Flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs) have an efficiency exceeding 25%, featuring both light weight and the advantage of roll-to-roll production. However, their mechanical stability is insufficient, which hinders their commercial application.

Photocatalysis offers a sustainable pathway for solar energy conversion and environmental remediation, yet its efficiency is limited by rapid charge recombination and poor solar spectrum utilization in conventional catalysts. The integration of 2D and 3D materials into heterostructures represents a transformative design paradigm in this field, where dimensional hybridization creates synergistic heterointerfaces that simultaneously boost light harvesting, directional charge separation, and surface redox reaction kinetics. This review systematically summarizes state‐of‐the‐art advances in 2D/3D heterojunction photocatalysts, with a core focus on the underlying fundamental charge transfer mechanisms including Type‐II, Z‐scheme, S‐scheme, and Schottky junction configurations. Beyond mechanistic analysis, it further covers the corresponding rational material design principles, advanced interface engineering strategies, and diverse photocatalytic applications of these heterostructures. The critical challenges and future research directions in this field are also highlighted, providing insights into the development of next‐generation high‐performance photocatalysts.

Chromium (Cr) is one of the most common pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, posing a serious threat to environmental protection and biological survival. In this study, the adsorbents, prepared from the residue of extracting lipids, polysaccharides and proteins from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, are investigated for effectively purring the Cr (VI)-containing wastewater. The lipid, polysaccharide and protein are identified to having potential for the preparation of biodiesel, food component substitution and feed production, respectively. Meanwhile, Cr (VI) adsorbents are achieved from these extracted residues. The results show that a porous structure with sufficient active functional groups (O-H, pyrrole N, CO, C-O-C, C-O and pyridine N) and remarkable surface area can be well realized. All active functional groups present the effective adsorption performance for removing the Cr (VI) ions from the wastewater due to their active negative adsorption energies, especially -OH and pyrrole N (O-H = -2.86 eV > pyrrole N = -2.80 eV > CO = -2.30 eV > C-O = -2.16 eV > C-O-C = -2.14 eV > pyridine N = -1.87 eV). Under the conditions of high Cr (VI) concentration of 300 mg/L, the amount of absorbent needed for adsorption is reduced from 8 g/L (original algal residue) to 4 g/L (modified biochar). And removal rate of Cr (VI) is dramatically increased from 60.94 % (L), 60.57 % (S) and 46.48 % (P) to 98.99 % (LC800K2), 96.39 % (SC800K2) and 94.73 % (PC800K2). This study provides an achievable approach for the comprehensive utilization of Chlorella pyrenoidosa from extracting valuable biomass to effectively treating Cr (VI)-containing wastewater.

CsPbBr 3 perovskite stands out as a promising photocatalyst due to its strong visible-light absorption and advantageous band positions, yet its practical application is constrained by rapid charge recombination and poor aqueous stability. This review systematically explores how heterostructure engineering, which encompasses Type-II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme architectures, overcomes these limitations by optimizing interfacial charge dynamics and enhancing material durability. The underlying mechanisms of band alignment, charge transfer pathways, and redox potential retention in heterostructures, alongside strategies for activity modulation and stability enhancement are analyzed. By integrating insights from structural design to functional performance, the review illuminates how CsPbBr 3 -based heterostructures address critical challenges in photocatalysis, offering a comprehensive framework for advancing sustainable solutions in energy conversion and environmental remediation.

SnO2 is widely used in perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to its high electron mobility,suitable conduction band and low-temperature preparation characteristics.Currently,the two most commonly used methods for preparing SnO2 are SnCl2 hydrolysis oxidation or SnO2 sol-gel preparation.However,although SnCl2 hydrolysis oxidation can produce well-crystallized SnO2,its controllability is poor,resulting in low device performance repeat-ability.On the other hand,the devices based on SnO2 electronic transport layer prepared by the sol-gel method have good repeatability,but usually have poor crystallinity,leading to a decrease in electron transport performance.In this study,a combination of hydrolysis oxidation and sol-gel methods was used to prepare SnO2 electronic transport layers.The results of the study demonstrate that using SnCl2 hydrolysis oxidation to prepare high-quality SnO2 crystalline layers can serve as a pre-growth template to improve the crystalline quality of sol-gel generated SnO2.Additionally,covering the hydrolysis oxidation-based SnO2 layer with sol-gel prepared SnO2 crystalline layer can improves the repeatability of device preparation.The electron transport layers prepared by this method can effectively enhance the quality of thin film crystal growth and charge extraction capability,ultimately contributing to improving the efficiency,stability,and reducing hysteresis of the devices.

Efficient, low-cost photocatalysts with mild synthesis conditions and stable photocatalytic behavior have always been the focus in the field of photocatalysis. This study proves that non-quantum-dot Cs2PbI2Cl2-based materials, created by a simple method, can be successfully employed as new high-efficient photocatalysts. The results demonstrate that two-dimensional Cs2PbI2Cl2 perovskite can achieve over three times higher photocatalytic performance compared to three-dimensional CsPbBr3 perovskite. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance of Cs2PbI2Cl2 can be further improved by constructing a heterojunction structure, such as Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbBr3. Cs2PbI2Cl2 can connect well with CsPbBr3 through a simple method, resulting in tight bonding at the interface and efficient carrier transfer. Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbBr3 exhibits notable 5-fold and 10-fold improvements in photocatalytic performance and rate compared to CsPbBr3. Additionally, Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbBr3 demonstrates superb stable catalytic performance, with nearly no decrease in photocatalytic performance after 7 months (RH = 20% ± 10, T = 25 °C ± 5). This study also reveals that the photocatalytic process based on Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbBr3 can directly oxidize organic matter using holes, without relying on the generation of intermediate reactive oxygen species from water or oxygen (such as ·OH or ·O2−), showcasing further potential for achieving high photocatalytic efficiency and selectivity in anhydrous/anaerobic catalytic reactions and treating recalcitrant pollutants.

In this research, SCAPS-1D simulation software (Version: 3.3.10) was employed to enhance the efficiency of CsSnX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) all-inorganic perovskite solar cells. By fine-tuning essential parameters like the work function of the conductive glass, the back contact point, defect density, and the thickness of the light absorption layer, we effectively simulated the optimal performance of CsSnX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) all-inorganic perovskite solar cells under identical conditions. The effects of different X-site elements on the overall performance of the device were also explored. The theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device gradually increases with the successive substitution of halogen elements (Cl, Br, I), reaching 6.09%, 17.02%, and 26.74%, respectively. This trend is primarily attributed to the increasing size of the halogen atoms, which leads to better light absorption and charge transport properties, with iodine (I) yielding the highest theoretical conversion efficiency. These findings suggest that optimizing the halogen element in CsSnX3 can significantly enhance device performance, providing valuable theoretical guidance for the development of high-efficiency all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.

The application of perovskites in the field of photocatalyst has been greatly limited due to their poor stability. Herein, the easy‐to‐prepare CsPbBr3/TiO2 heterostructure nanocrystals are employed as photocatalysts. The results confirm that the strong interfacial connection and efficient charge separation can be observed in CsPbBr3/TiO2 heterostructure crystals by natural crystal growth. Consequently, the generation of superoxide radicals, which is beneficial for the photocatalytic properties, is obviously increased. The CsPbBr3/TiO2 heterostructure nanocrystals completely degrade Rhodamine B in just 4 min. In addition, it is also found that the nonquantum dot CsPbBr3 crystals can be naturally encapsulated by the stable and compact TiO2 nanoparticles without complex synthesis process, which finally provides an excellent protection for the stability of CsPbBr3 perovskite. The CsPbBr3/TiO2 heterostructure nanocrystals can exhibit almost no degradation of photocatalytic performance exceeding 8 months in oceanic climate (10 °C ≤ T ≤ 32 °C, 20% ≤ RH ≤ 100%), showing a remarkable stability.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are gaining prominence in the photovoltaic industry due to their exceptional photoelectric performance and low manufacturing costs, achieving a significant power conversion efficiency of 26.4%, which closely rivals that of silicon solar cells. Despite substantial advancements, the effective area of high-efficiency PSCs is typically limited to about 0.1 cm2 in laboratory settings, with efficiency decreasing as the area increases. The limitation poses a major obstacle to commercialization, as large-area, high-quality perovskite films are crucial for commercial applications. This paper reviews current techniques for producing large-area perovskites, focusing on slot-die coating, a method that has attracted attention for its revolutionary potential in PSC manufacturing. Slot-die coating allows for precise control over film thickness and is compatible with roll-to-roll systems, making it suitable for large-scale applications. The paper systematically outlines the characteristics of slot-die coating, along with its advantages and disadvantages in commercial applications, suggests corresponding optimization strategies, and discusses future development directions to enhance the scalability and efficiency of PSCs, paving the way for broader commercial deployment.

In this paper, the crystal structure, physical properties, photoelectric conversion efficiency and large-area development of CsPbI3 all-inorganic perovskite solar cells are comprehensively analyzed. The research results of the material in photoelectric conversion efficiency, large-area development and preparation technology are summarized. In addition, through theoretical prediction and simulation, this study simulated a CsPbI3 all-inorganic perovskite solar cell with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 28.29 %, which provided a theoretical basis for the preparation of high-performance devices.

近年,全无机钙钛矿太阳电池因其具有优良的光电性能及优异的热稳定性成为光伏领域的关注热点之一.该类电池现获得了 21.15%的光电转换效率(PCE),并且还有望得到进一步地提高.然而,目前获得高效率全无机钙钛矿电池的有效面积都相对较小,多数处于 0.1 cm2 水平,大面积全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的PCE会因有效面积的增加而大幅降低.而大面积电池的制备对于全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的商业化应用极其重要.为了让全无机钙钛矿类材料在光伏领域上得到更好地应用,对全无机钙钛矿构建多组分复合材料结构及制备工艺调整是最简单而有效的方法.本文针对目前大面积全无机钙钛矿太阳电池进行系统综述,对较大面积的全无机钙钛矿太阳电池已取得的成果进行总结.针对目前大面积全无机钙钛矿太阳电池所处现状进行分析,并且对可制备大面积钙钛矿太阳电池的工艺及电池性能优化策略进行了系统性的归纳,最后对其领域未来发展趋势进行了展望.

Exploring interfacial engineering in metal oxide/reduced graphene oxide composite becomes a hotspot in the field of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. In this work, three-dimensional (3D) porous ZnFe2O4/ reduced graphene oxide (ZFO/rGO) composite aerogel was synthesized in situ by a hydrothermal reduction method combined with freeze-drying technique. The results reveal that dispersed ZFO nanoparticles (NPs) are bonded to defect-rich 3D conductive rGO skeleton in a bridging mode with Fe-O-C, resulting in en-hanced conduction loss. Consequently, the defect-rich ZFO/rGO composite aerogel exhibits an outstanding EMW absorbing properties: a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of - 29.12 dB and an effective ab-sorption bandwidth (EAB with RL less than -10 dB) of 3.57 GHz at an ultra-thin matching thickness of 1.51 mm. This work provides a new strategy for constructing defect-rich graphene-based composite aerogel as an efficient EMW absorbing materials.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

All-inorganic perovskite solar cells are attractive photovoltaic devices because of their excellent optoelectronic performance and thermal stability. Unfortunately, the currently used efficient inorganic perovskite materials can spontaneously transform into undesirable phases without light-absorption properties. Studies have been carried out to stabilize all-inorganic perovskite by mixing low-dimensional perovskite. Compared with organic two-dimensional (2D) perovskite, inorganic 2D Cs2PbI2Cl2 shows superior thermal stability. Our group has successfully fabricated 2D/3D mixed-dimensional Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbI2.5Br0.5 films with increasing phase stability. The high boiling point of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) makes it a preferred solvent in the preparation of Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbI2.5Br0.5 inorganic perovskite. When the perovskite films are prepared by the one-step solution method, it is difficult to evaporate the residual solvent molecules from the prefabricated films, resulting in films with rough surface morphology and high defect density. This study used the rapid precipitation method to control the formation of perovskite by treating it with methanol/isopropanol (MT/IPA) mixed solvent to produce densely packed, smooth, and high-crystallized perovskite films. The bulk defects and the carrier transport barrier of the interface were effectively reduced, which decreased the recombination of the carriers in the device. As a result, this effectively improved photoelectric performance. Through treatment with MT/IPA, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells prepared in the N2 atmosphere increased from 13.44% to 14.10%, and the PCE of the device prepared in the air increased from 3.52% to 8.91%.

Recently, non-magnetic carbon-based composite has been regarded as one of the most promising electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMWA) materials. How to realize high EMWA performances at ultra-thin matching thickness is a hot research topic. In this study, a strategy to construct three-dimensional (3D) porous BaTiO3@reduced graphene oxide (BTO@rGO) composite aerogel was performed by successively hydrothermal process, chemical reduction and freeze-drying. The results show that defect-rich BTO nanoparticles are dispersedly immobilized into 3D conductive rGO framework by a form of Ba2+ bonding to rGO, enhancing conduction loss and dipole polarization, which contributes to enhanced EMWA performance. As a result, a minimum reflection loss of-50.49 dB with a matching thickness of only 1.46 mm, along with an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.74 GHz (13.07 GHz-16.81 GHz) with a matching thickness of only 1.39 mm, is achieved for 3D porous BTO@rGO composite aerogel. Therefore, this study paves a way for designing and preparing excellent non-magnetic EMWA materials at ultra-thin matching thickness.

Currently, perovskite solar cells have achieved significant progress in photovoltaic conversion efficiency, mainly using organic/inorganic hybrid materials as the perovskite absorption layer. However, this type of material has defects in thermal stability. In contrast, all-inorganic perovskite materials can effectively solve this problem, and the prepared solar cells have higher stability and longer lifespan than hybrid perovskite solar cells. Therefore, the emergence of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells has attracted widespread attention, and achieved an efficiency of 21.15% in a short period of time. However, due to the short development time of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells but with many reported articles, many researchers cannot clearly understand its current development status. Therefore, this article provides a systematic discussion on the photovoltaic conversion efficiency, working principle and structure, characterization methods, preparation process, and simulation software of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells, in order to provide readers with a clearer understanding. Finally, this article summarizes the current achievements of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells, clarifies the challenges faced in this field, and looks forward to its future development prospects.

A cesium trimethylacetate (CsTa) organic cesium salt with large steric hindrance radius and strong binding force to Pb2+ show the positive effects on inorganic CsPbI2.84Br0.16 perovskite stability.

The optoelectronic properties of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells are greatly affected by the quality characteristics of films, such as the defect concentration, crystal growth orientation, crystallinity, and morphology. In this study, a PbI2-(DMSO)2 complex is adopted to partially replace PbI2 as the lead source in the preparation of perovskite precursor solutions. Due to the rapid dispersion of the PbI2-(DMSO)2 complex in a solvent, raw materials can rapidly react to form perovskite colloids with a narrow size distribution. Such uniform colloidal particles are found to be beneficial for achieving films with improved quality and highly orientated growth along the [001] direction. The optimized film exhibits a clearly improved crystallinity and a decrease in defect concentration from 4.29 × 1015 cm-3 to 3.20 × 1015 cm-3. The device based on the obtained all-inorganic CsPbI2.8Br0.2 perovskite finally achieves an increase in photovoltaic power conversion efficiency from 10.5 to 14.15%. In addition, the environmental stability of the device also benefits from the improved film quality. After 480 h of storage in air, the device can still maintain nearly 80% of its initial performance.

The phase instability of cesium lead halide perovskite is still a substantial challenge hindering its application. A 2D-3D all-inorganic Cs2PbI2Cl2-CsPbI2.5Br0.5 perovskite solar cell was successfully developed to address this issue. The 2D Cs2PbI2Cl2 phase distributed among the grain boundaries of the 3D CsPbI3-xBrx grains. The existence of Cs2PbI2Cl2 effectively facilitated the (100) preferential crystal orientation of the CsPbI2.5Br0.5 crystals, promoting the carrier transport. The smooth transition region between the (003)2D//(001)3D interface indicated the formation of a 2D-3D heterostructure. Due to the improved crystal quality, high uniformity, and repeatability, the efficiency of the solar cells with areas of 0.09, 1, and 2 cm2 significantly improved to 15.09%, 12.74%, and 10.01%, respectively. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) retained 95.3% of the initial efficiency after 60 days in a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature and 80% of the initial efficiency at a humidity of 70 ± 10% relative humidity (RH) under continuous heating at 80 °C for 12 h.