactions. Aim of the present study was to investigate whether an HBV-infected maternal environment might influence the infants’ DC phenotype and function. Monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) of neonates born to HBsAg-positive mothers were studied phenotypically by Flow Cytometry (FCM) and functionally by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An electron microscope was used to analyze the morphological changes of MoDC. MoDC from neonates whose maternal HBV DNA was>5×107 copies/ml showed a reduced surface expression of CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR as compared to that in neonates whose maternal HBV DNA was negative (CD80: t=3.238, P=0.002; CD86: t=3.543, P=0.001; HLA-DR: t=2.785, P=0.008). T-cell proliferation assays also showed an impaired allostimulatory capacity in comparison to that in neonates whose maternal HBV DNA was negative, especially in the cultures at a DC: T cell ratios of 1:5 and 1:10 (t=-5.442, P<0.001; t=-2.195, P=0.042). Therefore, it can be speculated that the presence of high level of HBVDNA in the maternal environment might lead to minor phenotypic and functional alterations of MoDC from neonates and subsequent deficits in T-lymphocyte activation may contribute to viral persistence.

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性母亲外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood monouclear cell,PBMC)中乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV) 共价闭合环状DNA (covalently closed circular DNA,cccDNA)对新生儿辅助性T细胞1(T help cell 1,Th1)、辅助性T细胞2(T help cell 2,Th2)型细胞因子及Th1/Th2比值的影响.方法 以2011年6月-2013年7月在太原市第三人民医院妇产科分娩的HBsAg阳性母亲及其新生儿作为研究对象.采用电化学发光法(e1ectrochemiluminescence immunoassay,ECLIA)检测HBV血清学标志物,real-time PCR-TaqMan探针法检测母亲PBMC HBV cccDNA,ProcartaPlex多因子分析技术检测新生儿外周血Th1型细胞因子白介素-2(interleukin 2,IL-2),干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)以及Th2型细胞因子白介素-4(interleukin 4,IL-4),白介素-6(interleukin 6,IL-6)和白介素-10(interleukin 10,IL-10)水平.结果 单因素分析显示:与阴性组相比,母亲PBMC HBV cccDNA阳性组IL-2、IL-6和IL-10水平升高,Th1/Th2比值降低(P=0.034;P=0.007;P =0.048;P=0.029);经阴道分娩新生儿IL-6和IL-10明显高于剖宫产新生儿,Th1/Th2比值低于剖宫产组(均有P＜0.001);新生儿HBsAg阳性组IL-10水平明显高于阴性组,TNF-α水平以及Th1/Th2比值明显低于阴性组(P=0.011;P＜0.001;P=0.027).以Th1/Th2比值反映新生儿Th2优势应答程度,分析母亲PBMC HBV复制对新生儿Th2优势应答的影响,调整相关因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示母亲PBMC HBV cccDNA阳性新生儿发生Th2强优势应答的风险是母亲PBMC HBV cccDNA阴性新生儿的2.42倍(OR =2.42,95％ CI:1.16～5.04,P=0.018),经阴道分娩新生儿发生Th2强优势应答的风险是剖宫产新生儿的5.06倍(OR=5.06,95％ CI:2.95-8.67,P＜0.001).结论 HBsAg阳性母亲PBMC HBV复制和阴道产可能加重新生儿Th2优势应答程度,提示需注重母亲PBMC HBV复制和分娩方式对新生儿Th1/Th2型细胞因子的影响.

Objective To investigate the relationship between maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalenty closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (cccDNA) and other HBV serological markers and its effects on HBV intrauterine transmission. Methods We enrolled 290 newborns and their hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers. HBV cccDNA in PBMC and HBV DNA in serum were detected by a real-time PCR-TaqMan probe while HBV serological markers were detected with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results There was a positive correlation between the levels of PBMC HBV cccDNA and serum HBV DNA and HBeAg (r = 0.436 and 0.403, P < 0.001). The detection rate of pattern A ['HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+), and anti-HBc (+)'] was significantly higher in the PBMC HBV cccDNA positive group than in the control group (chi(2) = 48.48, P < 0.001). There was a significant association between HBV intrauterine transmission and PBMC HBV cccDNA (chi(2) = 9.28, P = 0.002). In the presence of serum HBV DNA, HBeAg, and PBMC HBV cccDNA, the risk of HBV intrauterine transmission was three times higher (OR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.30-10.42) than that observed in their absence. The risk of HBV intrauterine transmission was the greatest (OR = 5.89, 95% CI: 2.35-14.72) when both PBMC HBV cccDNA and pattern A were present. A Bayesian network model showed that maternal PBMC HBV cccDNA was directly related to HBV intrauterine transmission. Conclusion PBMC HBV cccDNA may be a direct risk factor for HBV intrauterine transmission. Our study suggests that serological markers could be combined with PBMC-related markers in prenatal testing.

Background: Although many studies have measured HBV cccDNA molecules in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) from patients with active chronic hepatitis B, the current pilot study found PBMC HBV cccDNA in PBMC among HBsAg-positive mothers and their neonates. However, the risk factor of HBV cccDNA in PBMC among HBsAg-positive pregnant female's neonates remains unclear. Objectives: The aim of this studywas to explore influential factors of HBVcccDNA in PBMC among HBsAg-positive pregnant female's neonates. Methods: Peripheral blood samples and clinical data were collected from 151 pregnant females, who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the Third People Hospital of Taiyuan City. Blood samples from 152 neonates were collected before immune prophylaxes administration and tested for HBV markers, HBV DNA in serum, and HBV DNA in PBMC. Bayesian logistic regression with Cauchy prior were used to measure the association between maternal characteristics, neonatal characteristics, and HBV cccDNA in PBMC of neonates. Results: Among neonates of HBsAg-positive mothers, the positive rate of cccDNA in PBMC was 4.61% (7/152). Maternal PBMC HBV cccDNA positivity (OR = 18.411, 9 5%a 3.025 - 6 6.022 ) and neonates PBMC rcDNA positivity (OR =13.529, 95% CI: 1.948 - 93.690) were associated with HBV cccDNA in neonatal PBMC, respectively. Conclusions: The study suggested that HBV cccDNA can be detected in PBMC of HBsAg-positive mother's neonates. Maternal PBMC HBV cccDNA positivity and neonatal PBMC rcDNA positivity are risk factors of HBV cccDNA in PBMC of neonates.

BACKGROUND:To evaluate the immunogenicity, antibody persistence, and safety of the 60 µg hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients in China.METHODS:We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial including 352 hemodialysis patients who were centrally randomized in a ratio of 1:1 to receive a 20 µg (IM20 group) or 60 µg (IM60 group) recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6.RESULTS:The vaccine-elicited antibody responses peaked at month 7, and declined at month 12. At month 7, the IM60 group had stronger GMC of anti-HBs, and a higher proportion of seroconversion and high-level response than the IM20 group did (P < 0.05). Better immune responses were observed in the IM60 group, especially for those aged or in the high-frequency hemodialysis population.CONCLUSION:The high dose 60 µg recombinant hepatitis B vaccines elicited stronger immune responses than the 20 µg hepatitis B vaccine did among hemodialysis patients.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02963714.

目的 通过检测HBsAg阳性母亲分娩的新生儿外周血中T/B淋巴细胞亚群水平,分析HBV宫内传播对新生儿免疫功能的影响.方法 选择2011年1月至2014年12月太原市第三人民医院妇产科HBsAg阳性母亲分娩新生儿220例作为研究对象.采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法检测HBsAg阳性母亲及新生儿外周血HBV血清学标志物,实时荧光定量PCR检测HBsAg阳性母亲及新生儿外周血HBVDNA含量,流式细胞术(FCM)检测新生儿外周血T/B淋巴细胞亚群水平.新生儿出生24 h内静脉血HBsAg阳性或/和HBVDNA值＞103 copies/ml者判定为发生HBV宫内传播.结果 HBsAg阳性母亲分娩新生儿HBV宫内传播发生率为11.36％.宫内传播新生儿组(n=25)与非宫内传播新生儿组(n=195)外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)相对计数[(60.71±13.64)％ vs (60.04±15.06)％,(43.37±12.69)％vs(43.77±13.39)％,(15.03±6.32)％vs(15.14±6.14)％],CD4+/CD8+[(3.42±1.66)％ vs(3.33±1.71)％]及B淋巴细胞中CD19+相对计数[(6.64±3.63)％vs(6.39 ±3.99)％]差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).依据HBsAg阳性母亲分娩新生儿外周血HBVDNA不同载量,分为高载量组(HBVDNA≥107copies/ml)、低载量组(HBVDNA＜ 107 copies/ml)、阴性组(HBVDNA＜ 103 copies/ml).随着HBsAg阳性母亲分娩新生儿外周血HBVDNA载量增加,新生儿外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+相对计数及CD4 +/CD8+值逐渐增高,CD19+相对计数比例逐渐减低.高载量组新生儿CD3+、CD4+相对计数高于低载量组和阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);3组新生儿CD8+、CD19+相对计数及CD4+/CD8+比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 随着HBVDNA载量的增加,HBsAg阳性母亲分娩的新生儿外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+)比例上升,新生儿细胞免疫功能处于活跃状态,易出现自身免疫反应,应采取相应措施防止自身免疫性疾病的发生.

目的 分析HBsAg阳性母亲新生儿HBV宫内传播与TLR3蛋白表达水平的关系.方法 连续收集2011-2014年太原市第三人民医院妇产科HBsAg阳性母亲及分娩新生儿222例作为研究对象,采集HBsAg阳性母亲分娩前肘静脉血,足月分娩后纳入本研究;新生儿24 h内注射乙肝疫苗和乙肝高效价免疫球蛋白(HBIG)前无菌采集股静脉血抗凝血和非抗凝血各3 ml,4℃冷藏保存;采用面对面调查方法收集母儿的流行病学资料.结果 HBsAg阳性母亲分娩新生儿TLR3测定分析,HBV宫内传播组新生儿TLR3平均荧光强度为(64.89±3.09)％,高于非宫内传播组新生儿(29.38±5.78)％,但两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 HBV宫内传播组新生儿TLR3蛋白含量高于非宫内传播组新生儿,由于宫内传播组新生儿受到HBV的刺激TLR3蛋白含量升高,TLR3蛋白可能在HBV宫内传播发生机制中起重要作用.

This study determined the effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from HBsAg-positive mothers on HBV intrauterine transmission. A total of 150 HBsAg-positive mothers and their neonates were recruited in this study. Within 24 h after birth, HBV serological markers, serum HBV DNA, PBMC HBV relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA), and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were measured in the HBsAg-positive mothers and their neonates before passive-active immune prophylaxis. The relationship between HBV replication in PBMC and HBV intrauterine transmission was examined through Chi-square test and logistic regression. The rate of HBV intrauterine transmission was 8.00% (12/150) in the 150 neonates born to HBsAg-positive mothers. The positivities of PBMC HBV rcDNA and cccDNA in the HBsAg-positive mothers were 36.67% (55/150) and 10% (15/150), respectively. Maternal PBMC HBV cccDNA was a risk factor of HBV intrauterine transmission (OR= 6.003, 95% CI: 1.249–28.855). Maternal serum HBeAg was a risk factor of PBMC HBV rcDNA (OR= 3.896, 95% CI: 1.929–7.876) and PBMC HBV cccDNA (OR= 3.74, 95% CI: 1.186–11.793) in the HBsAg-positive mothers. Administration of hepatitis B immune globulin was a protective factor of PBMC HBV cccDNA (OR= 0.312, 95% CI: 0.102–0.954) during pregnancy. The positivity of PBMC HBV rcDNA was related to that of cccDNA in the HBsAg-positive mothers (c2=5.087, P= 0.024). This study suggests that PBMC is a reservoir of HBV and an extrahepatic site for virus replication and plays a critical role in HBV intrauterine transmission.

Accumulating evidence indicates that Clara cell protein-16 (CC16) has anti-inflammatory functions, although the involved molecular pathways have not been completely elucidated. Here, we evaluated the effect of recombinant rat CC16 (rCC16) on the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. It was found that rCC16 inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 expression at both the messenger ribonucleicacid (mRNA) level and protein level in a concentration-dependent manner, as demonstrated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Such suppressive effects were accompanied by the inhibition of transcriptional activity and the deoxyribonucleic acid binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-κB but not activator protein (AP)-1. Western blot analysis further revealed that rCC16 inhibited the increase of nuclear NF-κB and the reduction of cytosolic NF-κB, the phosphorylation and reduction of NF-κB inhibitory protein IκBα, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent NF-κB activation by phosphorylation at Ser276 of its p65 subunit. Furthermore, rCC16 was found to have no effect on the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, or the nuclear translocation of c-Jun. In addition, reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were reversed when the level of endogenous uteroglobin-binding protein was reduced by RNA interference in rCC16- and LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Our data suggest that rCC16 suppresses LPS-mediated inflammatory mediator TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 production by inactivating NF-κB and p38 MAPK but not AP-1 in RAW264.7 cells.

1992年，Takahashi 等［1］成功分离出 HCV 核心抗原，其在各亚型 HCV 中高度保守，血清中的 HCV 核心抗原非常稳定。抗-HCV 检测的窗口期为7～8周，HCV RNA 为1～3周，HCV 核心抗原检测的窗口期与 HCV RNA 仅相差1～2 d［2］。因此，检测 HCV 核心抗原可提高 HCV 感染窗口期的阳性检出率，比检测抗-HCV 更能避免因窗口期产生的漏诊，而且 HCV 核心抗原与 HCV RNA 有一定相关性，可作为治疗效果的监测指标。

Objective To examine the expression of TLR2 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) stimulatedby Legionella.Methods Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(POMCs) were treated with different concentrations of Legionella(2×106/ml,2×107/ml),and real timel reverse transcriptase PCR(RT-PCR) was used to detect TLR2 mRNA expression.Results Factorial analyses showed that leading effect of time had statistical significance(F=26.06,P0.05) and there was an interaction between the time and concentration(F=11.39,P0.05).In 24 hours,the expressions of TLR2 mRNA of PBMCs stimulated with 2×106/ml and 2×107/ml Legionella were obviously higher than TLR2 mRNA expression in control group.In 48 hours,there was no difference between stimulated group and control group.In 72 hours,the expressions of TLR2 mRNA of PBMCs stimulated with 2×106/ml and 2×107/ml Legionella,were obviously lower than TLR2 mRNA expression in the control group.When the PBMCs were stimulated at the level of 2×106/ml and 2×107/ml Legionella,the difference in the expression of TLR2 mRNA in each period was statistically significant.Conclusion Expression of TLR2 mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Legionella is correlated with the time and dosage in vitro.The research provides a reference for the time and dose in the study.

Objective To investigate the relationship between Toll-like receptor4(TLR4) gene(2244G→A) or(2299A→G) polymorphism and Legionella infection. Methods The 16Sr gene of Legionella in sputum samples was amplified with polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and the antigen of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strain was detcted with enzyme immune assay(EIA) for pulmonary infection patients.Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) was used to analyze the TLR4(2244G→A) and(2299A→G) gene polymorphism in 25 Legionella infected patients,44 non-gram-negative bacterial infected patients,and 47 healthy individuals. Results There were significant differences among the three groups in TLR4(2244G→A) polymorphism(χ2=17.234,P=0.002;χ2=15.332,P0.001).There was a significant difference between healthy controls and other groups in TLR4(2244G→A) polymorphism(P0.05).There was no significant difference between Legionella infected patients and case controls(P0.05).There was no significant difference among the three groups in TLR4(2299A→G) polymorphism(P0.05). Conclusion TLR4(2244G→A) polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility of Legionella and other non-gram-negative bacterial infection.

Objective To discover differences in risk factors of community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia and to provide the scientific basis for public health emergency control.Methods Pneumonia cases were collected consecutively in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2008 to October 2009.A total of 244 cases of pneumonia were collected with 178 cases of community acquired pneumonia and 66 cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia.Then risk factors were compared between the two groups.Results Univariate analyses showed that the two groups were significantly different in gender,age,education level,underlying disease,passive smoking,and history of exposure to respiratory tract infection.But there was no significant difference in occupation,smoking,drinking,and travel history.Multivariate analyses showed that the difference was significant in age,education level,underlying disease,and geographic distribution.Conclusion There are different risk factors between community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia and control measures should be taken in different ways.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the serotype Ⅰ(LEN Ⅰ)of legionella from the patients with pulmonary infection,urinary antigen,gene 16S rRNA and positive rate.METHODS Legionella-specific 16S rRNA gene in the urine of the patients with pulmonary infection was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The LEN antigen Ⅰin urine was detected by EIA.RESULTS A total of 10 cases were positive among 213 cases who were conducted the detection of LENⅠantigen in urine with the positive rate of 4.7%.16S rRNA of ten positive cases were amplyied(4.7%).There were 3 cases positive at the same time detected by both of the methods.The positive rate of legionella infection was 8.0% judged by any positive result of legionella-specific antigen or the amplified legionella-specific gene in urine.CONCLUSION The patients with pulmonary infection have legionella infection to a certain degree,which can be detected by adopting urinary antigen and PCR.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 years,and to explore the relationship between dental fluorosis and serum chemical elements.Methods The cross-sectional study was used to investigate the prevalence of dental fluorosis.The dental fluorosis was diagnosed according to Dean method.The contents of serum calcium(Ca),copper(Cu),iron(Fe),magnesium(Mg),phosphorus(P),zinc(Zn) were determined using IRIS Intrepid Ⅱ XSP ICP spectrometer.Results The prevalence of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years in severe endemic fluorosis areas,the wards,the control areas were 93.0%,81.5% and 11.8%,respectively.Serum levels of Ca,Cu,Fe,Mg,P,and Zn in the children of severe endemic fluorosis areas,the wards,the control areas were different(FCa=12.150,P001;FCu=3.326,P0.05;FFe=11.893,P001;FMg=13.053,P001;FP=3.131,P0.05;FZn=28.019,P001).Content of calcium in the wards was lower than that in the control areas(P0.001).Iron content in the wards was higher than that in the control areas(P0.001).Magnesium content was lower in the severe areas and the wards than that in the control areas(P0.001).Phosphorus content in severe areas was lower than that in the control zone(P0.05).Zinc content in seriously ill areas was higher than that in the control areas,while it was lower in the wards than that in the control areas(P0.05).Level of magnesium in dental fluorosis patients was higher than that in normal children(t=2.14,P0.05),but there was no significant difference in the rest chemical elements between them.Conclusion The higher the concentration of fluoride in drinking water is,the higher the detection rate of dental fluorosis is.Calcium and magnesium can be antagonistic with dental fluorosis.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of depression and its risk factors in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients with chronic viral hepatitis in Infectious Hospital of Taiyuan.Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS),and a self-designed questionnaire on general conditions,disease information and social support were adopted in the survey.Results The prevalence of depression symptoms in the patients was 57.6%(76/132) with 42 slight cases,27 moderate cases,and 7 serious cases.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that factors as recurrence frequency(b=4.362,P0.001),degree of hepatitis B(b=3.233,P=0.004),social support scores(b=-0.211,P=0.036),worried about the transmission of infection(b=5.041,P=0.001),emotional stability dimension scores(b=0.626,P=0.001),and antiretroviral therapy(b=3.484,P=0.038) were associated with the symptoms of depression.Conclusion Factors as recurrence frequency,degree of hepatitis B,social support,worried about infectious transmission,emotional stability dimension score,antiretroviral therapy might be associated with symptoms of depression in chronic viral hepiatitis patients.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the symptoms on depression in patients with viral hepatitis.METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients with viral hepatitis in infectious diseases Hospital of Taiyuan. The questionnaire included a Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, self-rating depression scale (SDS), and a self-designed one related to information regarding general conditions of the disease and social support.RESULTS:(1) Depression symptom prevalence rate among chronic viral hepatitis patients was 54.7% (116/212). (2) Factors as age, occupation, education, confirmed time, number of recurrence and anti-virus treatment, self-confidence on recovery, satisfaction on the surrounding environment etc. that might be associated with depression. (3) The severity of depression was significantly negative correlation with social support scores, objective support scores, subjective support scores (r = -0.262, P = 0.000; r = -0.228, P = 0.001; r = -0.270, P = 0.000). (4) There was positive correlation noticed between severity of the depressive disorder and Eysenck Personality two dimensions scores, while the scores of introversion and extroversion scores were negatively correlated (r = -0.330, P = 0.000) but positively correlated to the emotional stability scores (r = 0.309, P = 0.000).CONCLUSION:(1) Patients with hepatitis showed symptoms of depression to a certain degree. (2) Factors as age, occupation, education, economic situation, confirmed time of diagnosis, number of recurrence and anti-virus treatments, confidence on recovery, satisfaction on the surrounding environment might be associated with symptoms of depression. (3) There was positive correlation between severity of depressive and Eysenck Personality two dimensions scores but the scores of introversion and extroversion scores were negatively correlated.